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The    Telegraph-Herald's 

Abridged  History  of  the 

State  of  Iowa. 


FROM  THE  TIME  OF  ITS  DISCOVERY  A.   D.,  1673  BY 
FATHER  MARQUETTE.  TO    1905 


"To  be  ignorant  of  what  has  happened  before 
one's  birth,  is  nothing  less  than  to  remain  in 
a  state  of  Childhood-  Cicero. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  TELEGRAPH-HERALD.        DUBUQUE.  IOWA. 
COPYRIGHTED   1905. 


GENERAL  GEO.  W.  JONES 


ic        ;5S77f 


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Preface 


When,  as  now,  shelves  groan  under  the  weight  of  massive  volumes 
of  history  necessity  seems  to  emphasize  more  strongly  than  ever  the 
virtue  that  lies  in  brevity.  In  preparing  this  history  the  author  has 
sought  to  be  brief,  eliminating  so  much  of  the  events  of  the  past  as 
in  his  judgment  is  not  necessary  to  an  understanding  of  the  peoples 
who  have  preceded  us  or  the  stirring  dramas  in  which  we  find  them 
the  principal  figures.  He  has  sought  to  follow  in  the  simplest  langu- 
age and  the  fewest  possible  words  the  thread  of  history  where  first  it 
takes  on  tangible  form,  through  the  loom  of  the  years  and  into  the 
completed  fabric  of  the  present. 

There  has  been  retained  enough  of  the  romance  of  events  to  im- 
part enchantment  to  the  story,  for  without  sentiment  history  is  in- 
complete and  a  virtue  of  man  forgotten. 

The  prosaic  land  of  Iowa  has  been  the  scene  of  much  that  is 
romantic.  The  wanderings  of  Jacques  Marquette  through  the  enchanted 
valley  of  the  Mississippi,  the  nomadic  life  of  the  border  tribes  of 
Indians,  the  bloody  battles  between  the  hostile  tribes  and  the  awful 
massacres  that  drenched  the  soil  with  red,  the  transformation  of  the 
trackless  forests  and  plains  into  rich-bearing  farm  lands,  make  of 
history  a  veritable  fairy  story  entertaining  and  instructive  none  the 
less  to  children  than  to  those  older  in  years  and  wisdom. 

The  territorial  development,  the  creation  of  Iowa  as  a  State, 
offers  little  that  is  romantic;  the  author  has  fashioned  a  framework 
out  of  the  successive  events  that  if  it  shall  be  accepted  as  concise  and 
faithful   will   serve  the   end  designed. 

If  the  author  shall  have  produced  in  these  pages  even  a  little  of 
the  spirit  of  discovery,  of  eternal  struggle,  of  unflagging  industry,  of 
the  ideals  and  the  ambitions  which  have  made  Iowa,  his  attempt  will 
not  have  been  in  vain. 


Publisher's  Address. 


History  is  the  written  account  of  past  events.  It  is  the  medium 
— we  might  say  the  chain — which  connects  the  past  with  the  present. 
It  is  one  of  the  most,  if  not  the  most,  valuable  branches  of  knowledge; 
and  no  student  will  regret  the  time  and  labor  spent  in  its  study.  It 
should  find  a  place  in  every  well  regulated  course  of  instructions.  It 
is  the  only  science,  a  knowledge  of  which,  enables  us  to  judge  the 
future.  Patrick  Henry,  in  his  famous  speech  delivered  in  the  Virginia 
convention,  March  23,  1775,  said:  "I  know  of  no  means  of  judging  the 
future  but  by  the  past."  The  boy  or  girl  failing  to  store  his  or  her 
mind  with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  history,  makes  the  mistake  of  a 
lifetime.  A  mistake  which  handicaps  him  or  her  in  society  and  else- 
where throughout  life.  The  good  historian  naturally  becomes  a  good 
conversationalist.  He  is  never  short  of  a  subject.  The  habits,  which 
he  forms  and  knowledge  which  he  acquires,  in  the  study  of  history, 
leads  him  into  the  art  of  thinking  which  is  the  great  essential,  in  man, 
to  attain  distinction  among  his  fellows. 

Now  if  this  is  true  of  history  in  general  how  much  more  applicable 
is  it  to  the  history  of  our  own  country,  state,  county  and  city  "For  lives 
there  a  man  whose  soul  is  so  dead  who  never  to  himself  hath  said: 
this  is  my  own  my  native  land."  Every  person  should  become  con- 
versant with  history  and  especially  the  history  of  his  or  her  state, 

county  and  city. 

Historians  of  late  years  have  become  so  elaborate  and  their  writ- 
ings so  fraught  with  detail  that  in  order  to  get  the  essential  parts,  of 
even  a  new  state  like  Iowa,  it  is  necessary  to  read  volumes. 

To  avoid  this  laborious  reading  and  at  the  same  time  give  the 
knowledge  desired,  the  Telegraph-Herald  has  caused  to  be  prepared  for 
its  subscribers  an  abridged  history  of  Iowa,  giving  only  the  essential 
parts  and  narrating  the  most  interesting  events  in  plain  and  concise 
language.  Commencing  with  its  discovery  by  Marquette  and  Joliet  and 
noting  all  salient  events  down  to  date.  Giving  a  brief  account  of  the 
various  wars  and  battles  between  the  Whites  and  Indians,  as  well  as 
the  most  important  battles  between  the  various  tribes  of  Indians  in 
Iowa,  so  far  as  known  to  white  men,  which  were  the  chief  cause  of 
the  early  extinction  of  those  unfortunate  people.     The  different  treaties 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.      5 

with  the  Indians  through  which  we  acquired  the  right  to  occupy  the 
lands,  are  also  given.  The  strange  phenomena  of  a  vast  concourse  of 
people,  occupying  two  great  continents,  practically  disappearing  in  less 
than  three  centuries  is  a  matter  worthy  of  serious  thought  and  every 
American  should  become  conversant  with  the  history  of  their  decline 
and  extinction,  as  well  as  that  of  the  advance  of  the  white  man  who 
succeeded  them. 

HOW  TO  IMPROVE  THE  MIND. 

Another  interesting  feature  is  an  article  entitled  "How  to  Improve 
the  Mind."  All  intelligent  people  agree  that  the  mind  is  susceptible  of 
a  high  state  of  improvement;  but  few  understand  the  method  or  man- 
ner of  improving  it.  This  article  leads  the  student  on  in  the  art  of 
thinking  and  memorizing,  which  is  the  sole  channel  through  which 
the  mind  can  be  improved  and  expanded.  The  article  is  invaluable  and 
any  man  or  woman,  young  or  old,  who  is  ambitious  to  improve,  should 
read,  study  and  reflect  on  it. 

WILLIAM  JENNINGS  BRYAN'S  CELEBRATED  LECTURE. 

The  lecture  of  W.  J.  Bryan,  delivered  at  Dubuque,  April  27,  1905, 
entitled  "The  Value  of  an  Ideal"  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice. 
It  is  the  result  of  much  study  and  thought,  by  one  of  the  brightest 
intellects  and  greatest  thinkers  on  our  continent.  It  furnishes  most 
valuable  food  for  thought  and  reflection.  Every  person  should  read 
and  reread  it,  and  ponder,  meditate  and  study  it.  The  value  of  an 
ideal  is  something  every  aspiring  and  self-improving  young  man  and 
woman  should  understand  and  study. 

THE   RISE  AND  DECLINE  OF  CATHOLICITY   IN   UNITED  STATES. 

The  rise  and  decline  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States 
is  an  article  of  more  than  ordinary  interest.  It  was  compiled  and 
written  for  the  Telegraph-Herald,  in  which  it  was  published  May  20, 
1904.  In  this  article  the  writer  shows  the  rapid  increase  of  the 
church  from  the  adoption  of  our  Constitution  to  the  time  when  Bishop 
Hennessey  commenced  preaching  against  the  public  schools  and  in 
favor  of  the  parochial  or  private  school.  The  advantage  which  the 
children  have,  who  attend  the  public  school  is  also  shown  and  on  the 
whole  the  article  is  well  worth  careful  perusal  and  serious  thought. 

A  DICTIONARY  OF  PROPER  NAMES 

is  another  unique,  useful  and  important  feature  of  this  book.  This 
consists  of  some  thousands  of  names  of  persons,  spelt  as  the  individual 
spells  his  name.     Great  care  has  been  exercised  in  compiling  these 


6  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

names  and  the  student  may  rest  assured  that  the  spelling  is  exact  and 
accurate.  No  other  such  list  or  dictionary  of  proper  names,  exists  or 
has  been  compiled,  that  we  know  of,  hence  it  will  no  doubt  prove  not 
only  useful  and  instructive  but  also  interesting  as  a  curiosity.  Many 
a  young  man  has  failed  to  secure  a  place  in  offices,  and  others  have 
lost  them  after  they  were  secured,  because  he  did  not  know  how  to 
spell  proper  names  correctly.  We  have  had  in  our  own  experience 
several  cases  where  young  men  and  women  also,  failed  to  hold  the 
place  on  this  account.  Every  young  man  and  v/oman  should  secure 
a  copy  of  the  Telegraph-Herald's  History  of  Iowa  and  Dictionary  of 
proper  names  and  learn  how  to  spell  the  names  of  their  fellow  men. 
It  will  be  worth  to  them  many  times  the  cost  of  the  book.  And  parents 
should  give  the  boys  and  girls  a  chance  to  learn  this  important  and 
useful  art.  Such  names  are  not  to  be  found  in  our  text  books  and  as 
there  is  no  rule  for  spelling  them;  you  can  only  "give  the  boy  a 
chance"  by  securing  the  list  for  him. 

THE  CIVILIZATION  OF  JAPAN. 

The  story  of  Commodore  Perry's  landing  in  Japan  in  1853,  and 
making  a  treaty  which  opened  up  that  isolated  country  to  the  world 
is  also  of  interest.  A  full  account  of  the  preliminaries  leading  up  to 
and  the  signing  of  the  treaty  is  given,  including  President  Fillmore's 
letter  and  that  of  the  Emperor  of  Japan. 

A  VALUABLE   HISTORICAL  TABLE. 

Showing  the  dates  of  important  events  transpiring  in  the  United 
States  and  Colonies,  since  the  discovery  of  America  by  Christopher 
Columbus,  in  the  year  1492,  affords  much  valuable  information  con- 
densed in  small  space.  The  Parliamentary  Rules  and  Regulations; 
What  caused  our  Presidents  death;  Wealth  of  our  Presidents;  How 
deep  to  plant  Corn;  The  Famous  Connecticut  Blue  Laws;  The  Seven 
Wonders  of  the  World;  Homestead  and  Homeseekers;  Wonders  of  the 
Body;  Elevation  above  the  sea  level  of  principal  cities,  etc.;  Punctua- 
tion Marks  and  Rules;  Tributes  to  Women;  and  the  Great  Battles  of 
History,  are  also  interesting  and  instructive. 

This  book  contains  about  300  pages  and  no  person  will  regret 
paying  $2.00  for  it  and  the  Semi- Weekly  Telegraph-Herald  two  years; 
or  the  book  and  Daily,  including  Sunday,  for  one  year  at  $3.00.  The 
book  alone  would  be  cheap  at  the  latter  figure. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY   DIRECTORY. 


Index. 


CHAPTER  I. 

How  America  Was  Populated — The  Ten  Lost  Tribes  of  Israel^ 
Therry  Corroborated  by  Colurnbus — Indians  Observed  Jewish  Cus- 
tonis — Indian  Traditions — Large  Mound  Built  Over  Chief  Omaha^ 
First  Human  Skulls  Found — Stone  and  Copper  Implements  Found— 
Indicate  a  P'air  Degree  of  Intelligence — Remarkable  Mound  Opened 
in    DubuQuc    County — Mounds    Opened   Near   Davenport. 

CHAPTER  IL 

Iowa  a  Central  State — Its  Latitude — Longitude — Highest  Point 
Lowest  Place — Distance  Between  Those  Points — Difference  in  Alti- 
tude— Average  Slope — What  the  Figures  Indicate — The  Area  in 
Ac-es — Growth  of  Population — Table  of  Acreage,  Farm  Products 
and  Value,  United  States  Census — History  of  Titles — The  Dis- 
covery by  Father  Marquette — -Named  Louisiana — When  Ownership 
c"  Territory  Was  Definitely  Settled — Mississippi  River  Made  the 
Boundary — Under  Napoleon  Spain  Ceded  to  France — France  Sold 
to  the  United  Stales — States  Formed  Out  of  It — La  Salle's  Discover- 
ies— His   P^'oclamatJon. 

CHAPTER    III. 

Narvaez'  Adventures — De  Soto  the  Next  Freebooter — Harsh 
Treatment  of  the  Natives — Plunder,  Murder  and  Rapine — A  Fero- 
cious Army-— Natives  Retaliate — Disastrous  Expedition — More  Than 
Three-fourths  of  Army  Perish — De  Soto's  Grave — The  Jesuits  as 
Exri]oro'S — Their  Kind  and  Just  Treatment  of  the  Indians — What 
Bancroft  Says — Ignatius  Its  Founder — Society  Formed — Pope  Paul 
III.  Erected  Them  Into  a  Religious  Body — The  Mississippi  River 
Described  in   1670 

CHAPTER  IV. 

The  First  V/liite  Man  to  Set  Foot  on  Iowa — Joy  at  the  Discov- 
ery  of   the    Great    River — Discovery    of   the    First    Indians — Astonish- 


8  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ment  of  the  Natives — Kind  Reception — Speech  of  One  of  the  Chiefs 
— The  Feast  That  Followed — Marquette's  Description — Indians  Es- 
corted Them  to  the  River — Where  They  Landed — Joliet's  Descrip- 
tive Charts,  etc.,  Lost — How  the  French  Treated  the  Indians — 
How  Other  Nations  Treated  Them  The  Calumet  or  Pipe  of  Peace 
— Fattest  Piece  of  Meat  Given  to  the  Visitors. 

CHAPTER  V. 

A  Fierce  1  ribe — At  First  Sight  of  White  Men,  Alarm  Sounded 
— Largo  Band  of  Warriors — Yells  of  Defiance — Marquette  Held  the 
Sacred  Amulei  Aloft — The  Chief  Restrained  His  Men — Made  Signs 
of  Peace— Invited  Marquette  and  Party  to  Village — Were  Enter- 
tained for  Several  Days — Descended  More  Than  1,100  Miles — Ob- 
ject of  the  Mi^-sion  Accomplished — Indians  Were  Hostile — Conclud- 
ed to   Return — Father   Marquette's  Death. 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Slavery  in  Louisiana — Mississippi  River  Chartered — ^What 
Grantee  Was  Required  to  Do — War  Between  England  and  France — 
Cessior  of  Territory  to  England,  Except  Region  East  of  New  Or- 
leans— Cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain — Embargo  on  the  Mississippi 
River — Congress  Declared  the  River  Must  Be  Free — ^War  Cloud 
Above  the  Horizon — Settled  by  Treaty — Spain  Cedes  Louisiana  to 
France — Spain  Tried  in  Vain  to  Win  the  Settlers — -They  Were 
Loyal  io  the  I^nion — France  Sells  to  the  United  States — Virginia's 
Claims — Treaty  With  the  Sioulx  Indians — French  and  Americans 
— Treaty  With  Indians. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Northwest  Territory  Formed — What  It  Embraced — States 
Subsequently  Erected  Out  of  It — Large  Acquisition  of  Land  by 
Treaty — Slavery  Forever  Prohibited — ^Indians  Forced  Step  by  Step 
V/ostward — Last  Indian  Battles  Fought  in  Iowa — The  Fatal  Horse 
Race— Black  Hawk  Then  Unknown  to  Fame — The  Iowa  Tribe  Al- 
most Annihilated — Sold  Their  Lands  to  the  United  States — What 
They  Worship — Their  Traditions — Social  Relations — Description  of 
an  Indian  Village — Black  Hawk's  Watch   Tower. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

Treaty  of  1804 — A  Great  Fraud  on  the  Indians — Repudiated  by 
Black  Hawk  and  the  Other  Chiefs— Object  of  Sending  Chief  to  St. 
Louis— Major    Taylor's    Defeat — British    Soldiers    Join    the    Indians — 


HISTORY   OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  9 

11) e  Fight  Was  Desperate  and  Loss  Heavy — Taylor  Was  Driven 
Back— Keokuk  Made  Chief  of  the  Friendly  Party — Treaty  of  1824 — 
I! all-Breed  Tract  of  Land — Base  Treachery  of  the  Sioux — Sac  and 
Fox  Chiefs  Waylaid^All  Murdered  Except  Two — Dire  Revenge  of 
the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians. 


CHAPTER    IX. 

Black  Hawk  War — General  Graves — Black  Hawk  and  His  Fol- 
low '  e  Recross  the  River — General  Atkinson's  Command — Abraham 
Lincoln — Colonel  Taylor  and  Jeff  Davis — Major  Stillman — Flag  of 
Truce  Fired  On — The  Charge  of  the  Sac  Warriors — Precipitous 
Kout  ot  Stillman — Camp  Equippage  Deserted — Heroic  Defense  of 
Black  Hawk  and  His  Braves — His  Skillful  Maneauvers — What  Jeff 
Davis  Said  About  It — What  Black  Hawk  Said  About  It — Horrible 
Fate  of  the  Indians — Black  Hawk's  Capture — His  Appearance  Be- 
fore President  Jackson — The  Cause  of  the  War — Black  Hawk  Con- 
veyed Through  the  Principal  Cities — Superceded  by  Keokuk — Re- 
tired to  His  Little  Farm — His  Last  Appearance  in  Public — His 
Speech — His  Death  Oct.  3,  1838 — Mrs.  Maria  Beck's  Description  of 
Him. 

CHAPTER    X. 

Treaty  With  the  Sac,  Fox  and  Winnebagos — The  Black  Hawk 
Purchase — Sac  and  Fox  Indians  Sell  the  Remainder  of  Their  Land 
— Sad  Parting  With  Their  Homes — Indians  Degenerate — Keokuk 
Not  a  Hereditary  Chief — Shrewd  Address — Leader  of  Chiefs  Who 
Made  Treaty  of  1804 — All  Got  on  a  Drunk — Sold  the  Immense 
Tract — Poweshiek  Made  Chief — Chief  Wapello — Chief  Appanoose 
Had  Four  Wives — Chief  Taimah — Head  of  a  Secret  Society — Mem- 
bers Noted  for  Courage  and  Good  Character. 

CHAPTER    XL 

Pottawattamie — What  Group  They  Belong  To — When  First 
Seen —  Were  Allied  to  the  French — In  1816  They  Ceded  Land 
Where  Chicago  Stands — Pottawattamie  County  Named — The  Dako- 
tas — The  Omahas — The  Sioux  Indians — First  Known — Hennepin's 
Capture — Last  Battle  Between  Indians  in  Iowa — Indians  Left  for  Res- 
ervation— Iowa  Territory  Ceded — Order  to  Build  Fort  Des  Moines — 
Reservation  Established — Lead  Ore  in  Mississippi  Valley — Julien  Du- 
buque First  White  Settler  in  Iowa — Procured  Interest  in  Land — ^Wife 
of  Peosta — Allowed  Them  Use  of  Village — Learned  Habits,  Supersti- 
tions and  Traditions — Gave  Him  Name  of  Little  Cloud. 


10  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER  Xn. 

Effort  to  Secure  Title  to  Land — Petition  to  Governor  Carondelet — 
Referred  to  Don  Andred  Todd — Petition  Granted — Chouteau  of  St. 
Louis  furnished  Money — Dubuque's  Death — Indians  Refused  to  Recog- 
nize a  Successor — Claim  for  Title  in  Court — Pending  for  Nearly  Half 
a  Century — Dubuque's  Grave — What  the  Court  Held — Settlement  in 
Clayton  County — First  Legal  Title  to  Land  in  Iowa — Territory  Owned 
by  Three  Different  Nations  During  Dubuque's  Occupancy  from  1788 
to  1810. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

Territory  of  Orleans — The  District  of  Louisiana — Organized  Into 
a  Territory — ^^Vhite  Population — St.  Louis  Was  the  Capitol — Charles 
Floyd's  Death — The  First  White  Man  Buried  in  Iowa — Pike's  Explo- 
rations— Thomas  H.  Benton's  Editorial — Burr  Conspiracy — Prosecu 
tions  by  the  United  States — The  Governor  of  Louisiana  Implicated — 
Captain  Tyler  and  Others  Descend  the  Ohio  River — Are  Joined  by 
Burr — Authorities  Alarmed — President  Jefferson  Issued  a  Prcrclamation 
— Burr  Arrested — Grand  Jury  Did  Not  Indict — Burr  Made  His  Escape 
— Henry  Clay  Burr's  Counsel — Was  Captured — Taken  to  Richmond — 
Grand  Jury  Indicted  Him — Scheme  Prostrated — First  Paper  Published 
West  of  the  Mississippi  River — Fort  Madison  Erected — Indians  Did 
Not  Consent — This  Was  a  Violation  of  the  Treaty — Efforts  to  Capture 
the  Fort — When  Provisions  Gave  Out  the  Fort  Was  Abandoned. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

Fort  Built  at  Rock  Island — Indians  Did  Not  Give  Consent— Colonel 
Davenport— Fort  Completed — Lands  Reserved  From  Entry — Long 
Litigation  Followed — Government  Purchased  Claims — A  Succession  of 
Earthquakes — Great  Alarm  Caused — New  Madrid  the  Center — Great 
Changes  in  the  Topography  of  the  Country  Effected — River  Run  Up 
Stream  for  Ten  Miles — First  Steamboat — Louisiana  Admitted — Colonel 
Nichols  Commander  of  the  British  Fleet— Tried  to  Revive  the  Scheme 
of  Separation — Proclamation  in  the  Name  of  the  King — Population  of 
the  Northwest  in  1812 — First  Steamboat  to  Ascend  the  Mississippi 
River — Missouri  Admitted — Beginning  of  the  Slavery  Conflict — Henry 
Clay's  Influence — Slave  Limits  Agreed  On — Southern  Boundary  of 
Iowa  Described — Dispute  Over  Location — Armed  Force  Called  Out  on 
Both  Sides — Better  Council  Prevailed. 

CHAPTER  XV. 
Dr.  Muir  Built  a  Cabin  Where  Keokuk  Stands — Married  an  Indian 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  11 

Girl — Order  Directing  Officers  to  Abandon  Indian  Wives — Dr.  Muir 
Refused  to  Desert  His — He  Resigned  His  Commission — He  Lived 
Happily — In  1832  He  Died  Suddenly  of  Cholera — First  School  in  Iowa 
—By  Whom  Taught — First  White  Child  Born— Eleanor  Galland — ^What 
Dr.  Galland  Says — Graveyard  Bluff — James  White — Monsieur  Julien — • 
First  Steamboat  to  Reach  the  Rapids — It  Was  Agreed  to  Build  a  City 
and  Call  It  Keokuk — James  L.  Langworthy — Exploration  of  the  Lead 
Mines — Great  Battle  With  the  Sioux  Indians — Near  Dubuque's  Grave — 
The  Vanquished  Sac  and  Foxes  Rushed  to  Death  Over  a  Precipice — • 
Miners  Organized  a  Local  Government — Rules  and  Regulations — 
Regulations  at  Galena  Adopted — War  Department  Orders  the  Removal 
of  Settlers — Sand  S.  White  and  Others — Entered  on  the  Black  Hawk 
Purchase — Were  Driven  Off  and  Cabins  Destroyed — Treaty  Ratified — 
At  Flint  Hill — White  and  Others  Removed  From  Indian  Lands. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

Black  Hawk  Purchase — Named  Iowa — Population  June  1,  1832 — 
Troops  Withdraw  from  the  Mines  of  Spain — The  Langworthy  Broth- 
ers Crossed  to  West  Side  of  River  and  Resumed  Work — Second  School 
Established — Description  by  a  Pioneer — Log  Houses  Built  Without 
Doors  or  Windows — Winter  Isolated  Them  From  the  Outside  World — 
A  Short  Supply  of  Provisions  but  Plenty  of  Whiskey — Not  a  Woman  in 
Settlement — The  Demon  Intemperance  Stalked  Everywhere — Cholera 
Also  Claimed  Its  Victims — In  Spring  of  1834  Steamboat  Landed — ^First 
American  Flag  Raised — First  Church  Built — First  Catholic  Church — 
Bishop  Loras  Located — Fort  Madison  Second  Place  Settled — Daven- 
port—Claim Sold  for  $100 — A  Long  and  Bitter  Contest — Davenport 
Gets  County  Seat — First  Record  of  "Iowa." — Lieutenant  Lee's  Report 
— The  Dubuque  Visitor  Refers  to  "Iowa" — "Iowa"  First  Found  in  Pub- 
lic Record — Iowa  County  Formed — Mineral  Point  the  County  Seat. 

CHAPTER   XVII. 

Treaty  August  4,  1824— Half-Breed  Tract— Consisted  of  119,000 
Acres — Half-Breds  Allowed  to  Pre-empt— Court  Appointed  Commission 
— Legislature  Repealed  the  Act — Claim  and  Action — Sale  Made  by 
SherifC — Supreme  Court  Set  It  Aside — Greed  of  the  Attorneys — Divis- 
ion of  Iowa  Into  Tv/o  Counties — A  Court  in  Each  County — The  Judges 
— County  Seats — ^First  Newspaper — Second  Newspaper — George  W. 
Jones  Elected  to  represent  Michigan  Territory  in  Congress — What 
Bill  He  Secured  Among  His  First  Acts — Census  Taken  in  1836 — Total 
Population  10,531 — Who  Elected  to  the  Legislature — Miners  Bank  Es- 
tablished— Act  Regulating  the  Sale  of  Spirituous  Liquors — Fine  for 
Running  a  Grocery  Without  a  Liceijse — First  Newspaper  West  of  the 
Mississippi  River — The  First  Newspaper  Established  in  Iowa— Origin 


12  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

of  the  Cognomen  Hawkeye — Bill  Introduced  by  General  Jones  Creating 
the  Territory  of  Iowa — Second  Legislature  at  Burlington — Disputed 
Boundary  Settled — Congress  to  Appoint  Commission — First  Legislative 
Body — Dubuque  County  Divided — New  Counties  Organized. 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Treaty  With  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians — Census  of  1836 — Territory 
of  Iowa  Established — ^What  It  Included — ^What  the  President  Was  Re- 
quired to  Do — Terms  of  OflBce  and  Courts — Conway,  Secretary,  Usurp- 
ed Office  of  Governor — When  Governor  Lucas  Arrived^Territory  Di- 
vided Into  Districts — Legislature  Met  in  Old  Zion  Church,  Burlington 
— James  W.  Grimes  the  Youngest  Member — Call  for  First  Democratic 
Convention — The  First  Whig  Convention — Dodge  Elected — Constitu- 
tion Defeated — Census  of  1840 — First  Treasurer — First  Auditor — Crops 
Raised  1840 — How  Houses  Were  Built — No  Carpenters  Required — How 
Grain  Was  Stored — How  Stables  Were  Built — Third  Legislature — 
Governor  Lucas  Message — Capitol  Moved  to  Iowa  City — The  First 
Settlers — Salutary  Laws  Enacted — The  Law  Against  Negroes — 
Heavy  Penalties  for  Sheltering  a  Negro — Contest  Between  Governor 
and  Legislature — Missouri  Boundary  Fixed  by  Act  of  Congress — Capi- 
tol located. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

Boundary  Dispute — Governor  Boggs  of  Missouri — Sent  General 
Allen  With  1,000  Men — Governor  Lucas  Ordered  Out  the  Militia — 
Matter  Finally  Settled  by  the  Supreme  Court — Capitol  Located — Fur- 
row Run  One  Hundred  Miles — Soon  a  Beaten  Road — Governor  Lucas 
Visits  New  Capitol — Description  of  the  First  Settlers — A  Most  Notable 
Case — First  Call  for  a  Democratic  State  Convention — General  Dodge 
for  Governor — Iowa  Products — Corn  the  Chief  Crop — New  Capitol — 
Corner  Stone  Laid — Governor  Lucas  Chief  Orator — General  Depression 
in  Business — First  Whig  State  Convention — General  Harrison  for 
President — Democrats  Nominated  Van  Buren. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

Superintendent  of  Schools  Created — General  Harrison  Elected 
President — Democrats  Removed  from  Office — Governor  Lucas  Was  Su- 
perceded— John  Chambers  Appointed — Steamboat  Ascended  the  Iowa 
River — Governor  Chambers  Made  First  Visit  to  the  Capitol — Treaty 
With  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians — Financial  Depression  of  1842 — Specie 
Payments  suspended — The  Miners  Bank  of  Dubuque  the  Only  One  in 
Iowa — Badly  Managed  and  Went  Down — Severest  Winter — Continu- 
ous Snow  from  November  to  April — Fierce  Winds  and  Cold  Intense — 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  13 

Great  Suffering — Cattle  and  Game  Perished — No  Money  to  Pay  Debts 
— Unparalleled  Low  Prices  and  High  Interest — Census  of  1844 — Half- 
Starved  Wolves  Devoured  Pigs  and  Sheep — Wheat  Twenty  Cents  per 
Bushel — Money  Twenty-five  to  Forty  Per  Cent — Majority  in  Favor  of 
a  Constitutional  Convention — Committee  to  Frame  Constitution — State 
Included  Large  Part  of  Minnesota — The  Boundary — Pro  and  Anti  Slav- 
ery Parties — ^Agreed  to  Admit  Iowa  Free  and  Florida  Slave. 

CHAPTER  XXL 

Address  of  Hon.  A.  C.  Dodge — Eastman,  Parrins  and  Mills — 
Made  Aggressive  Campaign — Leffler  and  Wood  Joined  Them — Consti- 
tution  Rejected — New  Legislature  Met — Governor's  Veto — Overruled 
by  More  Than  Two-thirds  Vote — Charter  of  the  Miner's  Bank  Repealed 
— Dodge  Advocated  the  Adoption — Constitution  Beaten  Second  Time — 
General  Dodge  Was  Elected — Prevailing  Prices — State  Government 
Organized  With  Population  of  96.088 — Salaries  of  Officers — Annexation 
of  Texas — War  With  Mexico — Iowa  Volunteers — Third  Constitution 
Framed — Banks  Prohibited — First  Democratic  State  Convention — The 
Platform— First  Whig  State  Convention — -The  Platform — Constitution 
Adopted — Douglas  Reported  a  Bill  for  the  Admission  of  Iowa — De- 
cember 21,  1846,  It  Passed  the  House — December  24th  It  Passed  the 
Senate — December  28th  the  President  Signed  It — Mormons  Driven 
from   Missouri — Unparalleled  Barbarity. 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

Sound  Money  a  Cardinal  Principle — First  Mormon  Colony — ^Elder 
Rigdon— Joseph  Smith  Found  Plates  and  Printed  Bible — Joseph  Smith 
Had  a  Second  Revelation — New  Jerusalem  to  Be  Built  in  the  West — 
Independence,  Missouri,  the  Place  Selected — Mob  Attacked  Them — 
Governor  Boggs  Called  Out  Militia — Ordered  to  Exterminate  the  Mor- 
mons— Leaders  Arrested — Families  Driven  from  Their  Homes  in  No- 
vember— Snow  Deep  and  Suffering  Great — Mothers  Carried  Their 
Starving  Children — Novel  Mode  of  Burying  Their  Dead — Howe  Mills 
Massacre — Barbarous  Murder  of  a  Nine-Year-Old  Boy — Border  Ruffians 
—The  Missouri  Authorities  Grew  Sick  of  the  Atrocities — Finally 
Found  Shelter  in  Iowa  and  Illinois — Purchased  Town  Sites  of  Keokuk, 
Nashville  and  Montrose. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

Mormons  Allowed  to  Settle  in  Iowa — Purchased  Town  Site  of  Com- 
merce— Changed  It  to  Nauvoo — Revelation  in  1843  Permitting  a  Plural- 
ity of  Wives— Raised  a  Storm — Joseph  Smith  and  Others  Arrested— 
Mob   Killed  Smith  and   His  Brother  and  Wounded  Several   Others— 


14  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Temple  Built  at  Nauvoo  and  City  of  20,000  People — ^Abandoned  All  for 
Religious  Liberty — Brigham  Young  Succeeded  Smith — Great  Caravan 
— Their  Route  Marked  With  Graves — Stopped  in  Decatur  County — 
Place  Called  Garden  Grove — Several  Hundred  Settled  on  Grand  River 
— Place  Called  Mount  Pisgah — Remnant  Left  at  Nauvoo  Were  Perse- 
cuted— Started  West  in  October — Their  Sufferings — Sickness  and 
Death. 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

Winter  March  of  Mormon  Refugees — Reached  Mount  Pisgah— 
Frightful  Mortality — Over  Four  Hundred  Died  from  Exposure — Mor- 
mon Authorities  Caused  Monument  to  Be  Erected — Names  of  William 
Huntington  and  Sixty-five  Others  Inscribed  on  the  Monument — ^Village 
Built  at  Missouri  River — Iowa  Never  Joined  in  the  Persecution — Her 
Citizens  Claim  the  Utmost  Freedom — Accord  Same  Rights  to  Others — 
Salt  Lake  Selected — Cholera  Scourge  Carried  Off  Many — Imperative 
Order  Issued — First  Legislature  at  Iowa  City — Salaries  of  State  Offi- 
cials Fixed — First  Grant  of  Lands  for  Railroads — Prohibition  Move — 
Maine  Liquor  Law  Adopted — Approved  by  Governor  Grimes — Majority 
Vote  in  Favor  of  Prohibition — Over  Forty  Years  Later  This  Law  Was 
Repealed. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

Report  of  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools — Salaries  of  Teachers 
— First  Exemption  Law — Rate  of  Interest — Code  of  1851 — Census  of 
1847 — George  W.  Jones  Elected — Gold  Fever — Wet  Season — First 
Train  at  Rock  Island — Thousands  Assembled — Booming  of  Cannon, 
Speeches,  Etc. — In  1S56  a  Company  Was  Organized  to  Bridge  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  at  Rock  Island — Last  Contest  Between  Whigs  and 
Democrats — Whigs  Won — Contest  in  Kansas  Over  Slavery  Had  Be- 
come Bitter — Armed  Collisions  Frequent — Joint  Resolution  Opposing 
the  Extension  of  Slavery — Harlan  and  Thorington  Were  the  First  Iowa 
Congressmen  to  Oppose  Slavery — Big  Grant  to  Railroads — Important 
Changes — Limit  to  State  Indebtedness  Increased — Banks  Authorized — 
Capitol  Fixed  at  Des  Moines — Indians  Drove  Surveyor  Marsh  from  His 
Work — Destroyed  Wagons,  Instruments,  Etc — War  Between  the  Sioux 
and  Pottawattamies— The  Latter  Fought  Bravely  But  Were  Defeated. 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

Desperado  Henry  Lott— Ponies  Stolen  from  Indians— Found  on 
Lott's  Premises — Lott  Ordered  to  Leave  County — Indians  Burnt  His 
Cabin  and  Killed  His  Cattle— Lott  Alarmed  and  Fled— Spread  Report 
That  His  Family  Were  Murdered— A  Son  Twelve  Years  Old  Lost  and 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY   DIRECTORY.  15 

Frozen  to  Death — Lott  Swore  Vengeance — Traded  Whiskey  to  Indians 
— Lott  Feigned  Friendship — Waylaid  Old  Chief  and  Shot  Him — Mur- 
dered the  Whole  Camp — Lott  and  Son  Burnt  Their  Cabin — Major 
Williams  and  Several  Indians  Pursued — Crossed  the  Missouri  River 
and  Escaped — Lott  Afterwards  Hung  in  California — Facts  Proven  by 
Major  Williams — Brother  of  Murdered  Chief. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

Adventurous  Pioneers — The  Irish  Colony — Mr.  Granger's  Cabin — ■ 
Settlements  of  Springfield,  Algona,  Okoboji  and  Spirit  Lakes — Most  of 
the  Indians  Had  Left — Cold  Winter  1856-57— Deep  Snow  Isolated  Set- 
tlers— The  Massacre  Was  Planned — The  Chief  Selected  Thirty  War- 
riors— Parties  Sent  to  Take  the  Arms,  Etc. — Settlers  Unable  to  De- 
Fled  at  Night — Abner  Bell  Was  Nearest  Neighbor — Great  Indignation 
at  Fort  Dodge — First  White  Man  to  Paddle  a  Canoe  on  the  Lakes — 
fend  Were  Obliged  to  Submit — Outrages  at  Gillett's  Grove — Settlers 
The  Next  Settlers. 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

Trip  Through  Snow  Drifts  to  Waterloo — Indians  Invaded  Gard- 
ner's Cabin — Massacre  Commences  at  Mattock's  House — Gardner's 
Wife  Implored  Him  Not  to  Shoot — Abbie  the  Only  one  Spared — 
Brave  Resistance — Outnumbered  Five  to  One — No  Witness  Survived — 
Dr.  Herriott  and  Carly  Snyder — Indians  Killed  and  Wounded — Major 
Williams'  Report — Horrible  Work  of  March  8,  1857 — Celebration  by 
the  Indians — Abbie  Gardner  a  Prisoner — Abbie  Gardner  Dragged  to 
the  Horrible  Scene — Five  Men,  Two  Women  and  Children  Dead — 
Other  Children  Being  Burned  to  Death  in  the  Cabin — Their  Cries 
Heartrending — ^Vain  Attempt  to  Save  the  Women  and  Children. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

No  Warning  on  East  Side  of  Lake — Mr.  Howe  and  Family  Mur- 
dered— Thatcher's  Cabin  Next  Visited — Seeing  Two  Stout  Men,  the 
Cowardly  Savages  Professed  Friendship — They  Treacherously  Fired, 
Killing  Both  Men — Children  Snatched  from  Mothers'  Arms  and  Brains 
Dashed  Out — Mrs.  Noble  and  Mrs.  Thatcher  Made  Prisoners — William 
Mable's  Cabin  Next  Visited — They  Profess  Friendship — Proposed  to 
Shoot  at  a  Mark — Mable  Shot  in  Back — Mrs.  Mable  Kept  a  Prisoner — 
They  Now  Had  Four  Women  Captives — Braided  Hair  and  Painted 
Their  Faces — Thus  After  the  Lapse  of  Over  Three  Years  the  Savage 
Chief  Avenged  the  Death  of  His  Brother  and  Family  by  Lott. 


16  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

Springfield,  Minn.,  Saved — Markham  Gave  Notice — All  Gathered  in 
One  House — Messenger  to  Fort  Ridgely — Seventeen  Days  Suspense — 
When  Attack  Began — Called  the  People  Out  on  a  Cunning  Pretext — 
Savages  in  Ambush  fired  on  Them — But  Three  Men  Left  in  the  House 
— Prepared  for  a  Vigorous  Defense — Indians  Crept  Near  the  House — 
They  Kept  in  Shelter  of  Stable  and  Trees — The  Women  Cast  Balls — 
Mrs.  Church  Shot  One  Indian — Fight  Lasted  Till  Sunset — Determined 
to  Escape  at  Night — Markham  Volunteered  to  Reconnoiter  the  Prem- 
ises— All  Waited  in  Suspense — No  Indians  Discovered. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

But  One  Abie-Bodied  Man — They  Had  No  Team — Compelled  to 
Abandon  Henderson  and  Smith — In  Their  Haste  Boy  Left  Behind — 
Sheigly  Returned  Searching  for  His  Boy — Sufferings  Were  Intense — 
Were  Out  Three  Days — Plan  of  Battle — Bradshaw  Was  to  Advance 
Upon  the  Indians — A  Loud  Shout  and  Signal  Proclaimed  Them 
Friends — It  Was  the  Relief  Corps — Language  Cannot  Describe  the 
Joy  and  Transport — Mr.  Church  Recognized  His  Wife  and  Child — 
Thatcher  Learned  of  the  Butchery  of  His  Child  and  Perhaps  Worse 
bate  of  His  Wife — Dr.  Bissell  Dressed  the  Wounds — ^All  Felt  Safe  for 
the  First  Time  in  Weeks — Conveyed  to  the  Irish  Colony — Smith  and 
Henderson  Were  Found  Alive — News  of  Massacre  Carried  to  Fort 
Dodge — Relief  Expedition  Organized — Call  for  Volunteers — Company 
Poorly  Equipped — The  Winter  Had  Been  the  Severest  on  Record. 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

March  Was  Slow  and  Difficult — Made  But  Eighteen  Miles  in  Two 
Days — Hardship  and  Sufferings  Increased — Supper  on  Crackers  and 
Raw  Pork — Major  Williams  Made  Brief  Address — Nine  Turned  Home- 
ward— Reached  Irish  Colony — Got  Fresh  Teams  and  Recruits — 
Scouts  Sent  Ahead — Indians  Sighted — Men  Formed  in  Line — Gov- 
ernor Carpenter's  Description — Soldiers  From  Fort  Ridgely  at  Spring- 
field— Volunteers  to  Bury  Bodies  at  Lakes — Twenty-three  Volunteered 
— Major  Williams  and  Party  Went  to  the  Irish  Colony — Johnson's 
Party  to  Lakes — A  Horrible  Spectacle. 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

Not  One  of  the  Colony  Alive — Body  of  Dr.  Herriott  Found — Luce 
and  Clark  Found  Some  Weeks  Later — Homeward  March — Sudden 
Change  in  Temperature — Terrific  Blizzard — Horrible  Suffering — Sep- 
arated in  Two  Companies — Johnson  Led  One,  Maxwell  the  Other — ^A 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  17 

Night  in  the  Storm — Johnson  and  Buckholder  Succumb — Fire  Started 
at  the  River — Went  to  Irish  Colony  for  Help — The  Account  of  Major 
Williams — The  Principal  Division — River  High,  Spread  Over  Valley — 
Box  Ferry  a  Failure — Messenger  Sent  to  Nearest  House — What  Cap- 
tain Richards  Says — Governor  Carpenter  Tells — What  Lieut.  Mason 
Says— The  Command  Broke  Up  in  Small  Parties — Sufferings  Beyond 
Description. 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

What  Capt.  Duncombe  Says — Four  Young  Women  Prisoners — 
Indians  Loaded  Ponies,  Squaws  and  Captives  with  Plunder — Mrs. 
Thatcher  Was  111 — Heartless  Savage  Had  No  Mercy — Forced  to  Assist 
in  the  Camp  Drudgery — She  Sank  Fainting  in  the  Snow — She  Was 
Lashed  to  the  Back  of  a  Pony — Indians  Discovered  That  They  Were 
Pursued — Ordered  to  Kill  Captives  When  Battle  Begun — Lieut.  Mur-  - 
ray  Believed  Indians  Were  Near — Guides  Claimed  Camp  Was  Old — 
When  They  Reached  the  Big  Sioux — Mrs.  Thatcher  Ordered  to  Go  on 
the  Driftwood  Bridge — She  Suspected  What  Was  Coming — Savage 
Shoved  Her  Into  the  River — One  of  the  Braves  Shot  Her — Mrs.  Noble 
Anxious  for  End  of  Life — ^News  Reached  Indian  Agency — Plans  De- 
vised to  Rescue  Them — Mrs.  Mable  Purchased — She  Bid  Her  Compan- 
ions Good-Bye — She  Was  Ransomed  for  $1,000. 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

Minnesota  Legislature — Appropriated  $10,000  to  Be  Used  by  the 
Governor — Effort  to  Exterminate  Failed — Taken  Far  Into  the  Wilds  of 
Dakota — Hopeless  of  Rescue — Roaring  Cloud  Murdered  Mrs.  Noble — 
Life  Had  Been  a  Burden  to  Her — Abbie  Alone — They  Reached  the 
James  River — Abbie  Abandoned  All  Hope — But  Friends  Were  at  Work 
— John  Other  Day — Learned  but  One  White  Woman  Left — Miss  Gard- 
ner Was  Purchased — Abbie  Conveyed  to  Mr.  Thatcher  the  Last  Mes- 
sage of  His  Wife — Mr.  Skinner  Got  Information  and  Was  Saved — 
Don't  Seem  to  Have  Told  His  Neighbors — Mr.  Carter  Was  Also 
Warned — The  Boy  Josh  Engaged  in  Massacre — Massacres  Traced  to  i 
the  Desperado  I^ott — Leute's  Message — Killed  Roaring  Cloud — The 
Old  Chief  the  Most  Ferocious. 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

Major  Williams'  Report — Governor  Grimes'  Message — ^Indians 
Driven  Out  of  State — Jackson  County — Gang  of  Desperadoes — Coun- 
terfeit Money  Appeared — Traced  to  Some  Employe  of  Brown — Horses 
Stolen — Bellevue  Headquarters  of  the  Gang — Battle  Fought  at  Brown's 
Hotel— Desperadoes     Captured — Murder   of   Col.   Davenport — Mitdhell 


18  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Abused  a  Young  Lady — Thompson  and  Mitchell  Met  on  the  Street — 
Thompson  Missed  and  Mitchell  Sent  a  Bullet  Through  His  Heart — 
Attempt  to  Blow  Up  Mitchell's  House — Citizens  Organized — Sheriff 
Warren,  Attorney  Crawford  and  Judge  Wilson — Warrants  Issued  for 
Twenty  Desperadoes — Posse  of  Forty  Men  Marched  to  Brown's  Hotel 
— Brown  Shot  Dead — The  Gang  Fought  Desperately — Orders  Given  to 
Set  Fire  to  the  Hotel — Cry  to  Hang  Them — Punishment  Finally  De- 
cided by  Vote. 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

Chairman  Passed  Sentence  on  Each — Placed  in  Skiffs  With  Three 
Days'  Rations — Sent  Down  the  River — Reign  of  Terror — Murder  of 
Col.  Davenport — Edward  Bonney  Ferreted  Out  the  Murderers — Burch 
Turned  Out  Statels  Evidence — Guilty  Brought  to  Justice — ^An  Atro- 
cious Murder — Vigilance  Committee  Organized — Gifford  Was  Lynched 
— Confessed  He  Had  Been  Hired — Oath  Bound  Organization — Purpose 
to  Rid  the  State  of  Thieves  and  Murderers — Cruel  Murder — Barger 
Was  Arrested — Tried  Three  Times — Always  Convicted  but  Lawyers 
Saved  His  Neck — Vigilance  Committee  Took  Matter  in  Hand — There 
Was  No  Further  Appeal — Statement  of  the  Vigilance  Committee — 
Pledged  to  Stand  by  Each  Other — Law  Was  Powerless  to  Protect — 

CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 

Each  Member  of  the  Gang — Witnesses  Ready  to  Prove  an  Alibi — 
Comegnick — Took  Long  Trips — He  Belonged  to  the  Gang — He  Fre- 
quently Changed  Residences — Robbed  an  Old  Man — Confederates  on 
the  Jury  Prevented  an  Indictment — Murdered  Man  and  Wife — 
Brother  of  Murdered  Woman  Ran  Him  Down — Case  Was  Continued — 
Venn  Changed,  Etc. — Made  a  Short  Speech  to  the  Crowd — Judge 
Lynch  Took  the  Matter  in  Hand — Comegnick  Was  Promptly  Hung — 
Many  Horses  Stolen  in  1855-6-7— Hard  Times  With  the  Settlers. 

CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

Project  of  Dams  a  Failure — New  Constitution  Adopted — State 
House  at  Des  Moines — Capitol  Moved — Financial  Depression — Banks 
Failed — No  Banks  of  Issue  in  Iowa — Banks  Started  in  Nebraska — 
Thomas  H.  Benton — Iowa  Soon  Had  Plenty  of  Worthless  Paper 
Money — Self  Denial  Practiced — Legislature  Met  at  Des  Moines  Jan.  11, 
1858 — Gov.  Grimes'  Message — Commission  Appointed  to  Codify  Laws 
— Severe  Law  Against  Fugitive  Slaves — Under  Ground  Railroad — 
john  Brown  Drilled  His  Little  Army— Of  the  Twenty-Six  Men  in  His 
Band,  Six  Were  From  Iowa — Victor  Hugo's  Prediction  Verified — 
"John  Brown's  Body" — Revision  of   1860 — Branches  of  State  Bank — 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  19 

Where  Located — Gov.  Kirkwood  Vetoes  the  Banking  Law — The 
Greatest  Tornado — Its  Course — Velocity — Loss  of  Life — Damage  to 
Property — Strange  and  Wonderful  Electric  Freaks — Iowa  Sent  to  the 
Civil  War. 

CHAPTER  XL. 

Indian  Outbreak  in  Minnesota — First  Hostilities  in  Northwestern 
Iowa — Settlers  Become  Alarmed — Military  Companies  Organized — 
About  Eight  Thousand  Sioux  Indians  on  the  Reservation — Indians 
Planned  the  Massacre — Men  Were  at  a  Public  Meeting — Indians  Fell 
on  Defenceless  Families — News  of  Massacre  Reached  Spirit  Lake — 
Company  Organized  to  Aid — Indians  Were  Gone — Frontier  Settlements 
Abandoned — Spirit  Lake  and  Estherville  Stood  Pat — Territory  of 
Minnesota  Organized — Indians  Ceded  More  Than  30,000,000  Acres  of 
Land — Reserved  a  Tract  on  the  Minnesota  River — Indians  Accepted 
an  Amendment — Tribes  Concerned  in  the  Uprising — Location  of  the 
Agencies — Sioux  Represented  All  Grades  of  Barbarism — How  They 
Lived — Half-Breeds  and  Traders. 

CHAPTER   XLI. 

Cause  of  the  Outbreak — The  Lost  Cause  Figured — Indian  Warriors 
Within  Reach — Tribes  in  the  Conspiracy — Chiefs  Visited  Upper 
Agency — Assured  Their  Annuities  Would  Soon  Arrive — Five  Thou- 
sand Camped  at  Agency — Government  Warehouse  Plundered — Soldiers 
Passive — American  Flag  Cut  Down — Excitement  in  Lower  Agency — 
Quarreled  With  a  White  Man — Indians  Fired,  Killing  Three — Large 
Number  at  Inquest — Indians  Decided  to  Commence  Massacre — Little 
Crow  Called  on  Early  in  the  Morning — Messengers  Sent — James  Lynde 
Shot  Dead — Indians  Afraid  to  Go  Upstairs — A  Bold  Dash  to  Escape — 
General  Massacre  Commenced — Red  Devils  Showed  No  Mercy. 

CHAPTER  XLII. 

Indians  eager  for  plunder — Wabashaw  and  other  chiefs  joined — 
Dr.  Humphreys — Frightful  massacres — Unparalleled  cruelty — Bravery 
of  Captain  Marsh — His  fate  and  that  of  most  of  his  soldiers — Treach- 
ery of  the  Indians — Loyalty  of  Other  Day  and  his  relatives — Friendly 
Indians  warned  whites — Attack  on  Fort  Ridgely — Attack  on  New  Ulm 
— Aid  arrived  in  time  to  save  the  town — Second  attack  on  Fort  Ridge- 
ly— Narrow  escape  of  Henry  Ballard. 

CHAPTER  XLIII. 
Indian  charge  at  New  Ulm— Whites  made  the  mistake  of  retreat- 


20  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ing  by  deserted  houses — Indians  took  shelter  in  them — Sharp  and 
rapid  firing  from  both  sides — Indians  set  fire  to  houses  and  advanced 
behind  the  smoke — The  conflagration  became  general — Captain  Dodd's 
brave  charge — Resulting  in  his  death — Effective  service  bj^  sharp 
shooters — Great  Indian  charge  repulsed — A  desperate  half  breed — Col. 
Sibley's  advance — Abandonment  of  New  Ulm — Victims  of  Indian 
atrocity — Mayor  Brown's  perilous  position  and  great  loss — Indians 
quarreled — Defense  of  Forest  City. 

CHAPTER  XLIV. 

Little  Crow  saw  the  inevitable — Peace  negotiations  opened — In- 
dians had  a  large  number  of  captives — Savages  were  divided  among 
themselves — Battle  of  Wood  Lake — One  large  camp  with  250  white 
prisoners  surrendered — Women  and  children  wept  with  joy — Military 
Commission  organized. 

CHAPTER  XLV. 

Desolate  condition  of  the  country — People  of  New  Ulm  attacked 
the  prisoners — Camp  Lincoln  established  at  Mankato — A  number  of 
Winnebagos  tried — Prisoners  arraigned  on  written  charges — Trials,  etc. 
— Witnesses  and  testimonj^ — Terrible  murder  of  Cut  Nose — Number  of 
prisoners  tried — Number  sentenced  to  death  and  number  to  imprison- 
ment and  number  executed. 

CHAPTER  XLVI. 

Treatment  of  the  condemned — How  they  seemed  affected — Descrip- 
tion of  the  condemned — Father  Ravoux  spent  the  whole  night  with 
them — Preparation  for  the  execution — White  Dog's  request  not  granted 
— The  half-breeds  were  most  dejected — Ascending  the  scaffold — The 
death  song  was  hideous — Nearly  all  their  necks  were  broken — 38  in  all. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

Republican  State  convention,  1877 — Resolution  expressing  confi- 
dence in  President  Hayes  defeated — Greenback  and  Democratic  con- 
ventions— Their  declarations— Resolution  of  the  Woman's  Suffrage  So- 
ciety—Resolutions adopted  by  the  State  Grange— The  heaviest  rain- 
storm of  record — Fate  of  a  railroad  train — The  dead  and  wounded — 
Amount  of  public  land  granted  in  1878  was  8,000,000  acres— Report 
of  Auditor  of  State— Kate  Shelley's  heroic  act— Recognition  by  the 
State  Legislature  and  railroad  company. 


HISTORY   OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  21 

CHAPTER  XLVIII. 

Drive  well  patent  contest — Case  tried  before  Judge  Shiras  and 
jury — Decision  against  the  defendant — The  U.  S.  Supreme  Court 
affirmed  the  decision — Decision  saved  the  farmers  over  two  million 
dollars — The  citizens  who  fought  the  suit  deserve  great  praise, 

CHAPTER  XLIX. 

Message  of  Governor  Larrabee — Public  debt  reduced — An  appeal 
for  the  prohibitory  law — Reduced  consumption  of  liquor — Duty  of  the 
legislative  power — Gov.  Boies'  inaugural  address — Local  option  favored 
— What  Iowa  needs — Effort  to  enact  a  local  option  law  failed. 

CHAPTER  L. 

Destructive  hurricane — Gathered  in  Cherokee  County — Graphic  de- 
scription— Two  women  killed  in  Rock  Township — Destruction  of  Pom- 
eroy — Shrieks  of  the  wounded  and  groans  of  the  dying  were  appal- 
ling— Efforts  to  rescue — Number  of  dead  forty-two — Gov.  Boies'  appeal 
for  aid — Destructive  railroad  collision — Presidential  election,  1904. 

CHAPTER  LI. 

Parliamentary  rules  and  regulations — Quorum — Chairmai,  Clerk 
and  Committees^How  appointed— Questions,  motions,  etc, — Division 
of  question  and  urivilege — Minority  and  mapority  report — -Motions  not 
requiring  seconds — Amendmeits,  etc.,  when  not  debatable — Division  of 
question — Previous  and  Equivalent  questions — Order,  Commitment  and 
Reconsideration. 

CHAPTER  LII. 

What  caused  the  death  of  our  Presidents — George  Washington, 
John  Adams,  Thomas  Jefferson,  James  Hadison,  James  Monroe,  John 
Q.  Adams,  Andrew  .lackson,  Martin  Van  Buren,  W,  H,  Harrison,  John 
Tyler,  James  K.  Polk,  Zachary  Taylor,  Millard  Filmore,  Franklin  Pierce, 
James  Buchanan,  Abraham  Lincoln,  Andrew  Johnson,  U,  S.  Grant, 
James  A,  Garfield,  Chester  A,  Arthur,  R,  B,  Hayes,  William  McKinley. 

CHAPTER  LIII. 

Wealth  of  our  Presidents — How  deep  to  plant  corn — The  famous 
Connecticut  blue  laws — The  seven  wonders  of  the  world — Homestead 
and  Homesteaders — Valuable  information — Wonders  of  the  body — 
Food  and  drink  consumed  by  the  average  man — Elevation  above  the 


22  THE.  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

sea  level  of  19  cities  and  points — Average  fall  of  the  Mississippi  and 
Missouri  Rivers — Punctuation  Marks  and  Rules — Tributes  to  Women — 
Confucious,   Voltaire,  Adams,   Whittier,   Gladstone,  Barrett. 

CHAPTER  LIV. 

Rise  and  decline  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States — A 
strange  phenomenon — Statement  of  the  Very  Reverend  Dr.  Slattery  of 
Baltimore,  Md.  a  great  surprise  to  Catholics — What  advocates  of  the 
Parochial  School  affirm — What  the  Berlin  Germania  says — What  oc- 
curred in  1790 — Catholic  population  in  1790  and  in  1880  very  rapid 
increase — Ratio  in  1790  and  1880 — Table  of  immigration  and 
census  by  decades  from  1790  to  1900,  both  dates  inclusive 
—Catholic  population  in  1902 — The  cause  of  the  great  loss 
—When  and  how  the  public  schools  were  established — Great 
advantage  of  the  Public  Schools — Bishop  Hennessey's  preaching 
against  them — What  he  encountered — The  reason  why  the  Jew  did  not 
increase — Abstract  history  of  the  Jew — Number  Moses  led  through  the 
Red  Sea — Settlement  of  Carthage  and  Rome — The  Jew  did  not  increase 
why? — The  early  Christians — The  tenth  general  persecution — Where 
relief  came  from — What  St.  Sylvester  wanted — What  the  Emperor  Con- 
stantino did — Evil  results  of  segrigation — Dubuque  Public  Schools — 
Catholic  boy  is  handicapped — What  the  Poet  Gray  says — Comparison 
between  the  increase  of  the  General  and  Catholic  population — Time 
has  come  for  reflection  and  action — What  Pope  Leo  XHI.  says. 

CHAPTER  LV. 

W.  J.  Bryan's  lecture  delivered  in  the  City  of  Dubuque,  April  27, 
1905 — His  appearance  on  the  platform — What  is  the  Value  of  an  Ideal 
— An  ideal  is  above  price — How  to  measure  life — The  most  difficult 
thing — A  good  class  motto — Description  of  a  noble  life — The  lecturer 
had  three  ambitions  or  ideals — The  most  important  thing  in  dealing 
with  young  people — Entered  politics  by  accident — Confidence  game 
played  on  a  young  man — The  science  of  government — No  patience 
with  those  who  are  too  good  to  take  part  in  politics — The  boast  of 
Roman  matrons — What  ought  to  be  the  boast  of  American  mothers — 
Service  the  measure  of  greatness — What  fixes  man's  place  among  his 
fellows — What  sons  of  farmers,  mechanics,  merchants,  etc.  have  ac- 
complished— Hull  House  and  Jane  Adams — The  ideal  of  Tolstoi — His 
change  of  ideals — The  mystery  of  life — The  period  of  skepticism — 
Materialism — Different  ideals — Self-made  men — Speculative  spirit — 
What  we  need  to-day — Domestic  ideals — Commercial  marriages — ^Busi- 
ness ideals — Ideals  in  politics — Corrupt  politics — Voters  paid  for  com- 
ing to  the  polls  and  voting — Some  Democrats  followed  this  bad  ex- 
ample— Their  excuse — Must  have  parties — What  Jefferson  said — Initia- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  23 

tive  and  referendum — Switzerland  the  most  democratic — Rights  of  the 
people — No  excuse  for  fraud — An  honest  platform — What  Senator  Hill 
said — A  nation  must  have  an  ideal — Grand  action  towards  Cuba — Let 
flag  stand  for  justice. 

CHAPTER  LVI. 

Story  of  Commodore  Perry's  Landing  in  Japan  in  1853 — The  day 
appointed — The  advance  boat — Letter  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan — Letter 
of  the  President  of  the  United  States  Convention — Commodore  Perry's 
letter  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan — Letter  of  credence — Receipt  given  to 
Perry — The  procession — The  reception  building — Conference  lasted  two 
hours — Steamer  moved  slowly  down  the  bay — Japan  opened  to  the 
nations. 

CHAPTER  LVII. 

Dates  of  important  events  which  occurred  in  the  United  States 
and  Colonies  from  the  discovery  by  Christopher  Columbus,  October  12, 
1492,  to  date.     This  is  a  very  useful  table. 

CHAPTER  LVIII. 

Dictionary  of  Proper  Names. 


CHAPTER  1. 

Inasmuch  as  the  American  Continents  are  isolated  on  all  sides,- 
except  at  Behring  Strait  and  the  Polar  region,  by  a  wide  expanse  of 
ocean,  it  has  been  a  question  of  much  speculation,  since  their  dis- 
covery by  Colunibus,  as  to  how,  at  what  time,  and  whence  they  were 
populated.  Different  theories  have  been  advanced;  one  is  that  many 
ages  ago,  those  Continents  were  connected  with  Europe  by  a  great 
Continent  called  "Atlas,"  which,  long  before  the  Christian  era,  sunk 
into  the  Atlantic  Ocean.  Another  theory  is  that  Ancient  Navigators 
may  have  crossed  the  Atlantic  Ocean  and  effected  a  settlement.  An- 
other theory  is,  and  to  our  mind  the  most  plausible  one,  that  the  ten 
lost  tribes  of  Israel,  who  rebelled  in  the  year  of  975  B.  C.  and  estab- 
lished the  Kingdom  of  Israel,  which  in  the  year  721  B.  C.  was  over- 
come by  Shalmanser  of  Asseria  and  all  of  its  inhabitants  led  into  cap- 
tivity. This  put  an  end  to  the  Kingdom  of  Israel,  and  also  an  end  to 
the  ten  tribes,  so  far  as  history  is  concerned,  for  it  makes  no  farther 
mention  of  them.  They  were  no  doubt  colonized  by  the  Asserians, 
and  as  they  were  a  healthy,  vigorous  race  of  people,  they  increased 
and  in  time  were  liberated.  Instead  of  returning  to  Jerusalem  they 
may  have  wandered  Northward  along  the  Pacific  Coast  and  after  ages 
reached  Behring  Strait.  At  that  time  the  channel  was  perhaps  much 
narrower  than  it  is  now,  or  there  may  have  been  islands  in  it,  suffi- 
cient to  make  it  possible  for  them  to  cross  with  their  crude  crafts. 
This  theory  is  corroborated  by  statements  made  by  Columbus  that  he 
"observed  that  the  natives  he  discovered,  practiced  some  of  the  Jewish 
customs,"  and  the  lowas,  who  inhabited  this  country,  and  after  whom 
our  state  is  named,  had  a  tradition  "that  the  Great  Spirit  made  a  man 
and  a  woman  out  of  red  clay  and  all  the  Indians  sprung  from  them," 
and  again,  "it  rained  for  a  month  and  the  whole  world  was  destroyed, 
except  a  few  that  escaped  in  a  big  canoe,"  and  all  the  Indian  tribes 
claimed  that  they  had  come  from  a  great  distance,  generally  from  the 
Northwest.  Towards  the  Pacific  Ocean.  These  traditions  were  hand- 
ed down  from  father  to  son  from  time  immemorial.  Archaeologists 
generally  claim  that  the  remains  of  two  distinct  races  have  been  found 
in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  River.  It  is  claimed  also  that  the 
Mound  Builders  were  different  from  the  Indians  who  preceded  the 
white  man.  There  is,  however,  much  speculation  about  this.  Because 
Ihey  built  mounds  over  theii-  dead,  and  manifested  some  skill  in  man- 
uracturing  copper  knives,  axes,  etc.,  it  does  not  follow  that  they  were 
a  different  race.  The  custom  of  building  mounds  may  have  b^en 
dropped,  and  the  art  of  working  copper  forgotten.    Moreover,  at  least 


26  THE  DAILY   TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

one  mound  was  built  about  the  year  1801.  For  the  Commissioner,  ap- 
pointed by  President  Jefferson  in  1803  to  explore  the  Louisiana  Pur- 
chase, found  a  mound  recently  built,  twelve  feet  in  diameter  and  eight 
feet  high,  erected  on  a  prominent  Missouri  River  bluff,  over  the  re- 
mains of  Chief  Omaha.  This  would  indicate  that  the  Indians  still  built 
mounds  over  their  most  illustrious  dead. 

The  first  human  skulls  discovered  resembled  those  of  a  Gorilla, 
having  thick  ridges  over  the  eyes,  and  very  low  forehead,  indicating  a 
low  degree  of  intellect.  Similar  skulls  have  been  found  in  Europe. 
This  leads  to  the  belief  that  the  first  inhabitants  of  the  Earth  known 
to  Archaeologists  were  low  browed,  small  bodied  beings  but  a  grade 
above  the  lower  animals.  The  first  inhabitants  of  the  Mississippi 
River  Valley,  of  which  we  have  any  evidence,  are  called  Mound 
Builders.  Stone  and  copper  implements  found  indicates  that  they  had 
made  some  progress  in  the  scale  of  intelligence.  As  to  their  number, 
color,  form  of  government;  whether  or  not  they  cultivated  the  land 
and  built  comfortable  houses,  and  how  they  constructed  those  mounds, 
is  not  and  perhaps  will  never  be  known.  In  many  of  those  mounds 
were  found  skeletons,  partially  preserved;  with  vessels,  pipes  and  or- 
naments. One  opened  in  Dubuque  County  disclosed  a  vault  divided 
into  three  cells.  In  the  center  were  found  eight  skeletons  sitting  in 
a  circle,  and  in  the  center  of  the  group  was  a  drinking  vessel  made 
from  a  sea  shell.  The  whole  chamber  was  covered  with  logs  preserved 
in  cement.  Some  very  interesting  mounds  were  found  near  Daven- 
port. Several  of  them  were  opened  and  found  to  contain  sea  shells, 
copper  axes,  hemispheres  of  copper,  stone  knives,  pieces  of  Galena 
mica,  pottery  with  coarse  cloth  which  had  been  preserved  by  the 
copper.  The  pipes  were  of  the  Mound  Builders'  pattern.  Some  of 
them  were  covered  with  effigies  of  birds  and  animals.  One  bird  had 
eyes  of  copper,  another  of  pearl,  showing  much  delicacy  of  manufac- 
ture and  skill  in  carving.  Eleven  copper  awls  and  twenty  copper  pipes 
were  taken  from  those  mounds.  All  of  the  mounds  contained  skele- 
tons and  ashes.  Two  contained  altars  of  stone.  In  one  tablets  were 
found  upon  which  heiroglyphics  representing  letters  and  figures  of 
people,  trees  and  animals.  In  one  mound  two  skeletons  were  found, 
below  these  were  layers  of  ashes  and  river  shells,  several  feet  thick. 
Beneath  these  three  mature  skeletons  were  lying  horizontally,  and  be- 
tween them  the  skeleton  of  a  child.  Near  them  were  five  copper 
axes  wrapped  in  cloth.  Many  of  the  mounds  have  been  opened  and 
found  to  contain,  in  addition  to  skeletons,  evidence  of  ingenius  and 
skilled  work  of  a  prehistoric  race.  If  they  were  of  the  same  line  as  the 
inhabitants  of  Central  America,  who  erected  the  massive  structures 
found  in  ruins  on  that  portion  of  the  Continent,  their  civilization  must 
have  been  well  advanced.  That  they  existed  in  great  numbers  and 
through  periods  of  many  years  there  is  no  doubt, 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  27 

CHAPTER  II. 

Iowa  is  one  of  the  Central  Western  States  of  the  Union.  It  is 
situated  between  40  degrees  20  minutes  and  43  degrees  30  minutes 
North  Latitude;  and  90  degrees  12  minutes  and  96  degrees  38  minutes 
West  Longitude.  The  center  of  the  State  is  about  on  a  line  with  the 
Northern  boundary  of  California  and  Rhode  Island,  and  is  nearly  mid- 
way between  the  two  Oceans.  Iowa  is  bounded  on  the  West  by  the 
Missouri  River,  which  separates  it  from  South  Dakota  and  Nebraska, 
and  on  the  East  by  the  Mississippi  River,  which  separates  it  from  Illi- 
nois and  Wisconsin.  It  contains  56,025  squore  miles,  being  very  near 
the  size  of  Illinois  or  Wisconsin.  In  shape  the  State  forms  a  rectan- 
gle, having  an  extreme  length  of  300  and  a  breadth  of  208  miles.  The 
North  and  South  boundaries  are  parallel.  In  area  it  is  about  equal  to 
England  and  Wales.  The  North  boundary  separates  it  from  Minnesota 
and  the  South  boundary  from  Missouri. 

Its  highest  point  is  in  the  vicinity  of  Spirit  Lake  and  its  lowest  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Des  Moines  River.  The  distance  betweeu  these 
points  is  about  300  miles  and  the  difference  in  altitude  1,200  feet, 
making  an  average  slope  of  four  feet  to  the  mile.  The  slope  from 
the  Northeast  corner  of  the  State  to  the  Southeast  is  thirteen  inches 
to  the  mile.  From  the  Northwest  corner  to  the  Southwest  corner,  two 
inches  per  mile,  from  the  Northwest  corner  to  Spirit  Lake  five  feet 
and  five  inches  per  mile.  These  figures  give  a  general  idea  of  the  lay 
of  the  land.  Its  35,856,000  acres  constitute  the  finest  body  of  agricul- 
tural land  in  the  world.  No  bad  lands,  but  few  hills,  all  of  which  are 
good  for  grazing.  Soil  rich  and  well  watered  with  suflicient  rainfall. 
Its  beds  of  coal  are  almost  inexhaustible. 

Table  showing  the  increase  of  population  by  decades  from  1836 
to  1900,  and  the  agricultural  products  for  the  latter  year,  according 
to  the  United  States  Census  for  1900: 

1S36—  10,331                  1840—  45,112  1850—  192,214 

1860-  674,713                   1870—1,194,020  1880—1,624,615 

1S90— 1 ,911,896  1900—2,231,853  

Acres.  Quantity.  Value. 

Corn    9,804,076  383,453,190  bushels  $97,297,707 

Wheat    7,689,705  22,769,440  bushels  11,457,808 

Oats    4,695,361  168,364,170  bushels  33,254,987 

Barley    627,851  18,059,060  bushels  5,343,363 

Clover   Seed    15,114  bushels  69,640 

Grass    Seed    1,276,958  bushels  1,146,123 

Hay    and    Forage    4,644,378  6,851,871  tons  30,042,246 

Rye     89,172  1,177,970  bushels  480,817 

Buckwheat    13,834  151,120  bushels  84,842 

Flax    Seed    126,452  1,413,380  bushels  1,380,103 

Kaffir   Corn    66  1,408  bushels  552 

Broom    Corn    2,220  1,178,120  bushels  50,636 

Tobacco    131  127,421  pounds  8,345 

Peanuts    7  127  bushels  164 

Dry   Beans    2,427  24,903  bushels  38,296 

Dry  Peas   1,556  27,606  bushels  24  470 


28  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Potatoes    175,888         17,305,919  bushels           3,870,746 

Sweet   Potatoes    2,688              224,622  bushels             128,981 

Onions    1,195              292,097  bus».els              177,088 

Other    Vegetables    81,502                                                 3,332,039 

Maple    Sugar    2,320  pounas                     280 

Maple    Syrup   2,662  gallons                2,640 

Sorghum   Cane   7,999               10,033  tons                      29,125 

Sorghum    Syrup    421,212  gallons              190,695 

Orchard    Fruits    180,076                                                    1,849,767 

Small  Fruits    9,650                                                    878,447 

Grapes    5,180           7,408,900  bushels              166,360 

Flowers    and    Plants    140                                                    320,407 

Seeds   71                                                       7,044 

Nursery    Products    2,905                                                      619,192 

Nuts    3,265,628 

Fruit   Products    3,265,628 

Miscellaneous    28,501 

Total    22,164,564  $195,552,544 

Quantity.  Value. 

Cattle  all  year  on  Farm   5,367,630  $142,518,902 

Horses  all   year  on  Farm   1,392,573  77,720,577 

Mules  all  year  on  Farm  57,579  3,737,529 

Sheep   all   year   on   Farm    1,056,718  3,956,142 

Swine    9,723,541  43,764,176 

Goats    41,468  146,708 

Poultry   20,043,343  6,535,461 

Bees,   Swarms   138,811  443,923 

Unclassified    6,675 

Total    $278,830,096 

Number. 

Cattle  of  all  ages  not  on  farm 79,880 

Horses   150,775 

Mules     5,74] 

Sheep    2,857 

Swine    128,138 

Goats    800 

The  Territory  now  included  in  the  State  of  Iowa  was  prior  to 
17G2  claimed  by  three  different  foreign  countries,  Spain,  England  and 
Prance.  Spain  based  her  claim  to  title  on  the  Discovery  of  North 
America  by  Columbus  in  1492,  and  on  a  grant  from  Pope  Alexander 
VI.,  made  in  1493,  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  king  and  queen  of  Aragon 
and  Castile,  of  all  the  continents,  inhabited  by  infidels,  which  they  had 
discovered,  said  grant  being  assigned  to  their  heirs  and  successors, 
the  Kings  of  Castile  and  Leon.  By  the  partition  agreed  upon  by  Spain 
and  Portugal,  Spain  was  allotted  all  of  North  America.  England 
cliamed  title  through  the  discovery  of  America  in  1498,  by  John  Cabot, 
who,  together  with  his  sons,  had  been  granted  a  patent  of  discovery, 
possession  and  trade  by  Henry  VII.,  King  of  England.  The  claim  of 
France  was  based  on  the  actual  discovery  of  Iowa  Territory  by  Father 
Marquette  and  Louis  Joliet,  in  June.  1G73,  and  upon  the  discoveries 
made  by  Robert  La  Salle,  in  1682,  who  had  been  granted  a  patent  by 
Louis  XIV.,  in  1678,  permitting  him  to  explore  the  Western  part  of 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  29 

New  France.  La  Salle  descended  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  Rivers, 
explored  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Westward,  and  on 
the  9th  of  April,  1682,  proclaimed  the  rivers  and  all  the  lands  drained 
by  them  to  be  by  right  of  discovery  the  dominion  of  Louis  XIV.,  King 
of  France,  and  he  named  the  country  Louisiana  in  honor  of  his  King. 
The  ownership  of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana  was  not  definitely 
setled  until  1763.  In  1762  a  preliminary  treaty,  known  as  the  act  of 
Fontainbleau,  was  signed  between  England,  France  and  Spain,  by 
which  it  was  agreed  that  the  boundary  between  the  Provinces  of  Eng- 
land and  France  should  be  irrevocably  fixed  by  a  line  drawn  in  the 
middle  of  the  Mississippi  River;  the  French  possessions  lying  West 
and  the  English  possessions  East  of  said  line.  By  this  treaty  Iowa 
was  definitely  placed  in  the  Louisiana  Province,  and  all  rights  of 
claimants  through  charters  and  grants  made  by  the  Kings  of  England 
in  the  Seventeenth  Century  were  terminated.  The  treaty  of  Paris, 
which  was  signed  by  the  three  countries  in  the  following  year,  con- 
firmed the  boundaries  agreed  upon  in  the  preliminary  treaty. 

Louis  XV.,  King  of  France,  secretly  ceded  to  Spain  in  1762,  all  the 
French  Possessions  lying  beyond  the  Mississippi  River.  Spain  took 
formal  possession  of  the  Province  of  Louisiana  in  1769,  and  retained 
control  of  this  vast  territory  until  1800,  when  the  treaty  of  St.  Idle- 
fonso  was  concluded,  Spain  agreeing  to  recede  the  Province  of  Louis- 
iana to  France  upon  the  fufillment  of  certain  considerations  to  be  per- 
formed by  the  French  Republic.  This  treaty  was  succeeded  in  the  fol- 
lowing year  by  the  treaty  of  Madrid,  which  provided  that  the  retro- 
cession of  Louisiana,  as  agreed  upon  in  the  treaty  of  St.  Idlefonso, 
should  be  carried  out. 

In  1803,  for  a  consideration  of  $15,000,000,  France  relinquished  to 
the  United  States  all  her  right  and  title  to  the  territory  lying  West 
of  the  Mississipi  River  and  North  and  East  of  the  Spanish  possessions. 
This  transaction  is  known  as  the  "Louisiana  Purchase."  The  United 
States  thus  acquired  possession  of  a  vast  domain,  out  of  which  there 
have  been  formed  the  states  of  Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Nebraska, 
North  and  South  Dakota,  all  of  Indian  Territory,  the  major  parts  of 
the  states  of  Louisiana,  Minnesota,  Kansas,  Montana,  and  Wyoming, 
nearly  all  of  the  Oklahoma  Territory,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  State 
of  Colorado. 

CHAPTER  III 

In  1538  Narvaez  was  appointed  by  Charles  V.  of  Spain,  Governor 
of  Florida.  He  fitted  out  an  expedition  of  five  ships  and  four  hundred 
men.  After  enduring  hardships  not  easily  described,  all  perished  but 
one,  Alvard  Nunez,  the  sole  survivor,  who  reached  a  Spanish  settle- 
ment after  ten  years  of  wandering.  De  Soto  was  the  next  freebooter 
to  try  his  hand.    He  organized  a  fleet  of  ten  ships,  manned  by  over 


30  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1,000  men.  Like  his  predecessor,  Narvaez,  his  purpose  was  to  get 
gold.  Thew  had  no  respect  or  consideration  for  the  natives.  Plunder, 
murder  and  rapine  were  resorted  tt>.  They  proved  to  be  a  band  of 
freebooters  in  quest  of  fortune  and  plunder.  An  army,  rendered  cruel 
and  ferocious  by  avarice,  ready  to  march  to  any  point  where  they 
might  plunder  Indian  villages  supposed  to  be  stored  with  gold  or 
other  riches. 

The  native  soon  discovered  that  they  must  fight;  either  fight  and 
exterminate  the  invaders  or  be  exterminated  by  them.  And  De  Soto, 
before  he  had  proceeded  far  into  the  trackless  woods,  had  reason  to 
believe  he  had  taken  the  wrong  course.  The  natives  hounded  his  army 
day  and  night,  and  after  a  disastrous  siege  about  250  returned  to  the 
Spanish  settlement.  Both  of  these  expeditions  spent  some  time  in  the 
Mississippi  River  Valley.     De  Soto  found  a  grave  in  the  Great  River. 

England  and  Portugal  sent  out  exploring  parties,  who  were  equally 
cruel  and  unjust  to  the  Indians.  In  fact,  for  the  first  century  after 
the  discovery  of  America,  the  Indians  were  treated  like  wild  animals, 
having  no  rights  that  the  white  men  were  obligated  to  respect.  But  a 
new  era  was  introduced  by  the  Brotherhood  of  Jesus,  or,  as  they  are 
better  known,  the  Jesuits.  This  society  was  organized  about  the  year 
1540.  Ignatius,  its  founder,  who  held  a  high  rank  in  the  Spanish  army, 
was  wounded  at  the  siege  of  Pampeluna,  and  while  convalescing,  in 
the  hospital,  he  read  the  lives  of  the  Saints,  and  on  refiection  conclud- 
ed he  was  fighting  on  the  wrong  side.  That  he  was  fighting  against 
humanity  when  he  ought  to  be  battling  for  God  and  humanity.  He 
conferred  with  a  few  friends,  and  the  result  was  that  nine  men  of 
rank  pledged  themselves  to  devote  their  lives  to  the  cause  of  God  and 
humanity.  After  studying  Theology  fqr  about  three  years,  they  went 
to  Rome  and  made  an  offer  of  their  services  to  Pope  Paul  III.  He 
applauded  their  zeal,  and  after  another  three  years'  course  of  study, 
they  were  erected  into  a  religious  body,  under  the  name  of  the  Society 
of  Jesus.  Others  soon  joined  and  the  society  became  in  a  short  time 
numerically  strong.  The  New  World  was  their  objective  point  and 
they  penetrated  nearly  every  part  of  it.  Bancroft  says  of  the  Jesuits: 
"The  history  of  their  labor  is  connected  with  nearly  every  celebrated 
town  in  the  annals  of  French  America.  Not  a  river  was  entered,  not 
a  cape  turned,  but  a  Jesuit  led  the  way.  Although  certain  privations 
and  suffering  was  their  lot,  and  martyrdom  might  be  the  crown  of 
their  labors,  they  ventured  into  the  remotest  regions  and  among  the 
most  warlike  tribes."  The  Jesuit  revelation,  given  by  Father  Claude 
Dablon  in  1670,  in  his  account  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  says:  "These 
people  were  the  first  to  come  to  Green  Bay  to  trade  with  the  French. 
They  are  settled  in  the  midst  of  a  beautiful  country  away  southward 
towards  the  great  river  named  'Missipi.'  It  takes  its  rise  in  the  North, 
flowing  towards  the  South,  discharging  its  waters  into  the  Sea.  All 
the  vast  country  through  which  it  flows  is  of  prairie  without  trees. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  31 

It  is  beyond  this  river  that  the  Illinois  live,  and  from  which  are  de- 
tached the  Muscatines,  which  signifies  a  land  bare  of  trees."  None  of 
the  early  French  explorers  seem  to  have  suspected  that  this  Great 
River  so  often  told  of  by  the  Indians  was  the  same  river  discovered 
by  De  Soto  one  hundred  and  thirty  years  before. 

CHAPTER  IV. 

The  French  Jesuit,  Father  Marquette,  was  the  first  white  man  to 
set  foot  on  Iowa  soil.  He  had  spent  many  years  with  the  Indians 
in  the  vicinity  of  Green  Bay  building  churches  and  teaching  and 
preaching  to  them.  The  Indians  held  him  in  high  esteem.  They  had 
a  warm  affection  for  the  good  Missionary  who  had  devoted  the  best 
years  of  his  life  to  their  welfare.  He  had  resolved  to  go  farther  West 
and  see  the  Great  River,  which  he  had  heard  of  so  often.  The  Indians 
besought  him  with  tears  not  to  undertake  so  perilous  a  journey,  but 
he  had  resolved  to  go.  Louis  Joliet,  with  five  experienced  voyagers, 
embarked  with  him  May  13th,  1673,  in  two  birch  bark  canoes.  Arriv- 
ing at  the  Western  extremity  of  the  French  explorations,  they  engaged 
two  Miami  guides  to  pilot  them  to  the  Wisconsin  River.  They  floated 
down  that  river  to  where  it  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River,  when 
they  were  delighted  at  beholding  the  magnificent  river  so  often  heard 
of.  The  largest  on  the  continent.  This  was  on  June  17th,  1673.  They 
felt  the  inspiration  of  their  great  discovery.  All  about  them  was  an 
unknown  region,  not  a  human  being  was  to  be  seen.  They  landed  from 
time  to  time,  made  camps,  killed  game  and  caught  fish.  They  ascend- 
ed the  bluffs  and  saw  in  the  distance  boundless  prairies,  upon  which 
were  herds  of  buffalo  and  elk.  The  explorers  passed  between  shores 
of  unsurpassed  beauty,  where  Dubuque,  Clinton,  Davenport,  Rock 
Island,  Muscatine,  Burlington  and  other  flourishing  towns  and  cities 
now  stand.  On  June  28th  they  landed  on  the  West  shore  and  dis- 
covered human  foot  prints  in  the  sand.  They  traced  them  to  a  path 
which  led  up  the  bluff.  Leaving  their  companions  in  charge  of  the 
boats,  Marquette  and  Joliet  followed  the  trail  Westward  for  several 
miles,  till  nearing  a  fringe  of  timber  a  column  of  smoke  was  seen  and 
soon  after  a  tent  was  discovered  erected  in  a  grove.  It  proved  to  be 
part  of  an  Indian  village.  It  was  built  on  the  bank  of  a  small  river,  the 
shores  of  which  were  shaded  by  a  beautiful  fringe  of  timber.  The  na- 
tives were  astonished  to  see  white  men,  but  no  hostile  demonstration 
were  made.  It  is  likely  that  few  if  any  of  these  Indians  had  ever 
seen  a  European  before.  The  Indians  made  signs  of  friendship  and 
offered  the  pipe  of  peace.  They  proved  to  be  a  band  of  the  Illinois 
tribe,  and  had  two  other  villages  a  few  miles  distant.  The  river  on 
which  they  were  living,  was  called  by  them,  the  Mon-in-go-na.  Mar- 
quette was  well  enough  acquainted  with  the  language  of  the  lUkioia 
tribe  of  Indians  to  converse  with  the  villagers.     When  he  had  ex- 


32  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

plained  who  they  were,  the  object  of  their  visit  and  the  pleasure  it 
afforded  them  to  meet  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  that  delightful 
country,  the  Indians  gave  the  explorers  a  very  cordial  welcome.  One 
of  the  chiefs  delivered  the  following  address:  I  thank  the  black 
gown  chief,  and  his  friend,  for  taking  so  much  pains  to  come  and  see 
us.  Never  before  has  the  earth  been  so  beautiful  nor  the  sun  so 
bright  as  now.  Never  has  the  river  been  so  calm  and  free  from  rock, 
which  your  canoes  have  removed  as  they  passed  down.  Never  has  the 
tobacco  nad  so  fine  a  flavor,  nor  our  corn  appeared  so  beautiful  as  we 
behold  it  now.  Ask  the  Great  Spirit  to  give  us  life  and  health,  and 
come  ye  and  live  with  us." 

At  the  conclusion  of  the  chief's  address  they  were  invited,  to  a 
feast  which  the  squaws  had  prepared,  and  which  Marquette  describes 
as  follows:  "It  consisted  of  four  courses.  First,  there  was  a  large 
bowl  filled  with  a  preparation  of  corn  meal  boiled  in  water  and  sea- 
soned with  oil.  The  Indian  conducting  the  ceremonies  had  a  large 
wooden  spoon  with  which  he  dipped  in  the  mixture,  called  by  them 
Tagamety,  and  passed  it  in  turn  into  the  mouths  of  the  different  mem- 
bers of  the  party.  The  second  course  was  fish,  nicely  cooked  and  sep- 
arated from  the  bones  and  placed  in  the  mouths  of  the  guests.  The 
third  course  was  a  roasted  dog,  which  our  explorers  declined  with 
thanks,  when  it  was  at  once  removed  from  sight.  The  last  course  was 
roast  buffalo,  the  fattest  pieces  of  which  were  passed  to  the  visitors. 
It  was  excellent  meat  and  nicely  cooked."  Marquette  and  Joliet  were 
delighted  with  the  beautiful  country.  The  fish  and  game  were  plenti- 
ful, and  the  friendly  reception  by  the  Indians,  all  conspired  to  give  the 
explorers  a  lofty  conception  of  both  the  country  and  its  inhabitants. 
This  was  Iowa  as  seen  by  the  first  white  man.  For  six  days  they  re- 
mained with  their  Indian  friends,  hunting  and  fishing  and 
living  on  the  best  the  land  could  produce.  The  natives  exerted  them- 
selves to  provide  every  entertainment  for  them,  and  urged  them  to 
prolong  their  stay.  When  Marquette  and  his  party  could  not  be  in- 
duced to  remain  longer,  more  than  six  hundred  Indians  escorted  them 
back  to  the  river,  where  their  canoes  were  moored,  and  regretfully 
bade  them  good-bye.  The  Indians  watched  the  white  men,  waving 
them  farewell,  until  they  disappeared  in  a  bend  in  the  river.  The 
place  where  they  landed  is  supposed  to  be  where  Montrose  now 
stands.  A  complete  record  of  their  trip  and  a  description  and  chart  of 
the  country  were  kept  by  Joliet,  but  unfortunately  were  lost.  Father 
Marquette's  chief  interest  in  all  his  daring  expeditions  Into  unknown 
regions  was  the  conversion  of  the  Indians  to  Christianity.  He  made 
but  few  notes  or  records  of  his  travels.  Fierce  feuds  and  savage  war- 
fare have  prevailed  among  the  tribes  of  Indians;  but  the  first  white 
man  that  came  among  them  was  met  with  warm  welcome  and  sub- 
stantial tokens  of  friendship.  The  French,  doubtless  under  the  influ- 
ence of  the  Jesuits,  who  led  them  in  nearly  all  their  explorations, 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  33 

treated  the  Indians  with  kindness  and  respected  their  rights.  The 
people  of  nearly  all  other  nations  regarded  and  treated  them  as  sav- 
ages having  no  rights  that  white  men  were  bound  to  respect.  The 
French  lived  with  peace  and  security  among  them,  while  the  English, 
Spanish  and  Portugese  made  war  upon  them  which  brought  retaliation 
and  massacre  of  men,  women  and  children.  Father  Marquette  won 
the  conndence  and  esteem  of  the  Indians,  and  when  he  and  his  party 
bade  farewell  to  the  Illinois  chief,  the  latter  presented  him  with  the 
pipe  of  peace.  The  sacred  calumet,  ornamented  with  brilliant  feathers. 
This  suspended  from  the  neck,  was  a  safeguard  among  all  the  savage 
tribes  that  he  might  encounter  in  his  journey. 

CHAPTER  V. 

In  latitude  33  degrees  they  met  a  fierce  tribe  of  Indians  of  the 
Michigamie  nation.  These  natives  had  heard,  no  doubt,  by  tradition, 
of  the  invasions  of  De  Soto,  one  hundred  and  thirty  years  before,  and 
the  atrocities  perpetrated  on  their  ancestors.  At  first  sight  of  the 
canoes  manned  by  white  men,  the  alarm  was  sounded.  A  large  band 
of  warriors  assembled,  and,  armed  with  bows  and  arrows,  tomahawks 
and  war  clubs,  embarked  in  their  canoes  and  advanced  with  yells  of 
defiance  upon  the  seven  Frenchmen.  The  fearless  Marquette,  un- 
awed  by  the  impending  danger,  held  aloft  the  sacred  calumet.  Seeing 
the  token  of  peace,  the  Indian  chief  restrained  his  men,  and  in  turn 
made  signs  of  peace.  He  invited  Marquette  and  his  party  to  the  vil- 
lage, where  for  several  days  they  were  entertained  with  hospitality. 
They  descended  nearly  to  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas  River,  a  distance 
of  more  than  1,100  miles.  They  had  learned  that  the  Great  River  they 
had  discovered  emptied  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  at  a  distance  of  about 
GOO  miles  from  where  they  were  encamped.  The  object  of  the  expedi- 
tion was  accomplished,  the  party  had  entered  a  region  where  the  lan- 
guage learned  by  Marquette  was  unknown,  and  it  was  difficult  to  com- 
municate or  procure  information  from  the  natives.  The  Indians  were 
hostile  and  might  at  any  time  attack  the  little  company.  Should 
these  men  be  killed  all  their  valuable  discoveries  would  be  lost  to 
France.  Moreover,  they  were  liable  to  come  upon  Spanish  settlements 
or  freebooters,  of  which  they  were  as  much  in  dread  as  the  Indians. 
Hence  they  concluded  it  was  their  duty  to  return  to  Canada  and  report 
the  result  of  their  long  and  interesting  voyage.  Propelling  the  canoes 
up  stream  in  hot  weather  was  not  such  an  easy  task,  but  energy  and 
perseverance  accomplished  it.  Arriving  at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois 
River,  they  heard  from  the  Indians  that  this  river  afforded  a  much 
shorter  route  to  the  Great  Lakes  than  the  Wisconsin  River.  They 
therefore  ascended  it  for  two  weeks  and  then  crossed  the  Illinois 
prairie  from  its  head  to  the  Chicago  River,  and  followed  that  stream 
to  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan.    Father  Marquette  died  in  1675  at  tke 


34  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

age  of  38  years.  His  country  was  mankind.  The  following  lines  writ-* 
ten  by  a  traveler,  who  was  not  a  member  of  his  church,  gives  an  idea 
of  his  peaceful  death: 

"His  solitary  grave  was  made 

Beside  thy  water,  Mictiigan; 
In  the  forest  shade  the  bones  were  laid 

Of  a  world  wandering  man. 
Discoverer  of  a  world;  he  sleeps 

By  all  the  world  unknown; 
No  mausaleum  marks  tlie  spot, 

Nor  monumental  stone. 
He  died  alone;  no  pious  hand 

Smoothed  down  the  pillows  for  his  liead; 
No  watching  follower  reared  the  tent 

Or  strewed  the  green  leaves  for  his  bed. 
His  followers  left  the  holy  man. 
Beside  a  rustic  altar  kneeling. 
The  slanting  sun's  beams  sitting  rays 

Through  the  thick  forest  branches  stealing. 
An  hour  had  passed  and  they  returned; 

They  found  him  lying  where  he  knelt, 
But  Oh!  how  changed;  the  calm  of  death 

Upon   his    marble    features    dwelt, 
Even  while  he  prayed,  his  living  soul 

Had  to  His  native  Heaven  fled; 
While  the  last  twilight's  holiest  beam 

Fell  like  a  glory  on  his  head." 


CHAPTER  VI. 

In  1710  the  first  African  Negroes  were  taken  into  the  new  French 
Colony  and  slavery  established  in  Louisiana.  In  1717  the  entire  trade 
of  the  Mississippi  River  was  granted  by  a  charter  from  the  French 
King  to  a  Western  Company  for  twenty-five  years.  The  company 
under  its  charter  was  obligated  to  introduce  6,000  white  settlers  and 
3,000  slaves.  War  was  waged  between  England  France  from  1756  to 
1702,  for  the  conquest  of  Canada,  and  in  1763  France  ceded  to  England 
all  her  territory  East  of  the  Mississippi  River,  except  a  region  East  of 
New  Orleans.  The  King  of  France  about  the  same  time,  by  a  secret 
treaty,  ceded  to  Spain  the  entire  country  West  of  the  Mississippi  River 
known  as  Louisiana.  Thus,  after  nearly  one  hundred  years'  posses- 
sion, the  entire  interests  of  France  were  turned  over  and  the  French 
inhabitants  became  unwilling  subjects  of  Spain  and  England.  When 
Spain  secured  possession  of  Louisiana  she  put  an  embargo  on  the 
Mississippi  River,  which  made  it  very  inconvenient  for  the  Americans, 
and  after  making  several  unsuccessful  attempts  to  induce  her  to  raise 
it,  Congress  in  1788  declared  "that  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi 
River  is  a  clear  and  essential  right  of  the  United  States  and  that  it 
ought  to  be  enforced."  This  developed  a  war  cloud  above  the  horizon, 
and  although  Spain  realized  her  danger,  she  procrastinated  hoping  to 
win  the  people  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  her  side.  But  they  were 
too  firmly  wedded  to  the  Union.  Finally  the  American  minister  at 
Madrid  proposed  that  if  Spain  would  cede  to  the  United  States,  her 
possessions  East  of  the  Mississippi  River,  including  the  islands  and 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  35 

City  of  New  Orleans,  the  United  States  would  make  no  claim  to  the 
vast  teritory  West  of  the  river,  as  her  real  interests  would  then  re- 
quire that  Spain  retain  her  possessions  West  of  it.  Since  the  free 
navigation  of  the  river  was  of  such  prime  necessity  to  the  United 
States,  it  must  sooner  or  later  be  conceded.  The  minister  said:  "This 
is  the  decree  of  Providence  written  on  every  map  of  the  Continent, 
and  it  cannot  be  perverted  by  any  human  agency.  Would  it  not  be  the 
part  of  wisdom  to  anticipate  an  irrepressible  event  peacefully,  and 
cement  a  lasting  friendship  with  the  United  States  on  this  basis  of 
mutual  benefit  and  interest."  In  1795  the  matter  was  settled  by  treaty, 
making  the  middle  of  the  Mississippi  River  the  Western  boundary  of 
the  United  States  from  the  31st  degree  of  North  Latitude  to  its 
source,  and  navigation  made  free  to  its  mouth.  Under  the  brilliant 
young  counsel.  Napoleon  Bonaparte,  Prance  became  the  most  power- 
ful nation  of  Europe,  and  as  her  people  had  not  become  reconciled 
to  the  manner  in  which  Louisiana  was  taken  from  them.  Napoleon 
resolved  to  restore  it  to  France,  and  in  1801  a  treaty  was  made,  by 
which  Spain  ceded  to  France  all  the  Province  of  Louisiana,  but  before 
Napoleon  could  take  possession  of  it,  England  and  her  allies  were 
pressing  the  French  armies  so  hard  that  Napoleon  feared  the  power- 
ful British  navy  would  secure  and  blockade  the  ports  of  Louisiana; 
thus  cutting  France  off  from  her  possessions  so  recently  acquired. 
The  French  and  Americans  were  traditional  friends,  and  in  order  to 
save  Louisiana  from  England,  Napoleon  determined  to  transfer  it  to 
a  friendly  power  able  to  defend  it,  and  in  1803  sold  it  to  the  United 
States  for  $15,000,000. 

The  almost  unexplored  country  comprising  Louisiana,  had  been 
discovered  by  Spanish  adventurers  in  1542,  but  they  abandoned  it  for 
one  hundred  and  thirty  years,  when  French  explorers  took  possession 
of  it,  in  the  name  of  their  King.  It  was  held  by  France  from  1681  to 
1763,  when  it  was  ceded  to  Spain.  Up  to  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary 
War,  Virginia  claimed  the  territory  lying  west  of  the  Ohio  River,  as 
well  as  Kentucky.  This  claim  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  in  1784. 
In  the  same  year  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  Sioux  Indians,  who 
claimed  a  portion  of  the  territory,  by  which  they  relinquished  their 
claim  to  all  lands  west  of  the  State  of  New  York.  In  1785  Congress 
passed  an  act  providing  for  the  survey  of  public  lands.  These  lands 
were  divided  into  Townships  six  miles  square.  The  ranges  to  be 
numbered  from  the  boundary  of  Pennsylvania  west,  and  the  Town- 
ships north  from  a  point  on  the  Ohio  River  due  north  or  the  western 
terminus  of  the  southern  boundary  of  Pennsylvania.  These  townships 
were  divided  into  thirty-six  sections  one  mile  square.  This  was  the 
origin  of  our  excellent  system  of  surveying,  dividing  and  describing 
public  lands.  Afterwards  the  law  was  amended  to  the  extent  of  lay- 
ing off  the  land  in  checks  twenty-four  miles  north  and  south,  and 


36  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

forty-two  miles  east  and  west.  This  was  divided  into  townships  and 
sections,  and  the  fractions  thrown  on  the  west  side  of  the  check,  and 
township.  In  1786  Congress  adopted  a  joint  resolution  providing  that 
not  less  than  three  nor  more  than  five  States  should  be  organized  out 
of  the  new  territory. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

In  1787  Congress  passed  an  act  by  which  all  the  country  lying 
North  and  West  of  the  Ohio  River,  and  East  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
was  organized  into  the  Northwest  Territory.  This  embraced  what  has 
since  become  the  States  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Michigan  and  Wis- 
consin. Seventeen  million  acres  of  land  had  been  acquired  by  treaty 
with  the  various  tribes  of  Indians,  and  the  ordinance  provided  for  its 
organization,  forever  prohibiting  the  introduction  of  slavery  within 
its  limits.  This  prohibition  was  introduced  by  Thomas  Jefferson, 
author  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  afterwards  President 
of  the  United  States.  The  wresting  of  Iowa  from  the  Indians  was 
attended  with  but  little  of  the  cruelties  of  war  which  followed  the 
advent  of  the  English,  Spanish  and  Portugese  invaders  of  other  parts 
of  America.  Three  hundred  years  of  sturdy  but  unrewarded  resist- 
ance to  the  advance  of  the  European  races,  had  exhausted  the  original 
fire  and  unyielding  courage  of  the  Indians,  and  impressed  them  with 
the  gloomy  conviction  that  further  resistance  must  be  futile.  Nation 
after  nation  of  their  ancestors  had  been  vanquished  in  the  unequal 
contest.  Slowly  but  surely  they  had  been  dispossessed  of  their  hunt- 
ing grounds  and  home.  The  most  powerful  tribes  had  disappeared  in 
tne  warfare.  Their  lands  had  been  peopled  by  the  white  man,  who 
forced  the  savage  step  by  step  Westward.  Their  conquerors  must  be 
tueir  historian,  and  justice  demands  that  we  shall  record  their  virtues 
as  well  as  their  vices.  If  they  were  cruel,  treacherous,  revengeful  and 
merciless  as  enemies,  it  is  no  less  true  that  they  were  brave,  warm, 
hospitable,  devoted  and  loyal  friends.  They  were  as  ready  to  risk  life 
in  defense  of  a  friend  as  they  were  to  tomahawk,  scalp  and  burn  their 
enemies  and  prisoners.  They  resisted  the  invasion  of  their  country 
with  a  stern  and  relentless  ferocity,  born  of  ages  of  barbarism,  tortur- 
ing and  exterminating  the  despoilers  of  their  homes. 

When  Iowa  was  first  explored  by  the  whites,  the  Dakota  Indians 
were  found  in  possession  of  Minnesota  and  Northern  Iowa.  This 
family  consisted  of  the  following  tribes:  The  lowas,  Omahas,  Osages, 
Winnebagos,  Muscatines,  Otoes,  and  Sissetons.  The  Algonquin  family 
consisted  of  the  Illinois,  Poxes,  Chippewas,  Attouays,  Pottawattamies, 
and  Sioux,  occupied  North  Missouri  and  South  Iowa.  Fierce  wars 
were  waged  between  those  tribes  and  frequently  until  the  weaker 
tribe  was  exterminated.  The  last  battle  fought  between  the  lowas  on 
on  side  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  on  the  other,  was  near  the  town  of 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  37 

lowaville.  Here  in  the  year  1824  the  lowas  had  assembled  in  great 
.'lumbers  to  witness  a  horse  race  on  the  river  bottoms  about  two  miles 
from  their  village.  Most  of  their  warriors  were  present,  unarmed  and 
unconscious  of  the  impending  danger.  The  Sacs  and  Foxes  were  led 
by  their  Chief  Pashepaho,  assisted  by  Black  Hawk,  who  was  then  a 
young  man  unknown  to  fame.  Their  spies  had  watched  the  assemb- 
ling of  the  lowas  and  reported  their  number.  The  Sacs  and  Fox 
braves  were  in  ambush  in  a  forest  near  by.  The  old  chief  had  two 
divisions,  in  the  stealthy  attack,  while  young  Black  Hawk  was  sent 
with  a  third  division  to  capture  and  burn  the  village.  At  a  moment 
when  all  eyes  were  bent  on  an  exciting  race,  the  terrible  warwhoop 
burst  upon  their  ears  and  the  fierce  Sac  and  t  ox  warriors  rushed  like 
an  avalanche  upon  the  unarmed  and  panic-stricken  crowd.  The  Iowa 
warriors  made  a  dash  for  their  village,  where  their  arms  had  been 
left,  only  to  find  it  in  flames.  The  agonizing  shrieks  from  their  wives 
and  children,  mingled  with  the  yells  of  young  Black  Hawk's  band,  as 
the  tomahawks  fell  upon  the  defenseless  villagers,  nerved  the  Iowa 
braves  to  superhuman  exertions.  But  few  of  their  arms  could  be 
found  in  the  confusion  and  the  men,  women  and  children  were  massa- 
cred by  hundreds.  In  their  hopeless  efforts  to  protect  their  families, 
they  fought  with  clubs  and  stones,  and,  seeing  the  utter  futility  of 
their  resistance,  the  remnant  of  the  band  finally  surrendered.  Their 
power  was  broken,  their  proud  spirit  crushed  by  this  disaster,  and  the 
survivors  never  recovered  from  the  blow.  They  lingered  in  despair 
about  the  ruins  of  their  village  and  the  graves  of  their  dead,  gloomy 
and  hopeless. 

The  renown  of  this  once  powerful  tribe  had  departed.  They 
moved  from  place  to  place  through  Southern  Iowa  and  Northern  Mis- 
souri. They  ceased  as  an  individual  tribe  to  hold  any  portion  of  the 
State  to  which  their  name  had  been  given.  In  1820  they  sold  their 
undivided  interests  in  their  Iowa  lands  to  the  United  States.  At  this 
time  their  number  was  estimated  at  1,000,  and  their  principal  villages 
in  the  Valley  of  the  Little  Platte  River.  In  1838  they  ceded  their  en- 
tire interests  in  Iowa  to  the  United  States  for  $157,500,  which  was 
kept  in  trust;  the  interest  at  5  per  cent,  is  paid  annually  to  the  tribes. 
The  remnant  of  the  tribe  accepted  lands  West  of  the  Missouri  River, 
with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  their  conquerors.  They  soon  after  outnum- 
bered the  tribes  that  subdued  them  and  are  partially  civilized.  During 
the  Civil  War  they  were  loyal  to  the  Union  and  many  of  them  enlisted 
in  the  army,  making  good  soldiers.  In  October,  1901,  they  finally 
surrendered  their  tribal  organization  and  accepted  lands  in  severalty. 
The  lowans  were  worshippers  of  the  Great  Spirit,  the  Creator  and 
Ruler  of  the  Universe.  They  have  a  tradition  that  a  very  long  time 
ago  the  Great  Spirit  "made  a  man  and  a  woman  out  of  red  clay,  and 
all  the  Indians  sprung  from  them,"  and  another  tradition  is  that  "it 
rained  for  a  month  and  drowned  all  living  animals  and  human  beings. 


38  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

except  a  few  who  escaped  in  a  big  canoe."  They  regarded  rattle 
snakes  and  a  certain  species  of  hawks  with  veneration.  Unlike  most 
of  the  Indian  tribes  they  were  chaste  in  their  social  relations.  Illegiti- 
mate children  were  never  found  among  them.  We  give  this  extended 
account  of  this  trib  on  account  of  its  relation  to  Iowa,  and  our  State 
being  named  after  it.  Equally  interesting  accounts  could  be  given  of 
the  other  tribes,  but  our  space  will  not  admit  of  such  detail.  It  may, 
however,  be  of  interest  to  give  a  description  of  an  Indian  village,  and 
lor  that  purpose  we  will  select  the  Sac  vilage  on  the  Rock  Valley. 
Black  Hawk,  in  his  autobiography,  says  it  was  built  in  1751;  it  was 
named  Sahkenhk.  This  was  for  more  than  fifty  years  the  largest 
village  of  the  Sacs,  and  contained  in  1825  a  population  of  not  less  than 
eight  thousand.  The  houses  were  substantially  built,  and  were  from 
thirty  to  one  hundred  feet  in  length,  and  from  sixteen  to  fifty  feet 
wide.  They  were  built  with  a  frame  of  poles  covered  with  sheeting 
of  elm  bark,  fastened  with  thorns  of  buckskin.  The  doors  were  three 
by  six  feet,  and  before  them  were  suspended  buffalo  robes.  These 
houses  were  divided  into  rooms  separated  by  a  hall,  extending  the 
length  of  the  building.  Fire  pits  were  provided  with  opening  for  the 
smoke.  The  beds  were  made  of  skins  of  animals,  thrown  over  ele- 
vated frames  of  poles.  Half  a  mile  East  of  town  was  a  bold  promon- 
/tory  rising  200  feet  from  the  bed  of  Rock  River.  This  was  known 
as  "Black  Hawk's  Watch  Tower,"  and  was  the  favorite  resort  of  the 
famous  Sac  chieftain.  Here  he  would  sit  smoking  his  pipe,  enjoying 
the  grand  scenery  for  hours.  Here  he  was  born,  and  his  father  before 
him,  one  of  the  greatest  Sac  chiefs.  It  is  to  his  credit  that  he  clung 
to  his  old  home,  and  fought  his  last  hopeless  battle  against  over- 
whelming numbers  of  well  equipped  troops  in  defense  of  his  native 
land. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

In  1804  a  few  chiefs  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Nations,  sold  fifty-one 
million  acres  of  land  lying  in  the  East  side  of  the  Missouri  River, 
between  St.  Louis  and  the  Wisconsin  River,  for  the  insignificant  sum 
of  $2,234  worth  of  goods  and  $1,000  in  money  per  year.  Black  Hawk 
and  several  other  chiefs  repudiated  this  treaty,  and  claimed  that  the 
chiefs  making  it  had  no  authority  to  dispose  of  this  immense  tract  of 
land,  including  the  site  of  the  principal  and  oldest  village  of  the  true 
Sac  Nation.  These  chiefs  were  sent  to  St.  I.cuis  to  secure  the  release 
of  a  prominent  member  of  their  tribe  who  was  charged  with  murder- 
ing a  white  man,  and  Black  Hawk  always  asserted  that  they  had  no 
right  to  dispose  of  these  lands.  When  it  was  claimed  that  he  had 
subsequently  ratified  the  treaty  of  ISO 4  with  his  own  signature,  he 
asserted  that  he  had  been  deceived,  and  did  not  intend  to  dispose  of 
the  lands.    In  1814  Major  Taylor  was  sent,  with  a  detachment  of  334 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.      3^ 

soldiers,  up  the  Mississippi  River  by  boat,  with  orders  to  destroy  the 
corn  fields  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  and   burn   the  villages. 

The  Indians  were  located  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Rock  Island  and  Davenport.  They  rallied  from  all  sides  to  the 
attack.  A  detachment  of  British  soldiers,  from  Prairie  du  Chien, 
joined  them,  and  the  battle  lasted  for  three  hours.  The  Indians,  led 
by  Black  Hawk,  fought  with  great  courage  to  save  their  homes,  and 
Taylor  was  driven  back  with  great  loss  and  compelled  to  retreat. 
Black  Hawk  had  become  an  ally  of  the  British  on  the  promise  that 
they  would  aid  him  to  drive  the  Americans  out  of  the  valley  which 
he  claimed  and  refused  to  abandon.  But  when  the  war  closed  and 
the  British  were  unable  to  aid  him  further,  he  returned  to  his  old 
home  at  Rock  River  and  found  that  Keokuk  had  become  a  chief  of 
the  party  friendly  to  the  Americans.  In  1815  a  large  council  of  Sacs 
and  Foxes  met  at  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  River  and  ratified  the 
treaty  of  1804.  Black  Hawk  and  a  few  minor  chiefs  withheld  their 
assent. 

In  1824  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  lands 
lying  between  the  Mississippi  and  Des  Moines  Rivers,  South  of  the 
North  line  of  Missouri,  except  a  small  portion  lying  at  the  junction 
of  the  rivers  afterwards  known  as  the  "half-breed  tract,"  which  they 
reserved  for  the  iamilies  of  the  white  men  who  married  Indian  wives. 
In  1825  an  agreement  was  reached  in  council  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  fixing 
the  South  boundary  of  the  Sioux  country,  separating  the  hunting 
grounds  from  that  of  the  Sac,  Fox  and  Iowa  Indians  on  the  South. 
It  began  at  the  mouth  of  the  Upper  Iowa  River,  extending  West- 
ward to  its  fork  in  Winneshiek  County;  then  West  to  the  Red  Cedar, 
in  Black  Hawk  County;  then  West  to  the  East  fork  of  the  Des  Moines 
in  Humboldt  County;  then  in  a  direct  line  West  to  the  lower  fork 
of  the  Big  Sioux,  in  Plymouth  County;  then  following  that  river  to  its 
junction  with  the  Missouri  River.  In  1828  the  Sioux  and  Winne- 
bagos,  then  in  alliance,  sent  an  invitation  to  the  Sac  and  Fox  chiefs 
near  Dubuque,  to  meet  them  in  council  and  forever  bury  the  hatchet. 
The  Fox  chiefs,  unsuspicious  of  treachery,  started  towards  the  place 
of  meeting.  On  the  same  evening  as  they  were  in  camp  for  the  night 
on  the  East  shore  of  the  Mississippi  River,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Wis- 
consin River,  they  were  fired  upon  by  more  than  a  thousand  Sioux 
warriors.  Rushing  from  their  hiding  place,  the  treacherous  Sioux 
killed  all  but  two  of  the  Foxes,  who  plunged  into  the  river  and  swam 
to  the  West  shore,  carrying  the  news  to  their  villagers.  Stung  to  des- 
peration by  this  act  of  treachery,  the  Foxes  prepared  to  avenge  the 
murder  of  their  chiefs.  A  war  party  was  organized,  and  led  by  the 
newly  elected  chief,  they  embarked  in  canoes  and  landed  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  the  enemy,  concealing  themselves  in  the  dense  woods  and  un- 
derbrush. Towards  midnight  they  crossed  the  river  and  crept  silently 
upon  the  sleeping  foe.    Nerved  by  the  spirit  of  revenge,  they  silently 


40  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALli'S 

buried  their  tomahawks  in  the  heads  of  seventeen  Sioux  chiefs  and 
warriors  and  escaped  to  their  canoes  without  the  loss  of  a  man.  The 
war  between  the  Sioux,  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  was  waged  for  many 
years. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Black  Hawk  and  his  followers  always  repudiated  the  treaty  of 
1804,  feeling  that  they  had  been  wronged.  The  whites  who  were 
swarming  around  them,  fearing  hostilities,  demanded  their  removal. 
Collisions  took  place  from  time  to  time,  and  in  1830  Black  Hawk  and 
his  tribes,  returning  from  their  annual  hunting  excursion,  found  the 
lands  had  been  surveyed  and  sold  to  white  settlers.  Their  cabins  had 
been  seized  and  occupied,  and  their  women  and  children  were  shelter- 
less along  the  river.  Black  Hawk  drove  the  whites  from  the  village 
and  restored  the  wigwams  to  their  owners.  The  whites  called  on 
Governor  Reynolds,  of  Illinois,  for  assistance,  and  he  called  on  Gen. 
Graves  to  bring  an  army  strong  enough  to  expel  the  Indians.  On  the 
25th  day  of  June,  1831,  Gen.  Graves,  with  1,000  mounted  men,  took 
possession  of  the  Sac  village,  driving  the  Indians  from  their  homes 
to  the  West  side  of  the  river.  On  the  30th  day  of  June,  Gov.  Reynolds 
and  Gen.  Graves,  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet,  dictated  the  terms  with 
the  Sac  chief,  by  which  the  Indians  were  prohibited  from  returning 
to  the  East  side  of  the  river  without  the  permission  of  the  United 
States  authorities.  It  was  now  too  late  to  plant  corn  or  grain,  and  the 
;autumn  found  them  without  food  for  the  winter. 

In  April,  1832,  Black  Hawk,  with  his  followers,  including  women 
;and  children,  crossed  to  the  East  side  of  the  river  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Rock  River.  He  declared  the  purpose  of  his  journey  was  to  join 
tne  Winnebagos.  Gen.  Atkinson,  in  command  of  Fort  Armstrong,  on 
Rock  Island,  sent  a  message  to  Black  Hawk,  commanding  him  to 
return  immediately  to  the  West  side.  Black  Hawk  refused  to  comply 
with  the  order,  stating  that  his  people  were  suffering  for  food.  He 
sent  word  to  Gen.  Atkinson  that  they  were  on  a  peaceable  mission, 
their  purpose  being  to  join  the  Winnebagos,  who  had  invited  them  to 
come  and  help  raise  a  crop  of  corn.  Gov.  Reynolds,  upon  hearing  of 
the  return  of  the  Sacs,  called  out  the  militia  to  aid  the  regulars  at 
.Fort  Armstrong,  to  drive  them  out  of  the  State.  Gen.  Whiteside  was 
placed  in  command  of  the  Illinois  militia,  numbering  about  2,000  men. 
One  of  the  captains  serving  under  him  was  Abraham  Lincoln,  after- 
wards President  of  the  United  States.  Serving  under  Atkinson, 
Lieutenant-Colonel  Taylor,  who  was  elected  President  in  1848,  Lieu- 
tenant Jeff  Davis,  afterwards  President  of  the  Southern  Confederacy, 
and  Captain  W.  S.  Harvey,  afterwards  a  distinguished  general.  The 
militia  burned  the  Indian  village  at  Prophetstown,  and  then  joined  the 
regulars  under  Gen.  Atkinson.  The  combined  army  numbered  about 
2.000,  while  Black  Hawk  had  less  than  500  warriors.    Black  Hawk's 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.      41 

little  band  was  now  at  Dixon's  Ferry.  Major  Stillman,  with  275 
mounted  volunteers,  was  anxious  for  a  fight,  and  Gen.  Whi'  side  sent 
him  out  in  the  direction  of  the  Sac  camp  to  make  observations.  Black 
Hawk,  hearing  of  Stillman's  approach,  sent  three  young  men  with  a 
flag  of  truce  to  conduct  Major  Stillman  into  camp,  that  they  might 
hold  a  conference.  Five  more  young  warriors  were  sent  by  the  Sac 
chief  to  watch  the  reception  of  his  messengers.  When  the  messen- 
gers bearing  the  flag  of  truce  reached  Stillman's  camp,  they  were  taken 
prisoners,  and  one  of  them  was  shot.  As  the  second  party  of  five 
approached  the  camp,  they  were  fired  upon  and  two  of  them  killed. 
The  others  escaped  and  reported  to  Black  Hawk  the  slaughter  of  his 
messengers.  The  Sac  chief  had  but  forty  warriors  with  him,  the  main 
body  being  encamped  ten  miles  distant.  The  three  Indians  who 
escaped  were  pursued  by  the  militia  into  Black  Hawk's  camp.  The 
fearless  old  chief  concealed  his  forty  warriors  in  the  brush  and  pre- 
pared for  battle.  As  Major  Stillman  approached  with  his  entire  force, 
the  Indians  in  hiding  opened  fire  upon  him  and  gave  a  terrific  war- 
whoop.  The  volunteers  fired  one  volley  and  then  fled  in  a  wild  panic 
as  the  forty  Sac  warriors  poured  hot  shot  into  their  ranks.  Eleven  of 
the  volunteers  were  killed.  As  they  fied  their  provisions  and  camp 
equipments  were  abandoned.  The  fugitives  scattered  into  little  parties, 
and  continued  their  wild  flight  until  thirty  miles  were  placed  between 
them  and  the  enemy.  Fifty  of  them  kept  on  until  they  found  shelter 
in  their  homes;  reporting  as  they  ran  an  overwhelming  force  of  In- 
dians in  close  pursuit.  The  wanton  murder  of  his  messengers  and 
the  attack  upon  his  camp  incensed  Black  Hawk,  and  he  prepared  as 
best  he  could  to  defend  his  people  to  the  last.  After  several  battles 
against  greatly  superior  numbers,  the  Indians  were  gradually  driven 
to  the  Wisconsin  River.  Gen.  Dodge,  with  two  brigades  of  mounted 
men,  now  came  upon  the  remnant  of  the  tribe,  and  killed  sixty-eight 
of  them.  The  Indians  fought  with  great  bravery,  and  when  driven  to 
the  river,  made  a  heroic  stand  against  overwhelming  odds;  checking 
for  several  hours  the  pursuit,  until  the  women  and  children  crossed 
the  river.  A  few  years  before  his  death  Jeff  Davis  wrote  as  follows: 
"This  was  the  most  brilliant  exhibition  of  military  tactics  that  I  ever 
witnessed;  a  feat  of  most  consummate  management  and  bravery  in 
the  face  of  an  enemy  of  greatly  superior  numbers.  I  never  read  of 
anything  that  could  be  compared  with  it.  Had  it  been  performed  by 
white  men,  it  would  have  been  immortalized  as  one  of  the  most 
splendid  achievements  of  military  history." 

Black  Hawk  modestly  says  of  this  struggle  at  the  river:  "In  this 
struggle  with  fifty  braves,  I  defended  and  accomplished  my  purpose 
on  the  Wisconsin,  with  a  loss  of  only  six  men,  though  assailed  by  a 
host  of  mounted  militia.  I  would  not  have  fought  there  but  to  gain 
time  for  our  women  and  children  to  cross  to  an  island.  A  warrior 
will  duly  appreciate  the  disadvantages  I  labored  under.     Sixty-eight 


42  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Sacs  fell  in  this  brilliant  retreat  and  battle;  but  a  remnant  of  the 
tribe  was  saved.  An  attempt  was  made  to  escape  by  rafts  and  canoes 
down  the  Wisconsin  River,  but  the  soldiers,  from  safe  shelter  on  the 
shore,  killed  men,  women  and  children  in  their  flight.  Many  were 
drowned  and  others  sought  shelter  in  the  woods  and  died  of  starva- 
tion." On  the  first  of  August,  Black  Hawk  had  gathered  the  remnant 
of  his  band  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  offered  to  surrender. 
But  the  soldiers  who  crowded  the  Steamer  "Warrior"  were  ordered 
to  fire  on  the  white  flag  Black  Hawk  raised  in  token  of  surrender. 
Twenty-three  of  his  men  were  thus  killed  while  offering  no  resistance. 
The  next  day  the  Indians  were  attacked  by  the  combined  forces  of 
Generals  Dodge,  Henry  Alexander,  and  Posey  and  shot  down  again 
without  mercy.  Men,  women  and  children  were  killed  like  wild  ani- 
mals as  they  sought  to  escape  by  swimming  the  river.  More  than  300 
Indians  were  thus  massacred  and  the  slaughter  was  dignified  by  the 
name  of  "Battle  of  Bad  Axe." 

Black  Hawk  and  a  few  of  his  followers  escaped,  but  were  captured 
by  treacherous  Indians,  delivered  up  to  Col.  Taylor  and  by  him  sent 
to  Jefferson  Barracks,  near  St.  Louis.  Thus  ended  the  Black  Hawk 
War,  in  which  the  whites  lost  about  two  hundred  killed  and  the  In- 
dians about  five  hundred  men,  women  and  children.  The  cost  to  our 
Government  was  about  two  million  dollars.  Black  Hawk  was  taken  by 
his  captors  to  Washington  in  1835,  and  when  presented  to'  Gen.  Jack- 
son, he  stood  unawed  before  the  President,  remarking,  "I  am  a  man, 
you  are  another."  He  then  addressed  the  President  as  follows:  "We 
did  not  expect  to  conquer  the  whites.  They  had  too  many  men.  I 
took  up  the  hatchet  to  avenge  injuries  my  people  could  no  longer 
endure.  Had  I  remained  longer  without  striking,  my  people  would 
have  said.  Black  Hawk  is  a  squaw;  he  is  too  old  to  be  our  chief;  he 
is  no  Sac.  These  considerations  and  reflections  caused  me  to  raise 
the  war  whoop.  The  result  is  known  to  you.  I  say  no  more."  The 
prisoners  were  taken  to  fortress  Monroe,  where  they  were  kept  until 
the  4th  day  of  June,  when  they  were  released  by  order  of  the  Presi- 
dent. They  were  then  conducted  by  Major  Garland,  of  the  U.  S.  Army, 
through  several  of  the  large  cities  to  impress  them  with  the  greatness 
of  our  nation.  Crowds  of  people  gathered  to  see  the  famous  Sac  chief 
and  his  braves.  As  they  were  conveyed  down  the  Mississippi  River 
to  B'ort  Armstrong,  while  passing  along  the  shores  of  the  old  home 
and  hunting  grounds,  the  dauntless  old  chief  sat  with  bowed  head. 
The  memory  of  the  power  and  possession  of  his  race  in  former  years 
came  over  him,  as  he  looked  for  the  last  time  on  the  familiar  shores, 
woods  and  bluffs.  Here  he  had  reigned  over  the  most  powerful  tribe 
of  the  West;  here  his  father  ruled  before  him;  here  he  had  dwelt  in 
happiness  from  boyhood;  here  he  had  taken  his  one  young  wife  to  his 
cabin  and  lived  faithful  to  her  all  the  years  of  his  life;  here  for  half  a 
.century  he  had  led  his  warriors  to  a  score  of  victories.     Now  he  was 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  43 

being  returned  a  prisoner  shorn  of  his  power,  to  be  humiliated  before 
his  hated  rival,  Keokuk.  Upon  landing  at  Fort  Armstrong,  Keokuk 
was  seen  gaily  decorated  as  the  Chief  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  sur- 
rounded by  his  chosen  band  of  personal  attendants.  Black  Hawk  was 
requested  to  make  a  personal  surrender  of  his  authority  as  chief  of 
his  Nation,  to  his  triumphant  rival  and  enemy.  It  was  the  saddest 
moment  of  his  life  and  he  only  bowed  to  the  humiliation  at  the  com- 
mand of  his  conquerors,  when  powerless  to  resist.  He  returned  with 
his  faithful  wife,  two  sons  and  a  beautiful  daughter,  to  the  banks  of 
the  Des  Moines  River,  near  lowaville.  There  he  lived  a  quiet  life,  fur- 
nishtng  his  house  like  white  people.  He  cultivated  a  small  farm, 
raised  corn  and  vegetables  for  his  family.  His  cabin  stood  near  the 
bank  or  the  river,  shaded  by  two  majestic  trees.  He  saw  his  once 
warlike  nation  dwindling  away  year  by  year.  Under  his  despised  rival 
they  were  selling  their  land  to  the  whites,  and  spending  the  money 
in  drunkenness  and  degradation.  Here  on  the  old  battlefield  where  he 
had  wrested  the  country  from  the  proud  lowas,  the  proud  Sac  chief 
broods  over  his  fallen  fortune.  His  last  appearance  in  public  life  was 
at  a  celebration  at  Fort  Madison  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  1838,  when 
the  following  toast  was  given  to  his  honor:  "Our  illustrious  guest 
Black  Hawk.  May  his  declining  years  be  as  calm  and  serene  as  his 
previous  life  has  been  boisterous  and  warlike."  In  responding  the 
old  chief  said:  "It  has  pleased  the  Great  Spirit  that  I  am  here  to- 
day. I  have  eaten  with  my  white  friends.  It  is  good.  A  few  sum- 
mers ago  I  was  fighting  you.  I  may  have  done  wrong.  But  it  is  past, 
let  it  be  forgotten.  Rock  River  Valley  was  a  beautiful  country.  I 
loved  my  village,  my  corn  field  and  my  people.  I  fought  for  them. 
They  are  now  yours.  I  was  once  a  great  warrior;  now  I  am  old  and 
poor.  Keokuk  has  been  the  cause  of  my  downfall.  I  have  looked 
upon  the  Mississippi  River  since  I  was  a  child.  I  love  the  great  river. 
1  have  always  dwelt  upon  its  banks.  I  look  upon  it  now  and  am  sad. 
I  shake  hands  with  you.  We  are  now  friends.  I  may  not  see  you 
again.  Farewell."  He  died  the  3rd  day  of  October,  1838,  and  was 
buried  in  a  spot  long  before  selected  by  him,  on  the  banks  of  the 
Des  Moines  River  near  the  Northeast  corner  of  Davis  County.  His 
age  was  about  72  years. 

Mrs.  Maria  Beck,  of  Davenport,  who  made  a  careful  study  of  the 
Sac  chief,  writes  in  the  annals  of  Iowa  as  follows:  "In  Black  Hawk 
was  incarnated  the  very  spirit  of  justice.  He  was  as  inflexible  as  steel 
in  all  matters  of  right  and  wrong,  as  he  understood  them.  Expediency 
formed  no  part  of  his  creed;  and  his  conduct  in  the  trying  emergency 
that  ended  in  the  fatal  conflict  was  eminently  consistent  with  his 
character.  No  thought  of  malice  or  revenge  entered  his  great  soul. 
The  contest  was  waged  with  no  other  purpose  in  mind  than  to  pro- 
tect his  people,  in  what  he  believed  was  their  inalienable  rights  to 
the  wide  domain  that  was  being  wrested  from  them.     It  matters  not 


44  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

whether  his  skin  is  copper-colored  or  white,  the  man  who  has  the 
courage  of  his  convictions  always  challenges  the  admiration  of  the 
world,  and  as  such  pre-eminently  the  old  Sac  War  Chief  will  ever 
stand  as  an  admirable  figure." 

CHAPTER  X. 

In  1832  the  Sacs.  J^^oxes  and  Winnebagos  entered  into  a  treaty  with 
the  United  States,  ceding  six  million  acres  of  land  on  the  West  side 
of  the  Mississippi  River  known  as  the  Black  Hawk  Purchase,  the 
consideration  being  $20,000  per  annum  for  thirty  years;  and  the  fur- 
ther sum  of  $50,000,  to  be  paid  to  the  Indian  traders,  Davenport  and 
Farnam,  in  cancellation  of  a  debt  which  the  Indians  owed  them; 
(5.000  bushels  of  com;  fifty  barrels  of  flour;  thirty  barrels  of  pork; 
thirty-five  beef  cattle  and  twelve  bushels  of  salt  were  also  appropri- 
ated for  the  support  of  the  Indian  women  and  children,  whose  hus- 
bands and  fathers  had  been  killed  in  the  war  just  closed.  It  was 
estimated  that  the  United  States  paid  in  money  and  provisions  about 
nine  cents  per  acre  for  this  magnificent  grant  of  land.  In  1842  the 
Sac  and  Fox  Indians  conveyed  all  their  remaining  land  to  the  United 
States.  They  were  to  vacate  the  Eastern  part  of  the  land  ceded,  to  a 
line  running  on  the  West  side  of  the  present  Counties  of  Appanoose 
and  Lucas  and  North  through  Marion,  Jasper,  Marshall  and  Hardin  to 
the  North  limit  of  Grant,  on  the  1st  of  May,  1843,  and  the  remainder 
on  October  11,  1845.  When  the  time  came  the  Indians  were  sad  apd 
sorrowful.  They  lingered  around  the  old  homes  reluctant  to  leave 
them  forever.  The  women  were  weaping  as  they  gathered  their  chil- 
dren and  household  goods  together  for  the  long  journey  to  a  strange 
land.  The  warriors  could  hardly  repress  their  emotion  as  they  looked 
for  the  last  time  upon  their  beautiful  river,  groves  and  prairies  they 
had  owned  so  long,  and  were  so  reluctant  to  surrender.  As  the  long 
line  of  red  men  silently  and  sorrowfully  took  their  way  Westward, 
the  booming  of  guns,  and  the  lights  of  a  hundred  bonfires  gave  evi- 
dence of  the  advancing  hosts  of  white  settlers  who  hastened  to  occupy 
the  vacant  places.  In  the  progress  of  years  those  once  powerful  and 
warlike  tribes  became  listless  and  effeminated,  losing  the  energetic 
character  which  distinguished  them  in  farmer  times. 

Keokuk,  who  succeeded  Black  Hawk  as  chief  of  the  Sacs,  was  not 
a  hereditary  chief,  but  attained  the  position  by  bravery  in  battle 
with  the  Sioux  Indians  when  a  young  man.  He  advocated  peace  and 
when  Black  Hawk  was  defeated  his  day  of  glory  came.  He  was  with 
great  pomp  and  ceremony  installed  as  chief.  On  one  occasion  when 
the  war  feeling  was  running  high,  and  even  the  advocates  of  peace 
were  yielding  and  a  great  pressure  was  brought  to  bear  on  Keokuk, 
he  shrewdly  addressed  his  followers  thus:  "Warriors,  I  am  your 
chief.  It  is  my  duty  to  lead  you  to  war  If  you  are  determined  to  go. 
The  United  States  is  a  great  Nation  and  unless  we  conquer  them  we 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  45 

must  all  perish.  I  will  lead  you  against  the  whites  on  one  condition, 
that  is  that  we  shall  first  put  our  women  and  children  to  death,  and 
then  resolve  that  when  we  cross  the  Mississippi  River,  we  will  never 
retreat  but  perish  among  the  graves  of  our  fathers  rather  than  yield 
to  the  white  man."  His  warriors,  after  listening  to  the  desperate 
proposal,  hesitated  and  finally  determined  to  yield  to  the  great  superior 
forces  of  the  whites.  Pashepaho  was  the  head  chief  of  the  Sacs  at 
the  beginning  of  the  Nineteenth  Century.  He  was  the  leader  of  the 
five  chiefs  who  went  to  St.  Louis  in  1804  to  meet  Harrison,  to  nego- 
tiate the  release  of  a  member  of  his  tribe,  accused  of  killing  a  white 
man.  While  there  he  and  his  companions  became  intoxicated  and 
were  persuaded  to  agree  to  a  treaty  conveying  to  the  United  States 
an  immense  tract  of  land  on  the  East  side  of  the  Mississippi  River, 
including  that  upon  which  their  ancient  village  of  Saukunek  stood. 
They  returned  loaded  with  presents  and  it  was  a  long  time  before 
the  tribes  knew  that  they  had  conveyed  to  the  whites  more  than 
51,000,000  acres  of  land,  including  their  homes  for  more  than  one  hun- 
dred years.  Poweshiek,  after  the  Black  Hawk  war,  was  made  chief 
of  the  Fox  tribes.  His  village  was  near  the  lowas,  not  far  from 
where  Iowa  City  now  stands.  He  was  born  in  1787.  He  weighed  two 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds  and  was  a  fine  specimen  of  his  race,  large 
and  powerful. 

Wapello  was  head  chief  of  the  Fox  tribes.  His  principal  village 
was  where  the  city  of  Rock  Island  now  stands.  He  belonged  to  the 
peace  party  and  supported  Keokuk  and  Pashepaho  in  adhering  to  tho 
treaty  of  1804. 

Hishkekosh  was  a  Fox  chief.  His  village  was  at  one  time  on  the 
Skunk  River  in  Jasper  County.  He  tried  to  bring  about  reform  by 
changing  the  customs  which  required  the  Indian  women  to  do  all  the 
work.  He  was  very  much  attached  to  his  young  wife  and  was  un- 
willing to  have  her  do  all  the  work.  He  did  not,  however,  succeed  in 
changing  the  custom. 

Appanoose,  a  chief  of  the  Sacs,  was  one  of  the  chiefs  who  accom- 
panied Keokuk  to  Washington  in  1837.  At  Boston  he  made  a  speech 
which  made  him  famous.  He  had  four  wives  and  lived  a  very  quiet 
life,  seldom  going  far  from  his  village. 

Taimah  was  a  Fox  chief.  In  1820  his  village  stood  on  Flint  Hill 
where  Burlington  is  built.  Taimah  was  the  head  of  a  secret  society 
of  Indians  noted  for  their  courage  and  good  character.  Taimah  was 
one  of  the  chiefs  who  went  to  Washington  in  1824  and  signed  the 
treaty  made  at  that  time.     Tama  County  was  named  after  him. 

The  Musquakies  are  a  remnant  of  the  Pottawattamies  and  Foxes 
who  returned  from  the  Kansas  reservation  about  1800  and  stopped  on 
the  Iowa  River  to  hunt  and  fish.  They  were  so  much  attached  to 
Iowa  that  they  persisted  in  staj'^ing  in  the  State  that  had  so  long 
been  their  home. 


46  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER  XI. 

The  Winnebagos  belonged  to  the  Dakota  group,  and  are  mentioned 
by  French  writers  as  early  as  1669. 

The  Pottawattamies  belonged  to  the  Algonquin  group  and  were 
first  seen  by  the  French  missionaries  near  the  North  limits  of  the 
Michigan  Peninsula,  extending  East  of  Lake  Erie  into  Northern 
Indiana.  They  were  allies  of  the  French  in  their  wars  with  England. 
In  1816  the  United  States  ceded  a  portion  of  the  land  acquired  from 
the  Sacs  and  Foxes  in  1804  to  the  Pottawattamies  and  other  tribes  in 
exchange  for  lands  lying  on  the  West  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  in- 
cluding the  site  of  Chicago.  Afterwards  the  ceded  lands  were  pur- 
chased by  the  United  States  from  the  Indians,  for  the  sum  of  $16,000 
per  annum.  This  purchase  was  made  in  1828  and  1829  respectively. 
Those  two  purchases  embraced  but  a  small  portion  of  the  51,000,000 
acres  purchased  in  1804  for  a  trifling  sum.  Pottawattamie  County  was 
named  after  this  tribe. 

The  Dakotas  were  the  most  powerful  and  popular  of  all  the  tribes 
that  occupied  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  River  in  the  Sixteenth 
Century.  The  Omahas,  who  spoke  a  language  similar  to  the  Dakotas, 
occupied  at  this  period  the  West  side  of  the  Missouri  River  from  the 
Kansas  to  the  James  River  in  Dakota. 

The  Sioux  Indians  belonged  to  the  Dakota  Nation  and  were  first 
known  to  the  French  in  1640.  Hennepin,  in  1680,  was  captured  by  a 
band  of  Sioux  Indians,  and  was  rescued  after  about  six  months,  at  Du 
Luth,  by  a  French  adventurer.  The  last  battle  fought  in  Iowa  by  the 
Indians  was  between  a  band  of  the  Sioux  and  the  Pottawattamies.  One 
was  fought  near  the  Twin  Lakes  in  Calhoun  County,  and  another  on 
the  South  Lizard,  in  Webster  County.  The  Sioux  were  victors  in  both 
battles.  The  various  tribes  left  soon  after  this  for  the  Western  reser- 
vations. 

Iowa  Territory  was  ceded  by  Act  of  Congress  in  1834.  White 
settlers  were  not  permitted  to  occupy  any  part  of  the  territory  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  Indians,  until  after  the  time  stipulated  in  the 
treaty  of  purchase  for  them  to  vacate.  By  the  terms  of  the  treaty 
negotiated  by  Gov.  Chambers  at  Agency  City  in  1842,  the  Sac  and 
Fox  Indians  ceded  to  the  United  States  the  remnant  of  their  lands  in 
Iowa,  but  retained  possession  until  1845. 

In  1842  an  order  was  issued  to  build  a  fort  at  the  junction  of  the 
Raccoon  and  Des  Moines  Rivers.  The  establishment  of  the  fort  was 
delayed  until  March,  1843,  when  Captain  Allen  was  selected  to  built 
it.  It  was  called  Fort  Raccoon  but  changed  to  Fort  Des  Moines.  The 
Government  established  a  reservation  a  mile  on  each  side  which  was 
retained  until  after  the  fort  was  abandoned  in  1846. 

As  early  as  1690  it  was  known  that  lead  ore  existed  in  the  upper 
Mississippi  Valley.  In  that  year  a  Miami  chief  with  whom  he  was 
trading  gave  Mr.  Parrot  a  specimen  of  lead  ore,  taken  from  a  creek 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRBCTORY.  47 

that  flows  into  the  Mississippi  which  was  no  doubt  "Catfish."  The 
first  white  man  who  settled  within  the  limits  of  Iowa  was  Julien 
Dubuque.  He  was  a  French  Canadian,  born  in  the  Province  of  Quebec, 
January  10,  1762.  He  had  a  good  education;  a  fine  conversationalist 
and  a  good  writer.  He  had  given  special  attention  to  mineralogy  and 
writing.  He  went  to  the  far  West  in  1784  when  he  was  22  years  old, 
settling  near  Prairie  du  Chien.  Dubuque  having  heard  about  lead  ore 
existing  where  Dubuque  now  stands,  determined  to  procure  an  interest 
in  the  lands  if  possible.  He  succeeded  in  gaining  the  confidence  of 
the  Fox  chief  "Kettle"  and  his  tribe  and  exploring  the  County,  found 
lead  ore  existing  in  considerable  quantities. 

The  wifge  of  a  prominent  Fox  warrior  named  Peosta,  had  in  1780 
discovered  lead  where  Dubuque  now  stands,  and  Julien  Du  Buque 
induced  the  Indians  to  grant  him  the  exclusive  right  to  mine  along 
the  river  from  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Maquoketa  to  the  Tetes  des 
Morts,  a  distance  of  seven  leagues,  and  running  Westward  about  three 
leagues.  In  drawing  up  the  paper  making  this  grant,  Du  Buque  had 
written,  "We  sell  and  abandon  to  Du  Buque  all  the  coast  and  the 
contents  of  the  mines  discovered  by  Peosta's  wife,  so  that  no  white 
man  or  Indian  shall  make  any  pretention  to  it  without  the  consent  of 
Sienr.  Julien  Du  Buque."  The  grant  was  dated  Prairie  du  Chien,. 
September  22,  1788.  As  soon  as  he  had  secured  the  lease  he  brought 
from  Prairie  du  Chien  ten  Canadians  to  assist  him  as  overseers,  set- 
tlers, wood  choppers,  and  boat  men.  There  was  a  Fox  village  near 
where  Dubuque  now  stands,  called  the  village  of  Kettle  Chief.  It  con- 
sisted of  Indian  lodges  extending  back  from  the  river,  sufficient  to 
shelter  about  four  hundred  people,  one  hundred  of  whom  were  war- 
riors. Du  Buque  had  secured  the  friendship  of  the  Indians,  who> 
permitted  him  and  his  companions  to  make  their  home  in  this  village. 
He  employed  Indian  women  and  old  men  of  the  tribe  to  work  in  the 
mines.  He  learned  the  habits,  superstitions  and  traditions  of  the  Fox 
Indians,  and  in  the  course  of  time  acquired  great  influence  over  them. 
They  gave  him  the  name  of  "Little  Cloud." 

CHAPTER   XIL 

Dubuque  opened  farms,  built  fences,  erected  houses  and  horse 
mills;  built  smelting  furnaces,  opened  stores,  bought  furs,  and  sold 
goods  and  Indian  trinkets,  carrying  on  a  large  business,  including  the 
preparation  of  ore  for  the  market.  Twice  a  year  he  took  a  boatload 
of  ore,  furs  and  hides  to  St.  Louis,  exchanging  them  for  goods,  money 
and  supplies.  He  was  an  accomplished  diplomat,  but  not  a  success 
as  a  money  maker.  After  eight  years  of  mining  and  trading  he  made 
an  effort  to  secure  a  title  to  his  leased  lands;  the  only  title  he  held 
was  a  permit  *9  mine,  granted  by  a  council  of  Fox  Indians.  He  now 
claimed  that  he  had  paid  for  the  land  in  goods  and  in  1796  he  pre- 
sented to  the  Spanish  Governor  of  Louisiana  a  petition  asking  fop  a 


48  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

title  to  the  lands.  The  petition  was  referred  by  Gov.  Carondelet  to 
Don  Andrew  Todd,  a  prominent  merchant  who  secured  a  monopoly  of 
the  Indian  trade  with  the  tribes  of  the  Mississippi  River  Valley.  Todd 
was  requested  to  examine  into  Dubuque's  petition  and  report  to  the 
Governor.  In  his  report  Todd  stated  that  he  saw  no  reason  why  Du- 
buque should  not  be  granted  his  claim,  provided  he  should  be  pro- 
hibited from  trading  with  the  Indians,  except  with  written  permission 
of  Mr.  Todd,  and  upon  such  terms  as  he  might  require.  November 
10,  1769,  Gov.  Carondelet  granted  the  petition,  endorsing  on  it  these 
words:  "Granted  as  asked  for  under  the  restrictions  mentioned  by 
the  Merchant  Don  Andrew  Todd,  in  his  report."  Monuments  were 
erected  oy  the  x^'ox  chief  and  Dubuque  to  mark  the  boundary  on  the 
three  sides  from  the  river  front,  soon  after  the  grant  was  made.  In- 
asmuch as  Spain  always  recognized  the  right  of  the  Indians  to  sell 
their  rights,  Dubuque  now  thought  his  title  was  secure.  As  the  years 
passed  he  carried  on  a  large  trade  with  August  Chonteau  of  St.  Louis, 
and  became  heavily  indebted  to  him.  m  1804  he  conveyed  to  Chon- 
teau in  settlement  of  his  debt  an  undivided  7-lu  of  this  land,  estimated 
to  consist  of  73,324  acres.  It  was  also  provided  that  at  the  death  of 
Dubuque  all  the  remainder  of  his  interests  in  the  lands  should  succeed 
to  Chouteau  or  his  heirs.  In  1807  Chonteau  sold  one-half  of  his  inter- 
est to  John  Mullanphy  of  St.  Louis  for  $15,000.  In  1810  Dubuque  died 
of  pneumonia  after  a  short  illness.  His  death  brought  a  great  change 
in  the  mines,  the  village  and  the  white  colony.  John  T.  Smith,  a 
famous  Indian  fighter  and  West  Pointer,  bought  an  interest  in  Du- 
buque's grant,  after  his  death,  and  took  possession  of  some  of  the  lead 
work.  He  attempted  to  carry  on  mining  and  smelting  but  the  Indians 
refused  to  recognize  his  title.  They  claimed  that  the  grant  to  Dubuque 
was  a  permit  to  him  personally  and  conveyed  no  absolute  title  to  the 
lands  and  could  not  be  used  by  other  parties.  The  Fox  chief  gathered 
his  warriors,  destroyed  the  buildings  and  drove  all  the  whites  to  the 
East  side  of  the  river. 

In  1805  Dubuque  and  Chonteau  had  filed  a  claim  in  the  United 
States  Court  for  title  to  all  the  lands  which  Dubuque  had  originally 
leased  of  the  Indians,  embracing  a  tract  of  nine  miles  wide,  twenty- 
one  miles  along  the  rives.  For  nearly  half  a  century  this  claim  was 
pending  before  the  various  tribunals.  Finally  by  agreement  a  suit  of 
ejection  was  commenced  against  Patrick  Maloney,  who  held  a  United 
States  patent  to  his  farm,  and  judgment  was  rendered  in  favor  of  the 
defendant.  An  appeal  was  taken  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court 
in  1853,  which  affirmed  the  judgment  of  the  lower  court.  The  Chon- 
teau heirs  employed  several  able  attorneys,  assisted  by  Reverdy  John- 
son, the  great  Maryland  lawyer,  while  the  Dubuque  settlers  were  repre- 
sented by  Caleb  Gushing,  of  Massachusetts,  Judge  T.  S.  Wilson  and 
Piatt  Smith  of  Dubuque.  It  was  to  the  people  of  Dubuque  a  very 
important  case  and  closely  contested.     The  title  to  thousands  of  city 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  49 

lots  and  farms  as  well  as  the  lead  mines  of  Dubuque  were  dependent 
upon  the  result.  The  decision  hinged  largely  upon  the  legal  con- 
struction given  to  the  original  grant  made  by  the  Indian  council  to 
Dubuque  in  1788.  Also  on  the  nature  of  the  Spanish  grant  made  by 
Gov.  Carondelet  to  Dubuque  in  1796.  The  Court  held  that  both  grants 
were  in  the  nature  of  a  lease  or  permit  to  mine,  and  not  intended  to 
convey  title  to  the  land.  During  the  twenty-two  years  that  Dubuque 
and  his  assistants  lived  in  Iowa,  from  1788  to  1810,  the  territory  was 
owned  by  three  different  nations,  viz:  Spain,  France  and  the  United 
States.  The  mines  and  village  which  were  first  named  by  Dubuque 
the  "Mines  of  Spain,"  were  after  his  death  called  "Dubuque  Lead 
Mines."  The  burial  place  of  Dubuque  was  on  a  high  bluff  two  hun- 
dred feet  above  the  river  and  close  to  it,  near  the  site  of  the  old 
Indian  village  of  Kettle  Chief.  Inscribed  on  a  cedar  cross  in  large 
letters  were,  "Julien  Dubuque,  Miner  of  the  Mines  of  Spain.  Died 
March  24,  1810.  Age  45  years  and  six  months."  His  friend,  the  Fox 
chief,  was  buried  near  his  grave.  Fourteen  years  after  the  death  of 
Dubuque  but  little  was  known  of  the  lead  mines,  as  the  Indians  had 
undisputed  possession.  The  next  white  settlement  attempted  in  the 
limits  of  Iowa  was  by  Brazil  Giard,  a  French-American,  who  obtained 
from  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Louisiana  in  1795  a  grant  to  a  tract 
of  land  in  the  limits  of  Clayton  County,  known  as  the  "Giard  Tract." 
It  contained  5,860  acres  and  was  occupied  several  years.  When  Louis- 
iana was  acquired  by  the  United  States  a  patent  was  issued  to  Giard 
by  the  Government,  which  was  the  first  legal  title  obtained  by  a  white 
man  to  land  in  the  limits  of  Iowa. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

October  3,  1803,  Congress  passed  an  Act  authorizing  the  President 
to  take  possession  of  Louisiana,  and  establish  a  temporary  Govern- 
ment. March  26,  1804,  an  Act  was  passed  organizing  the  Territory 
of  Orleans,  which  embraced  what  subsequently  became  the  State  of 
Louisiana,  while  the  remainder  of  the  purchase  was  made  the  District 
of  Louisiana,  and  placed  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Governor  of 
Indian  Territory.  On  the  3rd  of  March,  1810,  it  was  organized  into  a 
separate  territory,  with  Gen.  James  Wilkinson  as  Governor.  The 
white  population  at  this  date  did  not  exceed  1,000  and  the  capitol  was 
St.  Louis.  Charles  Floyd,  member  of  an  exploring  party,  died  August 
20,  1804,  and  was  buried  on  a  Missouri  bluff  a  few  miles  above  Omaha. 
He  was  the  first  white  man  buried  in  Iowa  soil.  A  monument  was 
erected  over  his  grave  in  1901.  It  is  100  feet  in  height  and  cost 
$20,000.  In  the  spring  of  1805  an  exploring  party  was  fitted  out  by 
the  Government  to  explore  the  new  purchase.  It  consisted  of  Captain 
Clark  and  Lewis.  They  traveled  up  the  Missouri  River  and  made 
their  way  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  Their  report  afforded  much  valuable 
information. 


50  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

In  August  another  exploring  party  was  organized  to  explore  the 
upper  Mississippi  River.  Z.  M.  Pike,  a  brilliant  young  officer,  was 
placed  in  command.  They  ascended  the  Mississippi  River  and  some 
of  its  tributaries  until  February  18th,  when  they  turned  homewards. 
The  expedition  was  a  success,  as  it  explored  the  Mississippi  River  to 
Red  Cedar  Lake.  They  reached  St.  Louis  April  30,  1806,  while  the 
land  was  reported  very  fertile  and  grasses  luxuriant,  still,  it  seemed 
at  that  time  the  impression  prevailed  that  the  good  land  lay  along 
the  river,  and  a  few  miles  West  the  land  was  barren  and  worthless. 
As  late  as  1819,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  Editor  St.  Louis  Engineer,  wrote: 
"After  you  get  forty  or  fifty  miles  West  of  the  Mississippi  River  the 
arid  plains  set  in.  The  country  is  uninhabitable  except  upon  the 
border  of  the  rivers  and  creeks.  The  Grand  Prairies,  a  plain  without 
wood  or  water,  which  extends  to  the  Northwest  farther  than  hunter 
or  traveler  have  ever  been,  come  down  to  within  a  few  miles  of  St. 
Charles,  and  so  completely  occupies  the  fork  of  the  Mississippi  River 
and  Missouri  River  that  the  woodlands  for  three  hundred  miles  of 
each  form  a  skirt  of  from  five  to  twenty  miles  wide,  and  about  that 
distance  the  prairie  actually  reaching  the  river  in  many  places." 

When  it  is  seen  that  a  statesman  and  editor  so  intelligent  and 
eminent  as  Thos.  H.  Benton,  as  late  as  1819,  regarded  the  Northwest 
prairies  covering  a  large  portion  of  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Nebras- 
ka, and  the  Dakotas,  as  uninhabitable  except  along  rivers  and  creeks, 
it  is  not  strange  that  the  early  pioneers,  hunters  and  trappers  enter- 
tained the  same  opinion.  In  1806  the  citizens  of  the  Mississippi  River 
Valley  were  excited  by  rumor  of  a  secret  conspiracy,  said  to  be  organ- 
ized under  the  leadership  of  the  late  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States,  Aaron  Burr,  to  separate  that  region  from  the  Union.  It  was 
reported  that  the  scheme  was  to  capture  the  adjacent  Spanish  Province 
of  Mexico,  unite  them  and  form  a  Western  Empire. 

November  15th  the  United  States  District  Attorney  for  Kentucky 
made  formal  charges  in  the  United  States  Court  against  Burr,  and 
followed  with  a  brief  statement  explaining  the  texture  of  the  con- 
spiracy. Henry  Clay  appeared  as  counsel  for  Burr  and  defeated  the 
attempt  to  have  him  held  for  trial.  Burr  had  caused  to  be  built  at 
Marietta,  Ohio,  ten  large  beteaux  and  had  collected  a  great  amount  of 
provisions  for  a  voyage.  He  had  secured  the  co-operation  of  many 
prominent  men  in  various  parts  of  the  valley,  and  after  the  failure  to 
indict  him,  took  active  steps  to  carry  out  his  plan.  Gen.  Wilkinson, 
who  was  Governor  of  Louisiana  Territory,  was  approached  and  there 
was  evidence  that  he  had  for  several  months  possessed  some  knowl- 
edge of  the  enterprise. 

Captain  Tyler,  with  a  force  of  men  and  boats,  accompanied  by 
Harman  Bleumerhassett,  a  wealthy  Irish  gentleman  occupying  an 
island  near  Marietta,  finally  began  the  descent  of  the  Ohio  River.  Be- 
low Louisville  they  were  joined  by  Burr.     The  authorities  now  became 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  51 

alarmed.  The  situation  seemed  grave.  President  Jefferson  issued  a 
proclamation  warning  all  citizens  against  aiding  the  conspiracy  and 
directing  the  arrest  of  all  concerned  in  the  unlawful  enterprise.  Burr 
and  his  party  were  arrested  near  Natchez,  his  boats  and  military  sup- 
plies were  seized  and  he  was  taken  before  the  Supreme  Court  and 
released  on  bail.  The  Grand  Jury  refused  to  indict  him,  and  Burr, 
failing  to  secure  a  discharge,  escaped.  In  attempting  to  make  his 
way  by  night  to  Pensacola  to  find  shelter  on  board  a  British  vessel, 
he  was  captured  and  taken  to  Richmond,  Va.  He  was  there  indicted, 
tried  for  high  treason  and  acquitted. 

The  arrest  of  Burr  prostrated  the  scheme,  although  there  was  no 
doubt  several  influential  men  were  implicated. 

The  first  paper  published  West  of  the  river  was  at  St.  Louis,  July, 
1808,  called  the  Louisiana  Gazette.  As  there  was  no  print  paper  to  be 
found  in  Louisiana  at  that  time,  the  first  number  of  the  new  paper 
was  printed  on  Cap  writing  paper.  The  name  was  afterwards  changed 
to  the  Missouri  Gazette,  and  later  to  the  Missouri  Republican,  and  is 
now  known  as  the  St.  Louis  Republic.  In  1805  Lieut.  Pike  was  sent  to 
locate  a  fort  somewhere  between  St.  Louis  and  Prairie  du  Chien  and 
to  procure  the  consent  of  the  Indians.  In  his  report  he  says:  "I  have 
chose  a  site  on  a  hill  forty  miles  above  the  View  Des  Moines  Rapid, 
on  the  West  side  of  the  river.  The  channel  of  the  river  runs  on  that 
shore;  the  hill  is  about  sixty  feet  perpendicular,  nearly  level  on  top." 
In  1808  Lieut.  Kingsley  was  sent  with  a  company  of  infantry  to  make 
a  plat  of  the  ground  and  erect  the  fort.  The  next  year  it  was  garri- 
soned and  in  honor  of  the  President  called  Fort  Madison.  It  appears 
that  the  Indians  did  not  consent  to  the  erection  of  the  fort,  and  it  was 
therefore  a  flagrant  violation  of  the  treaty  of  1804,  by  which  the  United 
States  secured  51,000,000  acres  of  most  valuable  lands  for  almost  noth- 
ing. It  is  not  strange  that  the  Indians  complained  of  bad  faith,  and 
hostilities  under  the  leadership  of  Black  Hawk  made  an  attempt  to 
capture  and  destroy  it.  In  1812  this  fort  was  manned  by  about  fifty 
men,  and  on  the  5th  of  August  a  band  of  about  two  hundred  Winne- 
bagos  atacked  it.  Among  the  Indians  was  Black  Hawk,  then  a  young 
man.  A  lively  fight  ensued,  lasting  for  three  days,  when  the  Indians 
withdrew  after  having  burned  several  buildings  in  the  vicinity.  In 
1813  this  fort  was  again  attacked  by  the  Indians,  who  were  defeated, 
but  seven  soldiers  were  killed.  In  August  of  that  year  a  large  force 
of  Indians  laid  siege  to  the  fort,  entirely  surrounding  it.  The  Garrison, 
under  Hamilton,  made  a  brave  defense  until  the  provisions  were  ex- 
hausted and  they  were  reduced  to  the  verge  of  starvation.  During  the 
night  of  Sept  3rd  Hamilton  ordered  a  trench  dug  from  the  blockhouse 
to  the  river  where  the  boats  were  lying.  There  was  no  prospect  of  re- 
inforcements being  sent  to  their  relief.  Starvation,  massacre  or  escape 
were  the  alternatives.  They  chose  the  latter;  the  night  was  dark  and 
cloudy,  with  a  fierce  wind  roaring  in  the  forest  surrounding  the  fort. 


52  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

The  little  garrison  crawled  on  hands  and  knees  along  the  bottom  of 
the  trench  in  fearful  silence,  and  at  midnight  entered  the  boats  with- 
out alarming  the  watchful  savages.  The  last  man  to  enter  the  trench 
applied  a  torch  to  the  fort.  A  moment  later  the  boats  pushed  out  into 
the  rapid  current  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  were  soon  out  of  danger. 
They  arrived  safely  in  St.  Louis  and  the  fort  was  never  rebuilt.  But 
the  name  clung  to  the  spot  where  the  ruins  of  the  fort  were  long  visi- 
ble and  a  later  generation  built  a  city  on  the  historic  site,  giving  it  the 
name  of  Fort  Madison. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 
In  1815  Col.  Nichols  was  sent  with  the  8th  United  States  Infantry' 
to  build  a  fort  on  Rock  Island.  On  arriving  at  the  Island,  messengers 
were  sent  to  the  chiefs  in  the  vicinity  inviting  them  to  meet  in  council, 
but  none  of  them  came.  The  Indians  understood  the  significance  of  a 
fort  and  garrison  and  regarded  it  as  unfriendly,  but  made  no  resis- 
tance. The  island  had  long  been  a  favorite  resort  of  the  Indians,  who 
camped  among  its  beautiful  groves  and  paddled  their  canoes  along  its 
rocky  shores.  It  was  one  of  the  most  beautiful  places  in  the  Missis- 
sippi River  Valley  and  they  were  reluctant  to  see  it  occupied  by  a 
military  force  of  the  whites.  Gen.  Smith  was  now  in  command  and 
the  erection  of  the  fort  was  immediately  commenced.  When  completed 
it  was  4U0  feet  square,  the  lower  part  of  rock  and  the  upper  part  of 
heavy  timber.  Col.  Davenport  was  the  contractor.  He  made  his  per- 
manent home  on  the  island. 

In  1817  fort  Armstrong  was  completed  and  occupied  by  troops 
until  1836,  when  it  was  evacuated.  Different  attempts  were  made  to 
enter  the  lands  on  the  Island,  but  the  government  held  it  as  a  reserve, 
except  the  tract  occupied  by  Col.  Davenport  and  D.  B.  Sears,  on  which 
they  had  made  valuable  improvements.  They  were  by  special  act  of 
Congress  allowed  to  enter  their  lands.  Long  litigation  followed,  but 
finally  the  government  purchased  a  number  of  the  claims,  others  were 
abandoned,  and  in  1862  the  Attorney  General  held  the  island  was  a 
military  reservation.  Over  $3,000,000  had  been  spent  in  improving 
the  island. 

In  1811  a  succession  of  earthquakes  shook  the  Mississippi  River 
Valley  and  caused  great  alarm.  The  point  where  several  shocks  were 
felt  was  in  the  vicinity  of  New  Madrid,  in  the  Southeast  corner  of 
what  is  now  the  State  of  Missouri.  The  convulsion  was  so  great  that 
the  inner  section  of  land  sunk.  The  channel  of  the  river  was  changed, 
lakes  and  swamps  disappeared  and  the  low  lands  were  elevated  into 
hills.  The  waters  of  the  Mississippi  River  near  .New  Madrid  were 
rolled  up  stream  with  great  force,  for  nearly  ten  miles,  causing  de- 
struction of  life  and  property.  It  was  during  the  continuance  of  these 
convulsions  that  the  first  steamboat  that  navigated  a  Western  river 
was  making  its  way  cautiously  down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rivers. 
Its  name  was  the  Orleans,  of  four  hundred  tons,  commanded  by  Capt. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  53 

Roosevelt.  It  was  built  at  Pittsourg.  The  trip  was  made  to  New  Or- 
leans in  good  shaiDC,  and  steamboat  navigation  was  established  on 
Western  rivers. 

June  4th,  1812,  the  Territory  of  Orleans  was  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  State,  under  the  name  of  Louisiana.  During  the  war  of  1812 
the  Mississippi  Valley  suffered  but  little.  Col.  Nichols,  commander 
of  the  British  fleet  in  1814,  attempted  to  revive  the  scheme  for  separat- 
ing that  region  from  the  Union.  He  issued  a  proclamation  in  the  name 
of  the  King  of  Great  Britain  to  the  citizens  of  Louisiana,  calling  upon 
the  French,  Spaniards,  English,  Indians  and  native  Loulsianians  to 
rally  to  his  standard  and  emancipate  themselves  from  a  usurping,  weak 
and  faithless  government.  He  declared  that  he  had  come  with  a  fine 
train  of  artillery,  experienced  British  officers  and  a  large  body  of  In- 
dian warriors,  supported  by  a  British  and  Spanish  fleet.  His  avowed 
object  was  to  put  an  end  to  the  usurpation  of  the  United  States  and  re- 
store the  country  to  its  lawful  owners.  To  the  Indians  he  offered  a 
bounty  of  ten  dollars  for  every  scalp  taken  from  the  enemy.  His  ad- 
-dress  was  distributed  throughout  the  valley  in  the  hope  that  the  people 
of  English,  Spanish  and  French  birth  might  be  persuaded  to  conspire 
against  the  government  of  the  United  States  and  aid  Great  Britain  in 
her  attempt  to  secure  the  Mississippi  River  Valley.  The  response 
given  to  this  apeal  was  manifested  a  few  months  later,  when  the  loyal 
pioneers  flocked  to  New  Orleans  with  their  rifles  and  met  the  English 
invaders  on  the  field  of  battle.  More  than  twenty-five  hundred  of  Wel- 
lington's veterans  fell  before  unerring  aim  of  the  sturdy,  loyal  back- 
woodsmen under  Gen.  Jackson. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  of  1812  the  entire  population  of  the 
Northwest,  embracing  the  Territories  of  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Michigan, 
was  estimated  at  forty  thousand.  The  first  steamboat  that  ascended 
the  Mississippi  River  to  the  limits  of  Iowa  was  the  Grand  Pike.  It 
reached  St.  Louis  Aug.  2nd,  1817.  It  was  commanded  by  Capt  Reed. 
In  1818  Missouri  made  application  for  admission  as  a  State.  When  the 
bill  was  introduced  in  Congress,  Mr.  Talmage  of  New  York  offered  the 
following  proviso:  "Provided  that  the  further  introduction  of  slavery 
or  involuntary  servitude  be  prohibited,  except  in  punishment  for  crime, 
when  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted;  and  that  all  children 
born  within  said  State  after  the  admission  thereof,  shall  be  free  at  the 
age  of  twenty  years."  After  a  brief  discussion  the  proviso  was  adopted 
in  the  House  by  a  vote  of  79  to  67.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
great  conflict  between  freedom  and  slavery  in  the  new  States  and 
Territories,  which  forty  years  later  brought  on  the  greatest  Civil  War 
known  to  the  civilized  world.  The  Senate  favored  the  admission  of 
Missouri  as  a  slave  state  and  the  House  insisted  on  the  exclusion  of 
slavery.  The  remarkable  influence  and  eloquence  of  Henry  Clay 
finally  persuaded  a  majority  of  the  members  to  admit  Missouri  as  a 
Iowa  and  Missouri  over  the  true  meaning  of  the  "Rapids  of  the  River 


54  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

slave  state,  upon  the  conditions  that  slavery  should  forever  be  ex- 
cluded from  that  portion  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  lying  North  of  Lat. 
36  deg.  30  min.  excepting  Missouri.  In  defining  the  Northern  boundary 
of  Missouri  the  following  language  was  employed:  "From  the  point 
aforesaid  North  along  said  meridian  line  to  the  intersection  of  the  par- 
ciliel  of  latitude  which  passes  through  the  rapids  of  the  River  Des 
Mc^ines,  making  the  said  line  to  correspond  with  the  Indian  boundary 
liiie;  then  East  from  the  point  of  intersection  last  aforesaid  along  said 
parallel  of  latitude,  to  the  middle  of  the  channel  to  the  main  part  of 
said  River  Des  Moines,  to  the  mouth  of  the  same,  where  it  empties 
into  the  Mississippi  River,  then  due  East  to  the  middle  of  the  main 
channel  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

Some  years  later  a  serious  conflict  arose  between  tne  States  of 
Des  Moines,"  Missouri  contenting  that  it  referred  to  certain  ripples  in 
the  River  Des  Moines,  which  would  carry  the  line  some  thirty  miles 
North.  Iowa  held  that  the  rapids  in  the  Mississippi  River  called  by 
the  early  French  explorers  "La  Rapids  de  la  River  Des  Moines"  was 
tlie  point  meant. 

In  1819  the  first  steamboat  undertook  to  ascend  the  ever  shifting 
channel  of  the  Missouri  River. 

CHAPTER  XV. 

In  1812,  the  trading  house  of  the  American  Fur  Company,  was 
destroyed  by  fire,  and  Colonel  Johnson,  its  manager,  reported  the 
loss  on  the  building  and  furs  at  $5,500.  In  1820  Le  Moliere, 
another  French  trader,  established  a  trading  post  six  miles  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Des  Moines  River.  The  same  year  Dr.  Muir,  a  surgeon  in 
the  United  States  Army,  was  with  a  command  stationed  at  Fort  Ed- 
wards, now  Warsaw,  111.  He  crossed  the  river  and  built  a  cabin  where 
Keokuk  now  stands.  He  had  married  a  beautiful  and  intelligent  Indian 
giii  of  the  Sac  nation. 

Some  years  later  an  order  was  issued  by  the  War  Department  re- 
quiring ofllcers  of  the  army  at  the  frontier  posts  to  abandon  their  In- 
dian wives.  Dr.  Muir  refused  to  desert  his  wife  and  resigned  his  com- 
mission. He  was  a  Scotchman  and  a  graduate  of  Edinburg  University. 
He  lived  happily  with  his  wife  in  their  humble  home  until  1832,  when 
ho  died  suddenly  of  cholera,  leaving  a  widow  and  five  children  desti- 
tute, as  he  had  lost  his  property  in  litigation. 

In  1830  the  first  school  was  established,  taught  by  Berryman  Jen- 
nings, and  the  first  white  child,  Eleanor  Galland,  was  born  within  the 
limits  of  Iowa  at  Keokuk.  In  his  book  Dr.  Galland  says:  "As  we  pass- 
ed up  the  river  we  saw  the  ruins  of  old  Fort  Madison,  about  ten  miles 
above  the  rapids,  near  a  sand  bluff  rising  perpendicular  from  the 
vater's  edge.  On  the  second  day  after  our  boat  reached  Flint  Hill,  an 
J.r.di*in  village  of  the  Fox  tribe  which  stood  at  the  mouth  of  Flint 
Creek;  its  chief  was  Tiema.    In  1825  I  took  a  trip,  with  an  ox  team  and 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  55 

Indian  guide  up  the  river.  We  passed  Wapello's  village  and 
crossed  the  Des  Moines  River  on  a  raft.  We  ascended  the  highlands 
above  Grave  Yard  Bluff,  which  was  a  landmark  for  the  Indians.  In  the 
fall  of  1825  I  settled  at  Quash-qua-we-Village,  where  my  father-in-law, 
CLipt.  James  White,  had  purchased  the  old  trading  house  and  a  tract 
of  land  adjacent,  which  was  an  old  Spanish  grant  made  to  Monsieur 
Julien,  on  which  he  lived  in  1805.  Capt.  White  made  his  first  trip  on 
the  steamer  Mandan,  which  was  the  first  that  came  to  the  foot  of 
the  rapids. 

In  1831  the  American  Fur  Co.  erected  on  the  bank  of  the  river  at 
Keokuk  a  row  of  hewn  log  buildings  for  the  use  of  its  agent  in  its 
traffic  with  the  Indians,  and  for  storing  skins  and  furs.  This  place  was 
called  Farmers  Port.  In  1834  a  meeting  of  the  half-breed  Indians  was 
held  at  this  place  to  prepare  a  petition  to  Congress,  requesting  the 
passage  of  an  act  to  authorize  them  to  sell  the  lands  in  the  tract 
known  as  the  "Half-Breed  Reservation."  There  were  nine  families 
living  in  that  vicinity,  and  after  the  adjournment  of  the  meeting,  the 
citizens  held  a  council  at  John  Gaines'  saloon,  to  consider  the  pros- 
pect of  building  a  city  at  that  place.  After  some  consultation  John 
Gaines  proposed,  and  it  was  agreed  to,  that  the  future  city  should  be 
named  for  the  Sac  Chief  Keokuk. 

In  1829  James  L.  Langworthy,  a  native  of  Vermont,  purchased  an 
interest  in  the  Galena  Lead  Mines  and  attempted  to  procure  an  inter- 
est in  Dubuque's  old  "Mines  of  Spain."  Securing  Indian  guides  he 
explored  the  country  between  the  Turkey  and  Maquoketa  Rivers,  to 
find  the  lead  mines  formerly  worked.  He  made  friends  of  the  Indians 
and  secured  permission  to  work  some  of  the  mines.  The  next  year, 
with  his  brother,  Lucius  H.  Langworthy,  and  a  company  of  miners,  he 
began  work. 

A  village  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  which  stood  at  the  mouth  of 
Catfish  Creek  had  been  depopulated  by  an  attack  of  the  Sioux  Indians, 
who  killod  nearly  all  of  its  inhabitants.  This  battle  took  place  near 
Dubuque's  Grave,  and  tradition  tells  us  that  a  remnant  of  the  Sac  and 
Foxes  who  escaped  the  slaughter  rushed  up  the  hill  to  the  grave  of 
their  old  friend  and  protector,  Julien  Dubuque;  but  being  followed  by 
the  Sioux  and  hard  pressed,  they  plunged  over  the  rock  precipice, 
which  rises  nearly  two  hundred  feet,  into  the  river  and  were  no  more. 
All  perished. 

There  were  about  seventy  empty  houses  standing  here  when  the 
miners  from  Galena  crossed  to  take  possession  of  the  abandoned 
"Mines  of  Spain,"  Some  of  the  indiscreet  miners  thought  to  intimidate 
the  Indians  by  burning  their  cabins  and  thereby  preventing  their  re- 
turn to  the  mines.  In  June,  1S:I0,  the  miners  on  the  West  side  of  the 
river  determined  to  organize  a  local  government.  They  held  a  meet- 
ing and  elected  a  legislature  consisting  of  James  L,  Langworthy,  W.  F. 


56  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Lander,  James  McPeters,  Samuel  Scales  and  E.  M.  Wren,  and  instruct- 
ed them  to  report  a  code  of  laws. 

The  pioneer  law  making  body  gathered  around  an  old  cotton  wood 
log  for  a  table  and  proceeded  to  business.  Mr.  Langworthy  was 
chosen  clerk  and  kept  the  records.  The  following  is  a  copy  of  the 
codes  adopted:  "Having  been  chosen  to  draft  laws  by  which  we,  as 
miners,  will  be  governed,  and  having  duly  considered  the  subject,  we 
do  unanimously  agree  that  we  will  be  governed  by  the  regulations  on 
the  East  side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  with  the  following  exceptions: 

"Article  1.  That  each  and  every  man  shall  hold  two  hundred  yar^s 
square  of  ground  by  working  said  ground  one  day  in  six. 

"Article  2.  We  further  agree  that  there  shall  be  chosen  by  the 
majority  of  the  miners  present,  a  person  who  shall  hold  this  article, 
and  who  shall  grant  letter  of  arbitration,  on  application  having  been 
made,  and  said  letter  of  arbitration  shall  be  obligatory  on  the  party  so 
applying." 

The  regulations  referred  to  on  the  East  side  of  the  river,  were  the 
laws  established  by  the  Superintendent  of  the  United  States  Lead 
Mines  at  Galena.  Settlers  soon  began  to  arrive  in  the  new  colony, 
but  as  it  was  in  violation  of  the  treaty  of  the  Indians,  the  War  Depart- 
ment ordered  their  removal,  and  a  detachment  of  troops  was  stationed 
at  the  mines  to  protect  the  Indians  in  their  rights.  Jefferson  Davis, 
then  a  young  man,  was  sent  from  the  fort  at  Prairie  du  Chien,  with  a 
detachment  of  troops,  to  remove  the  settlers  across  the  river.  Jeff 
accomplished  the  very  unpleasant  task  with  the  utmost  promptings  of 
humanity.  He  made  warm  friends  of  the  miners  by  his  mild  course, 
and  the  aid  which  he  and  his  soldiers  extended  in  helping  them  to  re- 
move their  families  and  effects  to  the  East  side  of  the  river  or  the 
island,  whichever  place  they  preferred  to  go. 

At  Flint  Hill,  Sand  S.  White  and  others  had  entered  the  Indian 
lands,  erected  cabins  and  staked  off  claims,  but  were  also  driven  out 
and  the  cabins  destroyed.  The  treaty  by  which  the  "Black  Hawk  Pur- 
chase" was  acquired  was  ratified  Feb.  13th,  1833. 

CHAPTER   XVI. 

It  had  not  been  named  Iowa,  but  was  known  as  the  "Black  Hawk 
Purchase."  On  June  1st,  1832,  there  were  no  more  than  fifty  white 
people  living  within  the  limits  of  the  future  State.  When  the  troops 
were  withdrawn  from  the  "Mines  of  Spain"  in  June,  1833,  the  Lang- 
worthy  Brothers  crossed  the  river  again  and  resumed  work  in  the 
mines.  Settlers  flocked  in  and  the  second  school  in  the  State  was 
established.  A  pioneer  among  the  early  inhabitants  of  this  first  Iowa 
village  gives  the  following  descrii)tion  of  the  place  in  that  year:  "The 
vilhige  resounded  to  the  woodman's  axe;  tlit^  study  oaks  fell  before 
them  on  every  side;  the  branches  were  used  for  fuel,  and  of  the  trunks 
were  constructed  rude  log  cabins  without  doors  or  windows.     Three 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  57 

openings  served  for  the  entrance  of  light  and  the  settler,  and  the 
egress  of  the  smoke.  The  winter  of  that  year  shut  us  in  from  all 
community  with  the  outside  world,  with  a  short  supply  of  provisions 
and  not  a  woman  in  the  settlement.  There  was  plenty  of  whiskey 
and  the  demon  intemperance  stalked  everywhere  during  the  long  win- 
ter evenings  and  short  bleak  days.  The  cholera  claimed  many  vic- 
tims, and  the  sick  lay  down  and  died  with  no  gentle  hand  to  nurse 
them,  no  medical  aid  to  relieve,  and  no  kindred  or  friend  to  mourn 
their  untimely  fate.  We  had  no  mail,  no  government,  and  were  sub- 
ject to  no  restraint  of  law  or  society.  Drinking  and  gambling  were  the 
universal  amusements,  and  criminals  were  only  amendable  to  the 
penalties  inflicted  by  Judge  Lynch,  from  whose  summary  decrees  there 
was  no  appeal.  There  were  stirring  times  in  the  old  days  in  this 
region.  Every  man  was  the  protector  of  his  own  honor.  Every  man 
was  expected  to  defend  himself  when  the  occasion  demanded.  They 
shot  on  sight.  One  incident  will  suffice  to  give  the  reader  an  idea  of 
the  established  customs  and  society  of  those  days.  One  Smith  and  his 
son  became  involved  in  a  dispute  over  a  mining  claim  with  Woodbury 
Massey.  A  few  days  later  Massey  was  shot  down  in  cold  blood.  Both 
father  and  son  had  emptied  their  rifles  into  him.  Every  man  was  a 
law  unto  himself.  Six  months  later  a  sister  of  Massey's,  about  twenty 
years  old,  appeared  in  Dubuque.  She  had  Smith  pointed  out  to  her, 
and  without  ceremony  planted  a  bullet  in  him.  An  account  book  in  his 
pocket  saved  the  fellow  from  instant  death.  He  died  from  the  effects 
of  the  wound  two  years  after.  Some  months  after  this  affair,  the  girl 
would  have  been  killed  by  young  Smith  had  not  a  Smith  of  another 
tribe  intercepted  the  son  as  he  was  taking  aim  at  the  girl.  Later  a 
brother  of  Massey's  shot  and  killed  young  Smith  in  Galena.  With  true 
romantic  instinct  William  Smith,  who  had  saved  her  life,  married  Miss 
Massey.  Incidents  of  this  nature  and  in  which  the  Indians  figured 
might  be  recounted  indefinitely. 

"In  the  spring  of  1834  a  transient  steamer  came  up  from  St.  Louis, 
bringing  provisions,  groceries,  goods  and  newspapers.  A  few  women 
came  to  join  their  husbands,  and  from  that  time  on  we  began  to  ex- 
hibit some  elements  of  civilization." 

It  is  claimed  that  the  first  American  flag  raised  by  a  citizen  of 
lowa  was  by  Nicholas  Carroll,  July  4th,  1834.  Also  the  first  church  in 
Iowa  was  built  at  Dubuque  that  year.  A  Mr.  Johnson,  a  devout  Meth- 
odist, raised  the  necessary  funds  by  general  subscription.  The  church 
was  used  by  different  denominations  for  several  years.  The  first 
Catholic  church  erected  in  Iowa  was  a  stone  edifice  built  in  Dubuque 
in  1835-36,  through  the  efforts  of  a  French  priest,  Mazzuchelli,  and  the 
pioneer  Bishop  Loras  located  in  Dubuque  in  1837. 

Fort  Madison  was  next  to  Dubuque  as  one  of  the  earliest  places 
in  the  limits  of  Iowa  ocupied  by  the  whites.  In  1833  Mr.  M.  Carver 
and  Mr.  White,  with  their  families,  crossed  the  river  and  took  claims 


58  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

where  Burlington  now  stands.  They  established  a  ferry  across  the 
river.  In  the  fall  Wm.  Ross  bought  a  stock  of  goods  and  opened  the 
first  store.    In  November,  1833,  the  town  was  laid  out  and  platted. 

The  claim  on  which  Davenport  was  laid  out  was  made  in  1833 
by  R.  H.  Spencer  and  A.  M.  Cloud.  Soon  after  Anton  Le  Clair  pur- 
chased it  for  $100.  In  1835  it  became  the  property  of  a  company  of 
eight  persons,  who  laid  out  a  town  and  called  it  Davenport,  after  Col. 
Davenport.  A  long  and  bitter  contest  was  waged  between  Rockingham 
and  Davenport  for  the  County  Seat.  It  was  finally  decided  in  favor  of 
the  latter.  This  proved  a  death  blow  to  Rockingham.  The  first  record 
to  be  found  in  which  the  name  Iowa  is  applied,  to  the  section  of 
country  which  became  the  State  of  Iowa,  is  Lieut.  Lee's  report,  and 
book  description  of  the  "Black  Hawk  Purchase,"  and  a  little  later 
a  writer  in  the  "Dubuque  Visitor"  refers  to  it  as  the  "future  State  of 
Iowa."  The  name  of  the  "Dubuque  Visitor"  was  soon  after  changed 
to  the  News.  So  far  as  can  be  ascertained,  the  first  time  the  name 
Iowa  is  found  in  any  public  record  is  in  1829.  At  a  session  of  the 
Legislature  of  the  Territory  of  Michigan  held  in  Detroit  that  year,  an 
act  was  passed  and  approved  by  which  all  the  territorv  Ivinir  South 
of  the  Wisconsin  River,  West  of  Lake  Michigan,  East  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River  and  North  of  Illinois,  was  formed  into  a  new  county  called 
Iowa,  and  the  County  Seat  was  located  at  Mineral  Point. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

When  the  treaty  of  Aug.  4th,  1824,  was  made  with  the  Sac  and 
Fox  Indians,  it  was  stipulated  that  the  "small  tract  of  land  lying  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  Des  Moines  Rivers  should  belong  to  the 
half-breds  of  the  Sac  and  Pox  nations,  they  holding  it  by  the  same  title 
and  in  the  same  manner  that  other  Indian  titles  are  held."  This 
reservation  consisted  of  119,000  acres  of  choice  lands  lying  in  the 
Southeast  corner  of  Iowa.  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the 
half-breeds  to  pre-empt,  the  District  Court  of  Lee  County  appointed 
a  committee  consisting  of  Edward  Johnson,  T.  S.  Wilson  and  David 
Brigham,  to  take  testimony  as  to  claimants  and  report  to  the  court. 
Before  the  case  was  disposed  of  the  Legislature  repealed  the  act 
under  which  the  committee  was  appointed.  The  repealing  act  author- 
ized the  commissioners  to  bring  suit  against  the  owners  of  the  land 
for  their  service.  Suit  was  brought  and  judgment  rendered  in  favor 
of  the  attorney  for  $5,773.32.  It  has  never  been  explained  how  the  at- 
torneys managed  to  get  the  fraction  of  thirty-two  cents  in  their  bill ; 
but  it  is  claimed  by  some  that  it  came  as  a  result  of  close  and  careful 
figuring,  tempered  by  justice  and  fair  dealing.  Still  others  seemed  to 
think  that  their  bill  was  outrageously  high,  and  the  United  States  Court 
seemed  to  take  that  view,  for  it  set  aside  the  sale  made  under  the 
judgment  which  they  obtained.  •  The  lands  were  levied  on,  and  the 
whole  tract  sold  to  satisfy  the  judgment.     This  case  would  indicate 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  59 

that  a  great  change  for  the  better  has  taken  place  among  the  attor- 
neys. Now  in  such  a  case  the  average  atorney  woukl  be  willing  to 
take  a  good  sized  farm  for  his  fee,  but  the  attorneys  of  that  day  took 
the  whole  tract,  119,000  acres.  The  judgment,  so  manifestly  unjust, 
was  not,  however,  allowed  to  stand.  When  the  Territory  became  a 
State  the  Supreme  Court  was  reorganized,  John  F.  Kinny  and  George 
Greene  having  succeeded  Mason  and  Wilson.  The  court  thus  con- 
structed, in  a  case  brought  by  the  purchasers  to  dispossess  the  set- 
tlers, held  that  the  sheriff's  deed  was  invalid,  so  the  attorneys  who 
wanted  to  get  all  lost  all.  It  would  have  been  better  for  their  repu- 
tation, conscience  and  finances  to  have  taken  a  farm  each. 

In  1824  the  Iowa  district  was  divided  into  two  counties,  by  run- 
ning a  line  due  West  from  the  Iowa  end  of  Rock  Island.  The  territory 
North  of  this  line  was  called  Dubuque  County  and  the  territory  South 
Des  Moines  County.  A  court  was  organized  in  each  county,  the  terms 
of  which  were  held  in  Dubuque  and  Burlington.  The  judges  were 
Isaac  Loeffler  of  Des  Moines  and  John  King  of  Dubuque. 

In  1835  Geo.  W.  Jones,  who  lived  at  Sinsinawa  Mound,  was  elected 
to  represent  the  Michigan  Territory  in  Congress.  He  secured  the  pas- 
sage of  a  bill  creating  the  new  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  which  also  in- 
cluded Iowa,  part  of  Minnesota  and  the  Dakotas.  Governor  Dodge  or- 
dered a  census  to  be  taken  of  the  new  territory  in  1836,  and  it  was 
found  that  the  counties  of  Dubuque  and  Des  Moines  had  a  population 
of  10,531,  which  entitled  them  to  six  members  in  the  Council  and 
thirteen  members  in  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Territorial 
Legislature.  At  the  election  held  that  year,  Des  Moines  County  elect- 
ed to  the  Council,  J.  Smith,  Joe.  B.  Teas  and  A.  B.  Ingham.  In  the 
House  Isaac  Loeffler,  Thos.  Blair,  John  Box,  Geo.  W.  Teas,  D.  R. 
Chance,  W.  L.  Jenkins  and  John  Reynolds.  The  County  of  Dubuque 
sent  to  the  Council  Thos.  McCraney,  John  Foley  and  Thos.  McKnight; 
to  the  House,  Wheeler,  Hardin  Nowlin,  H.  D.  Camp,  P.  H.  Engle  and 
P.  Quigley.  The  Legislature  convened  at  Belmond  Oct.  25th,  1836. 
Peter  H.  Engle  of  Dubuque  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  and  H. 
P.  Baird  Prsident  of  the  Council.  An  act  was  passed  by  this  Legisla- 
ture authorizing  the  establishment  at  Dubuque  of  the  "Miners'  Bank." 
The  charter  required  that  the  bank  should  have  a  capital  stock  of 
$200,000. 

The  first  act  regulating  the  sale  of  spiritous  liquors  in  Iowa  was 
passed  in  1836.  It  provided  that  the  County  Supervisor  might  author- 
ize any  person  to  keep  a  grocery,  under  such  regulations  as  a  majority 
might  deem  expedient,  by  paying  a  dollar  per  month  into  the  County 
Treasury.  For  running  a  grocery  without  a  license  a  fine  of  two  dol- 
lars for  each  offense  was  levied. 

The  first  newspaper  West  of  the  Mississippi  River  was  established 
in  St.  Louis  in  1808;  it  was  called  the  Louisiana  Gazette;  changed  to 


60  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

the  Missouri  Gazette;  the  Missouri  Republican,  and  now  the  St.  Louis 
Republican. 

The  first  newspaper  established  in  Iowa  was  the  Dubuque  Visitor, 
in  1836,  by  John  King.  In  1838  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Iowa 
News;  in  1841  to  the  Miners  Express;  in  1855  to  the  Express  and 
Herald,  then  the  Dubuque  Herald,  and  finally  consolidated  with  the 
Telegraph,  under  the  name  of  the  Telegraph-Herald.  In  1836  Dr. 
Isaac  Galland  established  the  second  paper  in  Iowa,  at  Montrose,  called 
the  Western  Advertiser;  two  years  later  it  was  moved  to  Fort  Madison 
and  the  name  changed  to  the  Fort  Madison  Patriot.  The  first  issue  of 
the  Patriot  contained  the  text  of  a  bill  introduced  in  Congress  by  Gen- 
eral Geo.  W.  Jones,  providing  for  the  division  of  the  Territory  of 
Wisconsin  and  the  creation  of  a  new  territory  West  of  the  Mississippi 
River  to  be  called  "Iowa." 

The  editor  of  the  Patriot  in  an  article  referring  to  the  bill  said: 
"If  a  division  of  the  Territory  is  effected,  we  propose  that  lowans  take 
the  cognomen  of  'Hawkeyes.'  Our  etymology  can  thus  be  more  defi- 
nitely traced  than  that  of  the  Wolverines,  Suckers  and  Hoosiers;  and 
we  can  rescue  from  oblivion  a  memento  at  least  of  the  old  chief.'* 
The  suggestion  met  with  favor.  Hence  the  people  of  Iowa  are  called 
"Hawkeyes." 

The  second  session  of  the  Legislature  of  Wisconsin  Territory  as- 
sembled at  Burlington,  Iowa,  on  the  first  Monday  of  November,  1837. 
Previous  to  its  meeting  a  call  had  been  issued  for  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  the  West  side  of  the  Mississippi  River,  to  assemble  at 
Burlington  on  the  6th  day  of  November,  for  the  following  purposes: 
First,  to  memorialize  Congress  to  pass  an  act  granting  the  rlgnt  of  pre- 
emption to  actual  settlers  of  government  lands. 

Second,  on  the  subject  of  an  attempt  by  the  State  of  Missouri  to  ex- 
tend her  Northern  boundary  so  as  to  embrace  territory  claimed  as  a 
part  of  Wisconsin. 

Third,  for  the  organization  of  a  separate  territorial  government 
in  that  part  of  Wisconsin  lying  West  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

The  convention  assembled  at  the  appointed  time,  and  among 
other  business  transacted,  the  report  on  the  disputed  boundary  settle- 
ment, asked  Congress  to  appoint  commissioners  to  run  the  line  be- 
tween Missouri  and  Wisconsin,  and  to  adopt  such  measures  as  might 
be  necessary  to  settle  and  establish  said  boundary  line.  The  conven- 
tion also  memorialized  Congress  for  a  division  of  the  Territory  of 
Wisconsin. 

The  assembling  of  the  Legislature  at  Burlington  at  this  time  was 
the  first  meeting  of  a  legislative  body  in  the  future  State  of  Iowa. 
Early  in  its  session  an  act  was  passed  dividing  Dubuque  County,  and 
organizing  from  its  territory  Dubuque,  Clayton,  Jackson,  Clinton,  Scott, 
Lima,  Johnson,  Benton,  Iowa  and  Delaware. 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  61 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

In  the  fall  of  1837  the  United  States  negotiated  another  treaty 
with  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians,  by  which  1,250,000  acres  of  land  along 
the  West  side  of  the  Black  Hawk  Purchase  was  secured.  The  census 
taken  in  August,  1836,  showed  the  population  on  the  West  side  of  the 
Mississippi  River  as  follows:  Dubuque  County,  4,247;  Des  Moines 
County,  6,257;  total,  10,531.  In  May,  1838,  a  second  census  taken  in 
the  sixteen  counties  organized  from  the  original  two  counties  showed  a 
population  of  22,859.  In  June,  1838,  the  bill  was  passed  by  Congress 
establishing  the  Territory  of  Iowa. 

It  provided  that:  From  and  after  the  3rd  day  of  July  next,  all  that 
part  of  the  present  Territory  of  Wisconsin  which  lies  West  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  and  West  of  the  line  drawn  due  North  from  the  head 
waters  of  said  river  to  the  territorial  line,  shall  be  constituted  a  sepa- 
rate territorial  government  by  the  name  of  Iowa. 

This  territory  included  all  of  Iowa,  most  of  Minnesota  and  a  por- 
tion of  Dakota.  The  act  provided  that  the  President  should  appoint  a 
Governor  to  hold  oflSce  three  years.  The  legislative  department  con- 
sisted of  a  Council  and  House  of  Representatives.  The  Council  was 
composed  of  thirteen  members,  and  the  House  of  twenty-six.  Mem- 
bers of  the  Council  were  elected  for  two  years,  and  of  the  House  one 
year.  The  courts  consisted  of  Supreme,  District,  Probate  and  Justice 
of  the  Peace.  President  Van  Buren  appointed  Brig.-Gen.  Henry  Atkin- 
son Governor  of  Iowa  Territory  because  of  his  intimate  acquaintance 
with  the  Indian  affairs  in  the  Mississippi  Valley.  But  he  declined. 
The  President  then  made  the  following  appointments  for  the  new  Ter- 
ritory: Robert  Lucas,  Governor;  W.  B.  Conway,  Secretary;  Francis 
Gabon,  Marshal;  C.  S.  Jacob,  United  States  Attorney;  Chas.  Mason, 
Chief  Justice:  Joseph  Williams  and  Thomas  S.  Wilson,  Associate 
Judges;  A.  C.  Dodge,  Registrar,  and  J.  P.  Van  Antwerp,  Receiver,  and 
Thomas  M.  Knight,  Receiver  of  the  Land  Office  at  Dubuque.  Cyrus  S. 
Jacobs  was  killed  in  a  political  affray  and  the  vacancy  was  filled  by 
the  appointment  of  Isaac  Van  Allen,  who  also  died  soon  after  his 
appointment,  and  was  succeeded  by  Chas.  Weston. 

When  Governor  Lucas  arrived  at  Burlington,  Aug.  13,  1838,  he 
was  surprised  to  hear  that  Wm.  B.  Conway,  the  Secretary,  when  no- 
tified of  his  appointment  at  his  home  in  Pittsburg,  had  hurried  to  the 
Territory  and  assumed  the  duties  of  Governor,  and  had  issued  a 
proclamation  for  an  election,  signing  the  document  "Acting  Governor.*' 
Governor  Lucas  quietly  ignored  this  presumptuous  act  of  the  Secretary, 
and  at  once  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  his  duties.  The  first  official 
act  of  the  Governor  was  to  issue  a  proclamation  dated  Aug.  13,  1838, 
dividing  the  territory  into  eight  representative  districts,  and  appor- 
tioning the  members  of  the  Council  and  House  among  the  counties 
organized.  The  Legislature  met  at  the  old  Zion  church  in  Burlington, 
Nov.  12th  1838.     James  W.  Grimes,  who  was  the  youngest  member 


62  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

of  the  House,  being  but  22  years  old,  became  Governor  of  the  State 
and  later  a  distinguished  United  States  Senator.  S.  Hempstead,  a 
member  of  the  Council,  26  j^ears  old,  became  the  second  Governor  of 
the  State  in  1350.  S.  C.  Hastings,  member  of  the  House,  24  years  old, 
was  afterwards  elected  to  Congress,  and  in  1846  chief  justice  of  the 
State  Supreme  Court.  The  laws  enacted  by  this  Legislature  in  the 
main  were  satisfactory  and  worthy  of  men  of  greater  experience. 
The  only  discreditable  act  was  that  i^rohibiting  free  negroes  from  set- 
tling in  the  Territory,  unless  they  r  ive  a  bond  of  $500  as  security 
for  good  behavior,  and  against  their  1  ^coming  a  charge  on  the  county. 
This  act  provided  that  any  negro  who  should  settle  in  the  Territory 
without  giving  such  a  bond,  should  be  arrested  and  forcibly  hired  out 
to  the  highest  bidder  for  cash,  to  serve  six  months.  Any  citizen  who 
sheltered  or  employed  a  colored  man,  who  had  failed  to  give  a  bond, 
was  subject  to  a  fine  of  $100.  Any  slaveholder  was  authorized  to 
come  into  the  Territory  to  procure  their  arrest  and  surrender  to  him, 
by  an  Iowa  officer,  of  any  slave  who  had  escaped  from  bondage  and 
sought  freedom  on  Iowa  soil.  The  House  Journal  shows  no  opposition 
to  this  infamous  law,  but  in  the  Council,  Jas.  M.  Clark,  Robert  Ralsom 
and  J.  W.  Parker  voted  against  it.  An  unpleasant  contest  soon  arose 
between  the  Governor  and  the  Legislature,  A  joint  resolution  was 
passed  directing  the  Secretary  to  pay  certain  officers  and  employes. 
The  Governor  held  that  a  law  must  be  enacted  and  approved  by  the 
Governor  before  the  Secretary  would  be  warranted  in  paying  out 
money.  This  dispute  became  warm  and  culminated  in  a  majority  of 
the  House  joining  in  an  effort  to  induce  the  President  of  the  United 
States  to  remove  him.  Governor  Lucas  explained  the  matter  to  the 
President  and  it  was  dropped.  The  Missouri  boundary  line  was  set- 
tled by  act  of  Congress  March  6th,  1820,  as  follows: 

The  parallel  of  latitude  which  passes  through  the  rapids  of  the 
River  Des  Moines,  then  along  said  parallel  of  lattitude  to  the  middle 
of  the  channel  of  the  main  fork  of  said  River  Des  Moines;  then  down 
along  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  said  River  Des  Moines  to  the 
Mouth  of  the  same,  where  it  empties  into  the  Mississippi  River. 

In  1837  the  State  of  Missouri  appointed  commissioners  to  run  the 
Northern  boundary  line  and  mark  it.  In  a  search  for  rapids  in  the 
Des  Moines  River,  they  found  ripples  near  Keosauqua,  which  they  as- 
sumed to  be  the  "Rapids  of  the  Des  Moines"  named  in  the  act  of  Con- 
gress defining  the  boundary  in  1820.  But  these  ripples  had  never  been 
called  the  "Rapids  of  the  Des  Moines,"  until  so  designated  by  those 
Missouri  commissioners.  The  conflict  first  arose  over  a  disputed  ter- 
ritory when  Clark  County,  Mo.,  enrolled  the  citizens  within  its  limits, 
and  placed  their  names  on  its  tax  lists.  When  the  Missouri  tax  officer 
undertook  to  collect  the  taxes  for  Clark  County,  the  settlers  who  lived 
in  the  territory  in  dispute  refused  to  pay.     The  collector  levied  upon 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  63 

their  property,  was  arrested  on  a  warrant  issued  by  a  magistrate  of 
Van  Buren  County,  and  delivered  into  custody  at  Muscatine. 

CHAPTER  XVIV. 

Governor  Boggs  of  Missouri  sent  Gen.  Allen,  with  1,000  armed 
men,  to  aid  the  officer  of  Clark  County  in  collecting  the  tax.  Gov. 
Lucas  promptly  ordered  Gen.  Browne  to  call  out  the  militia  and  march 
to  the  defense  of  Van  Buren  county  officials;  1,200  men  responded  to 
the  call.  Before  proceeding  to  hostilities.  Gen.  Browne  selected  A.  C. 
Dodge,  of  Burlington;  Gen.  Chaurchman,  of  Dubuque,  and  Dr.  Clark, 
of  Fort  Madison,  to  act  as  commissioners  to  negotiate  a  peaceable  set- 
tlement. In  the  meantime  the  sheriff  of  Clark  County  had  been  di- 
rected to  postpone  the  collecting  of  taxes,  and  a  delegate  had  been 
sent  to  Gov.  Lucas  to  propose  an  amicable  adjustment  of  the  contro- 
versy. Gen.  Allen  had  withdrawn  his  army  and  awaited  the  result  ot 
negotiations.  The  Iowa  militia  was  disbanded.  Col.  McDaniels  and 
Dr.  Wagland,  the  Missouri  commissioners,  went  to  Burlington  and  con- 
ferred with  the  Governor  and  Legislature  then  in  session,  and  it  was 
agreed  that  hostilities  should  be  postponed,  and  the  matter  in  dispute 
be  referred  to  Congress  for  settlement. 

On  the  18th  of  June,  1838,  Congress  authorized  the  President  to 
cause  the  Southern  boundary  of  Iowa  to  be  ascertained  and  marked. 
Lieut.  Lee  was  appointed  for  the  United  States  and  Dr.  Davis  by  Gov. 
Lucas  for  Iowa.  Missouri  had  no  representative  on  the  commission. 
The  matter  was  not  finally  settled  until  1848,  when  the  Supreme  Court 
gave  Iowa  the  boundary  it  claimed.  The  commissioners,  John  Rey- 
nolds of  Louisiana,  Robert  Ralston  of  Des  Moines,  and  Channey  Swan 
of  Dubuque,  appointed  to  locate  the  Capitol,  fixed  the  point  on  the 
East  bank  of  the  Iowa  River,  where  six  hundred  and  forty  acres  were 
procured.  It  was  named  Iowa  City.  The  six  hundred  and  forty  acres 
were  divided  into  lots,  and  the  sale  of  the  lots  was  well  advertised 
for  Aug.  18th,  1839.  A  few  log  houses  had  been  built  before  the  sale. 
The  first  sale  lasted  three  days  and  was  then  postponed  until  October. 
Two  hundred  and  sixty  lots  were  disposed  of  at  these  sales  for 
$28,854.75,  which  amount  was  estimated  to  be  about  one-fourth  the 
value  of  the  entire  plat.  There  were  no  roads  leading  into  the  new 
Capitol,  and  in  order  to  guide  travelers  to  it  from  the  Mississippi 
River,  the  enterprising  citizens  employed  Lyman  Dillon  to  run  a  furrow 
across  the  prairies  and  through  the  groves,  to  guide  strangers  to  the 
new  seat  of  government.  Dillon  started  a  two-horse  immigrant  wagon, 
carrying  provisions,  cooking  utensils  and  bedding.  The  ox  team 
dragged  the  plow  patiently  all  day,  turning  over  the  prairie  sod,  to 
mark  the  way  for  the  travelers.  At  noon  and  night  the  oxen  were 
turned  out  to  graze  on  the  rich  prairie  grasses,  while  the  men  cooked 
their  food  and  slept  in  the  wagon.  It  was  the  longest  furrow  of  record, 
being  about  one  hundred  miles;   and  soon  a  well  beaten  road  was 


64  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

made  beside  it  by  the  white-topped  wagons  of  the  new  settlers.  Dur- 
ing the  fall  of  1839  Gov.  Lucas,  accompanied  by  his  two  daughters, 
with  Gen.  Fletcher  of  Muscatine,  as  guide,  all  traveled  on  horseback, 
visited  the  new  Capitol.  They  met  a  most  cordial  reception,  the  hos- 
pitality of  the  best  house  in  the  village,  the  only  one  having  an  attic, 
was  tendered  to  them.  The  way  to  their  sleeping  rooms  was  up  a  rude 
ladder  through  a  small  opening  in  the  upper  floor.  Before  returning 
the  Governor  purchased  a  claim  near  the  city  which  in  after  years 
became  his  home.  The  first  settlers  in  and  about  the  new  Capitol  are 
described,  by  one  who  was  among  them,  as  "Mostly  young  men  with- 
out families,  who  had  left  the  paternal  roof  in  the  older  States  in 
search  of  homes  on  the  frontier,  there  to  work  out  their  own  way 
in  life's  battles  and  toils.  The  young  pioneer  is  not  encumbered  with 
extra  baggage;  with  a  gun  and  knife,  a  bake-pan,  tin  cup,  some  corn 
meal  and  bacon,  all  packed  on  his  back,  he  explores  the  country  on 
foot.  He  selects  his  claim,  builds  a  rude  log  cabin,  cooks  his  coarse 
food,  and  freely  shares  his  scant  supply  with  any  traveler  who  comes 
along.  When  absent,  his  cabin  door  is  left  unfastened,  and  some 
cooked  food  left  in  sight  for  any  weary,  hungry  pioneer  who  may 
chance  to  come  in  to  rest.  When  several  settlers  have  taken  claims 
in  one  vicinity,  the  first  act  towards  civil  government  is  to  meet  at 
one  of  the  cabins  and  form  a  'claim  association'  for  mutual  protection 
of  their  new  homes.  They  select  officers,  record  the  names  of  the 
members,  as  well  as  the  number  of  each  member's  claim.  They  pledge 
themselves  to  stand  by  each  other  in  holding  possession  of  their 
respective  homes  until  they  can  be  purchased  trom  the  United  States. 
In  the  absence  of  laws  protecting  their  claims  from  mercenary  specula- 
tors, they  organized  and  enacted  homestead  and  pre-emption  laws  long 
in  advance  of  the  legislation  which  was  subsequently  founded  upon 
the  recognition  of  the  Justice  of  this  principle  thus  first  established 
by  the  necessities  of  the  early  pioneers." 

One  of  the  most  important  and  notable  of  the  early  decisions  of 
the  Territorial  Supreme  Court  was  the  case  of  Ralph,  a  colored  man. 
who  had  been  a  slave  in  Missouri,  belonging  to  a  man  by  the  name  of 
Montgomery.  His  master  had  made  a  written  contract  with  Ralph 
to  sell  him  his  freedom  for  $550  and  to  permit  him  to  go  to  the  Du- 
buque lead  mines  to  earn  the  money.  Ralph  worked  industrially  for 
several  years,  but  was  not  able  to  save  enough  to  pay  Montgomery 
the  price  of  his  freedom.  Two  Virginians  at  Dubuque  who  knew  of 
the  agreement,  volunteered  to  deliver  Ralph  to  his  fornfer  owner  In 
Missouri  for  $100. 

Montgomery  accepted  the  offer.  Ralph  was  seized  at  the  mines 
while  at  work,  hand-cuffed  and  taken  to  Bellevue  to  be  sent  by  a 
stearner  to  Missouri.  Alexander  Butterworth,  a  farmer  working  in  his 
field,  saw  the  kidnapping  and  hastened  to  the  office  of  Thomas  S.Wil- 
son, one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  demanded  a  writ  of 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  65 

habeas  corpus,  which  Judge  Wilson  promptly  issued  and  served,  by 
which  Ralph  was  returned  to  Dubuaue.  The  case  was  one  of  so  much 
importance  that  at  the  request  of  Judge  Wilson  it  was  transferred 
to  the  Supreme  Court  for  trial. 

'T'he  court  consisted  of  three  judges.  Charles  Mason,  Chief  Justice. 
with  Thomas  S.  Wilson  and  Joseph  Williams,  associates.  After  a  full 
hearing  it  was  unanimously  decided  that  Montgomery  s  contract  with 
Ralph,  whereby  he  was  permitted  to  become  a  citizen  of  a  free  terri- 
tory, liberated  him.  as  slavery  did  not  and  could  not  exist  in  Iowa. 
Judge  Mason,  in  delivering  the  opinion,  said: 

"Where  a  slave  with  his  master's  consent  becomes  a  resident  of  a 
free  State  or  Territory  he  could  not  be  regarded  thereafter  as  a  fugi- 
tive slave,  nor  could  the  master  under  such  circumstances  exercise 
any  rights  of  ownership  over  him.  When  the  master  applies  to  our 
tribunals  for  the  purpose  of  controlling  as  property  that  which  our 
laws  have  declared  shall  not  be  property,  it  is  incumbent  upon  them  to 
refuse  their  co-operation." 

When  it  is  remembered  that  the  three  judges  (all  Democrats), 
thus  early  enunciated  the  doctrine  of  humanity  and  equity,  that  slav- 
ery was  local  and  freedom  a  natural  right,  the  liberty  loving  people  of 
Iowa  will  forever  honor  these  pioneer  judges  who,  in  their  sturdy 
manhood  and  love  of  justice,  immortalized  their  names  in  an  opinion 
in  direct  conflict  with  the  infamous  later  decision  of  the  National 
tribunal  in  the  case  of  Dred  Scott. 

The  corner  stone  of  the  new  Capitol  building  was  laid  July  4th, 
1840.  The  principal  address  was  by  Governor  Lucas.  The  cost  of  this 
building  was  not  to  exceed  $51,000.  A  general  depression  in  business 
prevailed  during  the  time  of  Van  Buren's  term  as  President.  The 
Whigs  charged  the  hard  times  to  the  financial  policy  of  the  Demo- 
crats. Seeing  a  favorable  condition  for  the  overthrow  of  their  adver- 
sary, the  Whig  politicians  called  the  first  Political  National  Convention 
ever  held  in  Iowa  and  proceeded  to  nominate  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison 
for  President. 

The  Democrats  nominated  Van  Buren  for  re-election.  The  Whigs 
rallying  cry  was  "hard  cider"  and  "log  cabins,"  and  with  songs,  public 
meetings  and  rallies,  throughout  the  country.  Gen.  Harrison  was  elect- 
ed on  a  wave  of  popular  enthusiasm. 

The  first  call  for  a  Democratic  convention  in  Iowa  was  written  by 
Edward  Johnston,  in  January,  1840,  and  is  as  follows: 

"The  undersigned,  members  of  the  Democratic  party  of  the  Ter- 
ritory of  Iowa,  conceiving  it  highly  necessary  that  immediate  steps 
should  be  taken  to  effect  an  organization  of  the  party,  hereby  pledge 
themselves  to  use  all  honorable  means  in  the  several  counties  where 
they  reside  to  bring  about  that  result,  and  they  further  agree  to  use 
their  exertions  to  have  Democratic  candidates  sent  from  their  rpspec- 


66  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

tive  counties  to  a  territorial  convention  to  be  held  in  the  ensuing  sum- 
mer for  the  purpose  of  nominating  a  candidate  to  Congress. 

"Edward  Johnston,  Shepherd  Loeffler,  Laurel  Summers,  Jos.  T.  Fales, 
G.  S.  Bailey,  John  B,  Lash,  Jacob  L.  Meyers,  Daniel  Brewer,  W.  G. 
Coop,  S.  C.  Hastings,  J.  M.  Robertson,  Jacob  Minder,  H.  Van  Antwerp, 
Thomas  Cox,  J.  W.  Parker. 
"January,  A.  D.  1840." 

Pursuant  to  this  call  a  convention  was  held,  and  General  A.  C. 
Dodge  was  nominated  for  Delegate  in  Congress.  The  Whigs  held  a 
convention  and  nominated  Alfred  Rich.  Dodge  was  re-elected  by  a 
majority  of  over  five  hundred. 

A  proposition  had  been  submitted  to  the  people  of  the  Territory 
at  this  election  to  call  a  convention  for  the  framing  of  a  constitution, 
preparatory  to  the  admission  of  Iowa  as  a  State.  It  was  defeated  by 
a  vote  of  937  for  the  convention,  to  2.907  against  it. 

The  census  of  the  Territory  taken  in  1840  showed  a  population  of 
43,112,  of  which  172  were  negroes.  The  Legislature  having  created  the 
offices  of  Auditor  and  Treasurer,  on  the  14th  of  January,  1840,  Morgan 
Reno  was  appointed  Treasurer,  and  Jesse  Williams,  Auditor. 

By  the  federal  census  of  1840  it  was  shown  that  Iowa  had  pro- 
duced, corn,  1,406,241  bushels;  wheat,  154,693;  oats,  216,385;  buck- 
wheat, 6,212;  rye,  3,792;  barley,  728,  and  potatoes,  234,$63.  Corn  was 
the  principal  grain  crop  for  many  years  and  was  largely  used  for 
bread  by  the  pioneers.  Prairie  grass  furnished  pasture  for  stock  and 
all  of  the  hay  required  for  many  years. 

In  pioneer  days  most  of  the  houses  were  built  of  logs  and  covered 
with  staves  held  in  place  by  other  logs,  puncheons  of  hewed  logs  were 
used  for  the  floor,  and  all  done  without  the  aid  of  a  carpenter.  Grain 
was  stored  in  rail  pens  lined  and  covered  with  straw,  and  stables  were 
built  of  logs  or  slabs,  with  roofs  of  prairie  hay  or  straw  held  in  place 
by  poles. 

The  Third  Territorial  Legislature  assembled  at  Burlington  on  the 
2nd  day  of  November,  1840.  In  his  message.  Gov.  Lucas  gives  a  report 
of  his  action  in  relation  to  the  boundary  controversy  with  Missouri; 
recommends  the  organization  of  rifle  companies  to  protect  settlers 
from  the  Indians;  urges  the  Legislature  to  provide  a  plan  for  raising 
revenue  to  meet  expenses  not  provided  for  by  the  general  government. 

CHAPTER  XX. 

The  Legislature  created  the  office  of  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction; changed  the  time  of  meeting  of  the  Legislature  to  the  first 
Monday  of  December;  provided  for  a  Superintendent  of  Public  Build- 
ings, and  an  agent  to  conduct  the  sale  of  lots  in  Iowa  City.  It  pro- 
vided a  law  for  raising  revenue,  and  authorized  a  loan  of  $20,000  to 
aid  in  the  completion  of  the  Capitol  building,  to  be  repaid  from  pro- 
ceeds of  lots  in  Iowa  City.     Chauncey  Swan  was  appointed  Superin- 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  67 

tendent  of  Public  Buildings  with  an  annual  salary  of  $1,000,  and  Jesse 
Williams  was  appointed  Territorial  Agent  at  a  salary  ol  $700  per  year. 
The  election  of  Gen.  Harrison,  the  Whig  candidate  for  President, 
was  speedily  followed  by  a  removal  of  Democratic  federal  officers  and 
the  filling  of  their  places  by  Whigs.  Gov.  Lucas  was  superceded  on 
the  13th  of  May,  1841,  by  the  appointment  of  Hon.  John  Chambers,  of 
Kentucky.  Gov.  Lucas  retired  after  nearly  three  years'  service  and 
settled  near  Iowa  City,  where  he  spent  the  remainder  of  his  life.  In 
looking  back  over  his  stormy  administration,  the  verdict  will  be  that 
he  gave  to  the  new  Territory  wise,  able  and  faithful  service.  He 
brought  to  the  office  large  experience  in  public  affairs,  sterling  integ- 
rity and  firm  convictions  of  duty.  Tenacious  in  his  opinions,  dignified 
in  bearing,  strong  in  purpose,  he  became  involved  in  numerous  sharp 
controversies  and  conflicts  with  the  first  Legislature  over  the  exer- 
cise of  the  veto  power,  but  he  acted  strictly  within  the  letter  of  the 
law.  In  his  firm  and  prompt  resistance  to  the  claim  of  Missouri  to  a 
strip  of  Iowa  Territory,  Gov.  Lucas  was  sustained  by  the  final  decis- 
ion of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  He  was  largely  instrumental 
in  procuring  the  establishment  of  a  liberal  public  school  system,  at  that 
early  day  one  of  the  most  advanced  in  operation  in  the  West. 

On  the  20th  of  June,  1841,  a  steamer,  the  "Ripple,"  ascended  the 
Iowa  River  to  Iowa  City  and  was  welcomed  by  a  great  assemblage  of 
people  who  hoped  this  was  the  beginning  of  regular  navigation  of  the 
Iowa.  On  the  22nd  of  June,  Gov.  Chambers  made  his  first  visit  to 
the  new  Capitol  and  was  cordially  received  by  the  citizens.  He  was 
past  middle  age,  plain,  cordial  in  manner,  and  made  a  favorable  im- 
pression on  the  pioneers. 

Gov.  Chambers,  who  was  Superintendent  of  Indian  Affairs,  in 
September,  1842,  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  by 
the  terms  of  which  they  ceded  to  the  United  States  all  of  their  re- 
maining lands  in  Iowa,  to  the  Missouri  River,  and  agreed  to  move  to 
their  Kansas  reservation  at  the  expiration  of  three  years.  Before  this 
treaty  was  ratified  by  Congress  adventurous  settlers  crowded  into  the 
newly  purchased  Territory  to  secure  the  choice  claims. 

The  War  Department  was  called  on  for  troops  to  expel  them.  The 
squatters  were  removed  to  the  South  side  of  the  Des  Moines  River. 

The  year  1842  brought  to  the  people  of  Iowa  severe  financial  de- 
pression, which  had  begun  in  the  East  two  or  three  years  earlier. 
Specie  payment  had  been  suspended  and  many  banks  failed.  The 
Miners'  Bank  of  Dubuque  was  the  only  one  in  Iowa.  It  had  been 
poorly  managed  and  was  soon  compelled  to  suspend.  Throughout  the 
Territary  money  was  very  scarce,  and  exchange  of  products  was  the 
only  method  of  carrying  on  business. 

The  winter  of  1842-3  was  one  of  the  severest  known  by  white  men. 
Snow  began  to  fall  early  in  November  and  continued  at  frequent  in- 
tervals throughout  the  entire  winter,  the  first  snow  remaining  on  the 


68  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ground  until  April.  The  cold  was  intense,  with  fierce  winds,  and  be- 
fore spring,  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  snow  reached  a  depth  of 
from  three  to  four  feet.  The  settlers  were  poorly  prepared  for  such  a 
winter,  their  cabins  were  cold  and  little  shelter  had  been  provided  for 
live  stock.  Great  suffering  ensued.  Provisions  became  nearly  ex- 
hausted; cattle  perished  by  the  thousands;  deer,  prairie  chickens  and 
quail  were  nearly  exterminated.  Half-starved  wolves  prowled  about 
the  settlements,  seizing  pigs,  sheep  and  poultry  wherever  they  could 
be  found.  The  failure  of  banks  had  left  the  people  without  money; 
business  was  prostrated  and  the  collection  of  debts  became  almost  im- 
possible. The  only  market  for  farm  produce  was  the  limited  demand 
from  immigrants  moving  into  the  Territory.  Good  cows  could  be  pur- 
chased for  ten  dollars  each:  pork  for  one  dollar  per  hundred,  wheat 
twenty  cents  a  bushel,  corn  and  oats  for  ten  cents.  Money  command- 
ed from  twenty-five  to  forty  per  cent  and  was  of  doubtful  value. 

Under  these  conditions  the  Sixth  Legislature  met  at  Iowa  City, 
Dec.  4th,  1843.  The  census  of  1844  showed  a  population  of  the  twenty- 
one  counties  organized  of  75,150.  An  attempt  was  made  to  repeal  the 
charter  of  the  Miners'  Bank,  the  only  one  in  the  Territory,  because 
it  had  suspended  specie  payments,  and  being  badly  managed.  The 
Territory  had  borrowed  $5,500  of  the  bank,  which  it  was  unable  to  pay, 
and  under  these  circumstances  a  majority  of  the  members  refused  to 
drive  it  out  of  business. 

At  the  election  held  in  April,  for  a  convention  to  frame  a  consti- 
tution, the  vote  stood  6,719  for  and  3,974  against.  Gov.  Chambers 
called  an  election  for  seventy-two  delegates.  Among  the  number 
chosen  to  frame  a  constitution  were:  Ex-Gov.  Lucas,  S.  Loeffler,  J.  C. 
Hall,  J.  Grant,  S.  Hempstead  and  F.  Gehon,  Democrats;  R.  .  Low,  B. 
Sells,  E.  Cook  and  S.  S.  Shelledy,  Whigs.  The  convention  met  at 
Iowa  City,  Oct.  7th.  1844,  framed  a  constitution  and  fixed  the  boun- 
dary of  the  proposed  State  to  include  a  large  proportion  of  Southern 
Minnesota,  as  follows:  The  South  line  as  it  now  stands;  the  West  line 
the  middle  of  the  Missouri  River,  North  to  the  Mouth  of  the  Big  Sioux, 
thence  in  a  direct  line  Northwest  to  the  middle  of  the  St.  Peters  River, 
where  the  Blue  Earth  enters  the  same,  then  down  that  river  to  the 
Mississippi  River,  then  down  the  Mississippi  to  the  North  Missouri 
line.  This  boundary  excluding  the  County  of  Lyon,  part  of  Sioux  and 
Osceola,  about  half  of  Plymouth  and  a  small  fraction  of  O'Brien  and 
Dickinson,  and  it  took  from  Minnesota  about  seventeen  counties.  The 
growing  conflict  between  the  pro  and  anti-slavery  parties  was  renewed 
with  bitterness  when  the  application  was  made  for  the  admission  of 
Iowa.  Finally  it  was  agreed  that  Iowa  be  admitted  a  free  and  Florida 
a  slave  State,  TTarch  3rd,  1845.  The  Capitol  building  at  Iowa  City 
cost  $123,000,  and  was  not  completed  until  1855,  a  little  over  fifteen 
years  having  been  occupied  in  its  construction.    And  in  1857  on  the  re- 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  69 

moval  of  the  Capitol  to  Des  Moines,  it  was  given  to  the  State  Uni- 
versity. 

The  Iowa  boundary  fixed  by  Congress,  would  have  taken  eleven 
Counties  from  South  Minnesota,  but  the  Western  boundary  cut  ofC 
thirty-one  counties  on  the  Missouri  River  slope  and  the  Des  Moines 
Valley.  It  brought  the  Western  boundary  of  the  State  within  forty 
miles  of  Des  Moines.  It  made  the  State  alone  one  hundred  and  eighty 
miles  wide  and  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles  long.  This  would  have 
made  Cedar  Falls  the  geographical  center.  The  Iowa  delegates  in 
Congress,  Hon.  A.  C.  Dodge,  opposed  the  change,  but  in  vain.  How- 
ever, after  Congress  had  approved  it,  thinking  it  was  the  best  that 
could  be  done,  he  approved  its  adoption  and  issued  an  address  to  his 
constituents,  in  which  he  said: 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

ADDRESS  OF  HON.  A.  C.  DODGE. 

"A  majority  of  the  Committee  on  Territories  was  composed  of 
members  from  the  slave-holding  portion  of  the  Union.  The  delegate 
from  Florida,  supported  by  the  members  from  the  South,  brought  for- 
ward a  proposition  for  a  division  of  that  State,  although  its  whole  ter- 
ritory was  three  thousand  square  miles  less  than  that  embraced  within 
the  Constituional  boundaries  of  Iowa.  The  object  of  this  move  being 
to  increase  the  number  of  slave  states,  and  the  weight  of  slave  repre- 
sentatives in  Congress.  It  met  with  warm  opposition  from  the  non- 
slave-holding  states,  and  as  a  counter  movement  they  came  forward 
with  a  similar  proposition  in  regard  to  Iowa.  After  being  fully,  freely 
and  even  angrily  discussed  at  various  meetings  of  the  Committee,  the 
proposition  to  divide  f  lorida  was  carried,  and  that  to  divide  Iowa  was 
rejected  by  a  strictly  sectional  vote.  When  the  bill  came  into  the 
House,  where  the  relative  strength  of  the  sectional  parties  was  re- 
versed, the  action  of  the  Committee  was  overruled  by  a  large  majority. 
The  clause  for  the  division  of  Florida  was  stricken  out,  and  the 
boundaries  of  Iowa,  in  opposition  to  my  earnest  protest,  were  sub- 
jected to  considerable  curtailment. 

"This  was  effected  by  votes  of  members  from  North,  East  and 
West,  irrespective  of  party  divisions.  The  amendment  to  reduce  was 
opposed  by  Mr.  Duncan  (Democrat)  from  Ohio,  and  supported  by  Mr. 
Vinton  (Whig),  who  in  a  lucid  and  cogent  manner  represented  the 
injury  which  the  creation  of  large  states  would  inflict  upon  the  West- 
ern country.  He  forcibly  exhibited  the  great  wrong  done  to  the  West 
in  times  past  by  Congress  in  dividing  its  territory  in  overgrown  states, 
thereby  enabling  the  Atlantic  portion  of  the  Union  to  retain  supremacy 
in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  showed  that  it  was  the  true  interest 
of  the  people  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  that  new  states  should 
be  of  reasonable  size,  and  he  appealed  to  Western  members  to  check 
that  legislation  which  had  neretofore  deprived  the  Western  country  of 
its  due  representation  in  the  Senate.  I  advert  to  the  remarks  of  Mr. 
Vinton,  because  their  irresistible  force  was  admitted  by  all  except  the 
delegates  from  the  South.  The  Hous?  had  a  few  days  previous  to  this 
discussion  passed  a  law  for  the  annexation  of  Texas,  by  which  five 
new  states  may  be  added  to  the  Union.  This  furnished  an  aaditional 
reason  why  my  protest  was  disregarded,  inasmuch  as  our  fellow  citi- 


70  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

zens  from  the  non-slave  holding  states  were  desirous  by  moderate 
division  of  remaining  free  territory  of  the  Union  to  give  to  the  free 
states   a   counterbalancing  influence." 

On  the  question  of  admission,  the  Territory  soon  divided  into  two 
l)arties.  The  Democrats  as  a  rule  favored  the  admission  under  the 
boundary  fixed  by  Congress,  and  the  Whigs  opposed  it.  At  this  junc- 
ture E.  W.  Eastman,  T.  S.  Parrins,  and  F.  D.  Mills,  all  young  men  and 
Democrats,  seeing  the  mistake  of  dividing  the  State  in  that  manner, 
commenced  an  aggressive  campaign  against  admission.  Leffler  and 
Wood  joined  them  and  a  thorough  canvass  was  made.  The  Constitu- 
tion was  rejected  by  a  majority  of  nine  hundred  and  ninety-six.  Those 
young  public-spirited  men  deserve  all  honor  and  praise,  as  but  for 
them  our  Western  boundary  would  not  now  be  the  Missouri  River. 
The  new  Legislature  met  May  5,  1845.  An  act  was  passed  providing 
for  the  submission  of  the  rejected  constitution.  The  Governor  vetoed 
it  but  it  was  carried  over  his  veto  by  a  two-thirds  vote,  and  it  became 
a  law.  Among  the  important  acts  of  this  legislation  was  the  repeal 
of  the  charter  of  the  Miners'  Bank  of  Dubuque;  abolition  of  the  office 
of  Territorial  Agent  conferring  his  duties  on  the  Incorporation  of  a 
University  at  Iowa  City;  changing  the  name  of  Louisville  to  Ottumwa; 
the  organization  of  Iowa  and  Marion  Counties. 

Dodge  in  his  canvass  for  re-election  advocated  the  adoption  of 
the  rejected  Constitution  of  1844.  The  result  was  7,235  for  and  7,656 
against  it.  Thus  it  was  rejected  a  second  time  by  a  majority  of  421. 
Gen.  Dodge  was  elected  over  his  Whig  opponent,  R,  P.  Lowe,  by  a 
majority  of  831.  In  1846  the  prevailing  prices  were:  Horses  from 
$50  to  $60;  Oxen  $40  to  $60  per  pair;  Wagons  $75;  Plows  $8  to  $20; 
Sugar  10c;  Coffee  10c;  Tea  75c  to  $1.50  per  pound;  Flour  $4  per 
barrel;  Unbleached  cotton  sheet  18c;  calicoes  10c  to  20c  per  yard; 
Good  board  was  furnished  from  $1.50  to  $2.00  per  week;  the  wage  of 
common  laborers  was  from  75c  to  $1.00  per  day;  Government  land 
sold  at  $1.25  per  acre,  and  an  ordinary  log  cabin  cost  from  $50  to  $75. 
The  State  Government  was  organized  with  a  population  of  96,088.  The 
total  votes  polled  at  the  first  election  was  15,005;  the  Governor's  salary 
was  $1,000;  Secretary  of  State  $500;  the  Treasurer  $400;  and  the  State 
Librarian  $150  per  annum.  The  annexation  of  Texas  brought  on  a 
war  with  Mexico  in  1846.  Iowa  was  called  on  to  furnish  a  regiment, 
and  soon  twelve  companies  of  volunteers  were  organized.  The  Iowa 
Volunteers  gave  a  good  account  of  themselves  in  the  Mexican  War. 
Many  of  the  brave  boys  were  laid  to  rest  there,  while  many  are  still 
alive,  at  this  writing  (1904),  The  thirty-two  delegates  chosen  at  the 
election  in  1846,  to  frame  a  State  Constitution,  met  at  Iowa  City  on 
the  first  Monday  of  May,  and  by  the  19th  of  the  same  month  had  con- 
cluded their  labors.  The  boundaries  of  the  State  were  fixed  as  they 
now  exist.  With  that  exception  it  was  almost  an  exact  copy  of  the 
rejected  one.    The  only  important  change  was  the  prohibition  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  71 

establishment  of  a  bank.  On  August  3rd  it  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of 
9,492  to  9,036.  The  prohibition  of  the  bank  aroused  a  strong  opposition 
to  it,  which  came  near  defeating  it.  The  Democrats  nominated  A. 
Briggs  for  Governor.  The  platform  adopted  by  the  first  Democratic 
State  Convention  was  as  follows: 

1.  Endorsed  the  administration  of  James  K.  Polk. 

2.  Approved  the  independent  Treasury  bill  and  settlement  of  the 
Oregon   boundary. 

3.  Endorsed  the  repeal  of  the  tariff  of  1842  and  approved  tariff 
for    revenue    only. 

4.  Pronounced  unalterable  opposition  to  all  banking  institutions 
of  whatever  name,  nature  or  description. 

5.  Favored  unlimited  suffrage  to  free  men  without  property  quali- 
fication or  religious  tests;  opposed  the  grant  of  exclusive  privileges 
to  corporations. 

6.  Declared  in  favor  of  less  legislation,  few  laws,  strict  obedience, 
short  sessions,  light  taxes  and  no  State  debt. 

The  following  day  the  first  Whig  Convention  met  at  the  same 
place  and  nominated  Thomas  McKnight  for  Governor.  The  platform 
adopted  decided  in  favor  of: 

1.  A   sound   currency. 

2.  A  tariff  for  revenue  and  protection  to  American  labor. 

3.  Restraint  of  the  Executive  from  exercise  of  the  veto. 

4.  Distribution  of  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  public  lands  among 
the  States. 

5.  One  term  only  for  the  President. 

6.  Improvement  of  rivers  and  harbors  by  the  general  Government. 

7.  Condemned  the  administration  of  James  K.  Polk. 

8.  Condemned  the  State  Constitution  recently  adopted,  with 
pledge  to  labor  for  its  speedy  amendment. 

S.  C.  Hartings  and  S.  Leffler,  Democrats,  were  elected  to  Con- 
gress. December  15,  1846,  A.  C.  Dodge,  delegate  from  Iowa,  presented 
to  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Iowa. 
It  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Territory,  and  on  the  17th  S.  A. 
Douglas  of  Illinois,  reported  a  bill  for  the  admission  of  Iowa  into  the 
Union.  On  the  21st  the  bill  passed  the  House  and  was  sent  to  the 
Senate.  On  the  24th  it  was  taken  up  in  the  Senate,  having  been  ap- 
proved by  the  Judiciary  Committee.  After  an  attempt  to  amend  it 
had  failed,  the  bill  passed  the  Senate.  On  the  28th  of  December, 
1846,  the  President  signed  the  bill  and  Iowa  became  a  State.  Con- 
gress granted  every  16th  section  to  the  new  State,  for  the  support 
of  its  schools.  It  amounted  to  1,013,614  acres.  June  5,  1846,  the  Pot- 
tawattamies  ceded  their  lands  in  Iowa  to  the  United  States. 

The  Mormons  or  Latter  Day  Saints,  who  were  driven  out  o- 
Missouri  in  1846,  with  great  heartlessness,  and  in  fact  almost  unparal- 
leled barbarity,  found  shelter  in  Iowa,  and  many  of  them  made  it  their 
permanent  home.  The  sufferings  of  those  people  were  almost  beyond 
description,  and  as  the  details  are  interesting,  we  will  relate  them 
as  follows: 


72  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

The  first  attempt  to  found  a  Mormon  colony  was  made  at 
Kirkland,  Ohio,  where  Sidney  Rigdon  lived.  Rigdon  had  been  an 
eloquent  minister  of  the  Christian  church  in  Kirkland,  and  was 
converted  to  Mormonism  soon  after  Joseph  Smith  claimed  to  have 
found  the  plates  on  which  a  revelation  was  inscribed,  and  from 
which  the  Mormon  Bible  was  produced.  Rigdon  assisted  Smith  in 
procuring  the  printing  of  the  Bible  and  on  the  6th  of  April,  1830, 
they  organized  the  'Church  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints."  Rigdon's 
eloquent  preaching  made  converts  rapidly,  and  on  the  first  of  Jan- 
uary, 1831,  they  had  secured  more  than  one  thousand  members 
and  believers  in  the  new  religion.  Smith  claimed  to  have  a  second 
revelation  commanding  him  to  found  a  colony  of  the  saints  in  the 
far  West  and  build  a  temple  in  the  New  Jerusalem.  A  location 
was  .chosen  in  the  vicinity  of  Independence,  Missouri,  where  a 
large  tract  of  land  was  secured,  houses  built,  farms  opened  and  the 
foundation  laid  for  the  temple.  The  Mormons  from  all  quarters 
gathered  at  the  New  Jerusalem  until  several  .hundred  were  as- 
sembled. But  the  Missourians  were  intensely  hostile  to  the  new 
sect  and  finally  a  large  mob  attacked  the  Mormon  colony,  de- 
stroyed their  printing  office  and  other  buildings  and  flogged  some 
of  the  saints.  Governor  Boggs  called  out  nearly  five  thousand  of 
the  State  militia,  under  General  J.  B.  Clark,  with  instructions  "to 
exterminate  the  Mormons,  or  drive  them  beyond  the  borders  of 
the  State."  Gen.  Clark  proceeded  to  execute  the  orders.  A  large 
number  of  the  leaders  were  arrested,  their  families  driven  from 
their  homes  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  and  the  entire  colony  sent 
destitute  out  upon  the  bleak  prairie  late  in  November,  without  even 
tents  to  protect  them  from  the  driving  storms.  The  rivers  and 
creeks  were  unbridged  and  filled  with  floating  ice;  the  snow  was 
deep,  impeding  their  progress;  many  were  killed,  others  wounded, 
families  separated,  women  and  children  sick  and  dying  for  want 
of  food,  shelter  and  proper  care.  The  oxen,  which  were  their  only 
teams,  died  of  starvation.  Disease  and  death  claimed  victims  daily. 
Mothers  carried  their  starving  children,  themselves  weak  with 
fatigue  and  hunger.  The  dead  were  thrust  into  rude  bark  coffins 
and  sunk  in  the  rivers.  At  least  1,200  emaciated  people  in  all 
stages  of  disease  and  starvation  reached  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  where  the  strongest  crossed.  The  people  of  Iowa  and  Illinois 
treated  them  kindly,  furnished  food  and  such  shelter  as  was  avail- 
able. Their  leaders  had  been  captured,  such  as  were  not  killed, 
and  paraded  from  one  jail  to  another,  tormented  in  a  manner  that 
stamps  their  enemies  as  more  cruel  and  barbarous  than  Indians. 
At  Howe's  Mills  twenty  prisoners  were  confined  in  a  log  building, 
the  door  fastened  and  the  mob,  joining  the  State  militia,  fired  upon 
the  helpless  prisoners  through  the  crevices  between  the  logs  until 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  73 

all  were  killed  or  wounded.  One  little  boy,  nine  years  of  age,  was 
dragged  out  and  murdered  in  cold  blood,  while  the  savage  white 
men  cheered  and  danced  around  the  dying  boy  and  the  nineteen 
other  victims. 

The  "Border  Ruffians"  who,  a  quarter  of  a  century  later,  in- 
vaded the  Territory  of  Kansas  and  slaughtered  her  citizens  in  a 
war  waged  to  spread  human  slavery;  and  the  Civil  War,  under  the 
lead  of  Quantrell,  murdered  more  than  a  hundred  defenseless  citi- 
zens of  Lawrence  in  the  presence  of  their  families,  were  the  pro- 
geny of  these  barbarous  wretches.  The  authorities  finally  grew 
sick  of  the  atrocities  perpetrated  by  the  militia  that  they  were 
unable  to  control  and  permitted  the  escape  of  the  survivors  of  the 
Mormon  leaders,  who  finally  reached  the  refugees  who  were  find- 
ing shelter  in  Iowa  and  Illinois. 

The  Mormons  were  expelled  from  Missouri  in  the  fall  of  1838. 
They  crossed  the  Mississippi  and  erected  temporary  shelter  for  the 
winter.  Dr.  Isaac  Galland,  a  Mormon  elder,  was  the  owner  of  a  large 
tract  of  land  on  both  sides  of  the  river  and  sold  it  to  the  refugees 
on  liberal  terms.  In  February,  1889,  Dr.  Galland  wrote  to  Governor 
Robert  Lucas,  of  Iowa,  inquiring  whether  their  people  would  be  per- 
mitted to  purchase  land  and  settle  in  the  Territory  of  Iowa.  The 
Governor  replied  that  he  knew  of  no  authority  that  could  deprive 
them  of  that  right;  that  as  citizens  of  the  United  States  they  were 
entitled  to  the  same  rights  and  legal  protection  as  other  citizens. 

With  this  assurance  a  few  Mormon  families  settled  in  the  South- 
east corner  of  the  Territory  in  1839  and  1840.  Bishop  Knight  bought 
for  his  church  a  part  of  the  town  sites  of  Keokuk,  Nashville  and 
Montrose,  in  Lee  County.  In  1840  there  were  over  one  hundred 
Mormon  families  living  in  that  County. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

Across  the  river  from  Montrose  was  the  little  town  of  Commerce, 
started  by  New  York  speculators;  this  the  Mormons  purchased, 
changing  its  name  to  Nauvoo.  Joseph  Smith,  their  Prophet,  came 
from  imprisonment  in  Missouri  and  pronounced  Nauvoo  the  seat  of 
the  church.  As  the  Mormons  gathered  into  it  from  all  sides,  it  soon 
grew  to  be  a  large  city  and  the  foundation  of  a  large  temple  was 
laid.  Great  numbers  of  converts  came  from  England  and  joined  the 
Nauvoo  colony. 

A  revelation  in  July,  1843,  permitting  a  plurality  of  wives,  raised 
a  storm  of  indignation  in  the  surrounding  settlements,  and  it  was 
charged  tRat  the  Mormons  harbored  criminals.  Joseph  Smith  was 
arrested  in  June,  1844,  with  other  leaders.  The  arrests  had  been  made 
by  a  company  of  soldiers  on  order  of  Governor  Ford,  of  Illinois.  The 
Mormon  leaders  were  lodged  in  jail  at  Carthage  and  charged  with 
riot.     On  the   27th   a  mob  numbering  about  two  hundred  men,   dis- 


74  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

guised  as  Indians,  attacked  the  guards  at  the  jail,  overpowered  them, 
broke  down  the  door,  killing  Joseph  Smith  and  his  brother,  Hiram, 
and  severely  wounding  several  others.  Conflicts  frequently  arose  be- 
tween the  citizens  and  the  Mormons,  some  of  whom  had  purchased 
claims  and  settled  on  the  half-breed  lands  in  Iowa.  Although  the  Mor- 
mons had  built  a  city  of  nearly  20,000  at  Nauvoo  and  erected  a  tem- 
ple for  public  worship  and  had  become  the  owners  of  valuable  farms 
in  the  vicinity,  their  lives  and  property  were  almost  continually  in 
jeopardy.  They  finally  determined  to  abandon  all  and  seek  safety 
by  emigration.  Their  religion  and  peculiar  social  practices  were  so 
obnoxious  to  their  neighbors,  that  they  realized  the  necessity  of  col- 
onizing their  people  in  distant,  unsettled  regions,  if  they  would 
secure  religious  liberty. 

In  1845  they  began  to  dispose  of  their  property  and  prepared  to 
emigrate  Westward  into  Iowa.  Brigham  Young,  who  had  succeeded 
Smith,  led  the  main  body  across  the  river,  beginning  the  journey  in 
February,  1846.  A  large  number,  including  many  sick,  aged  and  poor, 
had  to  be  left  behind  until  a  new  home  could  be  provided.  The  trans- 
fer of  16,000  into  Iowa  was  finally  completed.  The  line  of  3,000 
wagons,  30,000  head  of  cattle,  horses  and  mules,  large  herds  of  sheep, 
and  the  thousands  of  men,  women  and  children  made  up  such  a 
caravan  as  had  never  before  been  seen  in  America. 

Heavy  cold  rains  fell  and  the  rich  black  soil  was  converted  into 
deep  mud.  But  two  or  three  miles  could  be  made  some  days  be- 
fore the  weaker  gave  out,  and  a  camp  had  to  be  made  on  the  wet 
ground  where  death  came  often  to  end  the  suffering  of  the  sick. 
The  burials  were  pathetic.  In  place  of  a  coffin  the  body  was  enclosed 
in  bark  stripped  from  green  logs  and  buried  in  a  hollow  trench  and 
the  grave  was  marked  by  a  post. 

In  April,  1846,  the  first  party  stopped  in  what  is  now  Decatur 
County  and  built  rude  log  houses  for  shelter,  while  breaking  up  the 
prairie  to  raise  crops  upon  which  to  subsist  when  they  should  re- 
sume their  march.  This  settlement  they  named  Garden  Grove,  and 
here  several  hundred  made  a  temporary  home  for  such  as  were  too 
weak  to  travel.  When  the  high  bluffs  of  Grand  River  were  reached, 
in  what  is  now  Union  County,  on  the  17th  day  of  June,  seven  hundred 
of  the  Mormons  determined  to  stop  and  raise  crops  to  supply  pro- 
visions for  themselves  and  those  who  were  to  follow  them.  They 
selected  a  ridge  on  the  Bast  side  of  Grand  River.  Here  they  built  log 
cabins  and  dug  caves  in  each  side  of  the  long  street  on  the  summit  of 
the  ridge. 

A  mill  was  built  by  their  mechanics ;  native  boulders  were  dressed 
into  mill  stones  and  the  machinery  run  by  horse  power.  They  erected 
a  tabernacle  in  the  grove  and  provided  a  cemetery  in  which  their 
numerous  dead  were  buried.    A  great  spring  on  the  East  slope  of  the 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  75 

ridge  furnished  an  abundance  of  pure  water  for  the  entire  population 
of  "Mount  Pisgah,"  the  name  they  gave  to  the  place. 

During  the  two  and  a  half  years  the  Mormons  occupied  this  place, 
thousands  of  their  brethren  found  it  a  most  welcome  resting  place 
on  their  journey  Westward.  The  remnant  left  at  Nauvoo  were  perse- 
cuted beyond  endurance  by  the  people  who  had  flocked  into  the  city 
after  the  mian  body  of  the  Mormons  had  left,  and  on  the  17th  of 
September  they  were  driven  out.  Crossing  the  river  under  the  lead 
of  Heber  C.  Kimball,  wagons  and  hand  carts  were  procured  and  in 
October  they  started  West. 

The  women  and  children  suffered  from  insufficient  clothing  and 
food.  Traveling  over  the  prairie,  fording  swollen  streams,  amid 
floating  ict  and  fierce  snow  storms,  camping  nights  on  the  snow- 
covered  ground,  protected  only  by  tents,  their  sufferings  were  fearful. 
Sickness  from  exposure  prevailed  to  an  alarming  extent,  and  death 
by  the  wayside  ended  the  misery  of  hundreds. 

CHAPTER   XXIV. 

Their  route  was  made  conspicuous  by  the  graves  that  marked 
their  journey  through  Van  Buren,  Davis,  Appanoose,  Decatur  and 
Union  counties.  No  such  scenes  have  ever  been  witnessed  in  Iowa 
as  marked  the  winter  march  of  the  Mormon  refugees  over  its  un- 
settled prairies.  When  Mount  Pisgah  was  reached  they  found  rest 
and  shelter  and  kind  hands  to  minister  to  their  wants.  More  than 
four  hundred  men,  women  and  children  who  died  from  the  effects  of 
exposure  and  hardships  of  the  exodus  of  1846-7  were  buried  in  the 
Mormon  cemetery  at  that  place. 

The  Mormon  authorities  at  Salt  Lake  caused  a  monument  to  be 
erected  here  in  1888  to  the  memory  of  the  dead,  who  for  the  most 
part  sleep  in  unmarked  graves  in  this  inclosure.  On  the  monument 
are  inscribed  the  names  of  William  Huntington,  the  First  Presiding 
Elder  of  Mount  Pisgah,  and  sixty-seven  others.  The  cemetery  has 
long  been  in  charge  of  C.  A.  White.  It  is  often  visited  by  high  offi- 
cials of  the  Latter  Day  Saints  and  surviving  friends  of  those  who 
perished  during  the  exodus  of  1846-7.  A  number  of  the  Mormon  fam- 
ilies remained  at  Garden  Grove,  Mount  Pisgah,  Lost  Grove,  Sar- 
gent's Grove  and  Indiantown.  Others  made  claims  along  the  line  of 
march,  built  cabins  and  opened  farms.  But  the  main  body  pushed  on 
to  the  Missouri  River,  where  a  village  was  built  in  the  Southwest 
corner  of  Mills  County.  The  greater  number,  however,  went  North- 
ward and  located  on  Indian  Creek  and  built  a  town  near  where  Council 
Bluffs  now  stands,  which  they  named  Kanesville. 

In  the  persecution  which  the  Mormons  endured  in  the  early  years 
of  their  residence  in  the  Western  States  and  Territories,  Iowa  never 
joined.  Our  people  and  State  officials  have  respected  the  right  of 
American  citizens  to  hold  such  religious  opinions  as  they  chose  and 


76  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

to  enjoy  the  protection  of  our  laws.  Narrowness  and  bigotry  has 
never  flourished  in  Iowa.  Her  citizens  claim  the  utmost  freedom 
of  religious  opinion  for  themselves,  and  accord  the  same  rights  to 
others.  The  kind  treatment  of  the  Mormons  by  Governor  Lucas  is 
in  marked  contrast  with  that  of  the  officials  and  citizens  of  Missouri 
and  Illinois. 

In  1847  Brigham  Young  led  an  expedition  over  the  plains  to  Salt 
Lake,  where  he  selected  a  location  for  the  future  home  of  the  Mor- 
mons. In  June,  1848,  the  second  expedition,  consisting  of  six  hun- 
dred and  twenty-three  wagons  and  nearly  two  thousand  persons, 
joined  the  colony  at  Salt  Lake.  Elder  Orson  Hyde  was  their  leader. 
A  large  tabernacle  of  logs  was  erected  for  their  religious  meetings 
and  another  for  school  purposes.  The  farmers  among  them  settled 
along  the  creeks  and  in  the  groves,  and  opened  farms  to  supply 
provisions  for  the  colony.  During  the  year  1849  cholera  of  a  deadly 
type  was  brought  into  their  settlements  and  prevailed  for  nearly 
two  years.  The  people,  who  had  neither  experienced  physicians  nor 
suitable  medicines,  living  in  poor  cabins,  were  but  illy  prepared  to  en- 
counter this  terrible  pestilence.  Hundreds  died  without  medical  at- 
tendance. The  bluffs  were  thickly  dotted  with  newly  made  graves. 
Each  year  large  parties  of  Mormons  left  the  Iowa  settlement  to  join 
the  Salt  Lake  colony. 

An  imperative  order  was  issued,  in  1852,  for  all  to  emigrate  to 
Utah,  and,  disposing  of  their  houses  and  farms,  and  under  the  lead 
of  Elder  Orson  Hyde,  they  crossed  the  great  plains.  Some,  however, 
who  were  opposed  to  polygamy,  remained  in  Iowa  and  reorganized 
the  "Church  of  the  Latter  Day  Saints,"  and  finally  established  head- 
quarters at  Lamoni,  in  Decatur  County,  under  the  lead  of  Joseph 
Smith,  Jr.,  son  of  the  founder  of  the  Mormon  Church. 

The  first  State  Legislature  convened  at  Iowa  City  on  the  30tli  of 
November,  1846.  The  Senate  consisted  of  nineteen  members,  and 
elected  Thomas  Baker,  of  Polk  County,  President.  The  House  con- 
sisted of  forty  members,  and  elected  Jesse  B.  Browne,  of  Lee  County, 
Speaker.  The  Democrats  had  a  majority  in  the  Senate  and  the 
Whigs  a  majority  in  the  House.  But  local  issues  had,  in  Lee  County, 
overshadowed  party  considerations  to  such  an  extent  that  it  was 
doubtful  whether  the  Democrats  would  be  able  to  command  a  majority 
on  joint  ballot  for  their  candidates  for  Supreme  Judges  and  United 
States  Senators. 

The  Salaries  were  fixed  as  follows:  Governor,  $1,000;  Auditor, 
$600;  Secretary  of  State,  $500;  Treasurer,  $400;  Judges  of  the  Su- 
preme and  District  Courts,  $1,000  each.  For  the  purpose  of  defraying 
the  expenses  of  the  State  government  an  act  was  passed  authorizing 
the  issue  and  sale  of  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $55,000.  bearing  interest 
at  ten  per  cent  and  payable  in  ten  years. 

The   first   report  of  State   Officers,   made   at   the   close   of   1847, 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  77 

showed  taxable  property  valued  at  $11,277,139,  on  whicli  a  tax  of  two 
mills  should  raise  a  revenue  of  $22,554.25;  only  $15,788,  however, 
had  been  collected.  The  report  of  the  Treasurer  showed  the  total 
revenue  from  all  sources  to  be  $50,782.36,  and  the  amount  paid  out 
on  warrants  $59,184.36.  The  children  of  school  age  were  20,928,  of 
which  only  2,429  were  attending  school.  Congress  adopted  the  policy 
of  granting  lands  for  public  improvements  as  early  as  1802,  long  be- 
fore a  railroad  was  built.  When  a  grant  was  made  for  a  turnpike 
from  the  interior  of  the  State  of  Ohio  to  the  Ohio  River,  a  grant 
was  also  made  to  aid  the  construction  of  a  canal  in  Indiana.  Other 
grants  were  made  to  Ohio  and  Illinois  for  similar  purposes.  In  1829 
the  first  railroad  on  which  steam  was  used  was  built.  The  first 
grant  of  public  lands  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  a  railroad  in  the 
United  States  was  in  1833.  The  first  grant  of  public  lands  in  Iowa 
for  internal  improvement  was  in  1846,  to  aid  the  navigation  of  the 
Des  Moines  River.  It  was  every  alternate  section  for  five  miles  on 
each  side  of  the  river  from  its  mouth  to  its  source. 

Congress  made  the  first  grant  of  public  lands  to  aid  in  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  by  authorizing  the  State  of  Illinois  to  use  the 
land  theretofore  granted  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  canals. 

As  early  as  1837  the  people  of  Iowa  had,  through  the  efforts  of 
John  Plumb,  become  interested  in  a  project  for  building  a  great 
trunk  line  of  railroad  to  connect  the  Atlantic  States  with  the  Pacific 
Coast,  to  be  aided  by  a  grant  of  public  lands  along  the  route.  Such 
a  route  would  be  likely  to  pass  through  Iowa  and  open  up  its  inland 
prairies  to  settlement.  Asa  Whitney,  of  New  York,  who  projected 
a  line  of  railroad  across  the  great  plains  and  Rocky  Mountains  to 
the  Pacific  Coast  and  had  written  able  articles  showing  the  feasibil- 
ity of  such  a  line.  The  proposed  route  passed  through  Iowa  and  the 
citizens  of  our  State  felt  a  deep  interest  in  the  project  and  some  of 
the  far-seeing  men  believed  that  the  benefits  of  this  commercial  high- 
way might  be  secured  to  Iowa  by  prompt  action  in  obtaining  a  valua- 
ble land  grant  for  a  railroad  to  the  Missouri  River. 

In  1854  a  strong  movement  had  been  organized  in  the  State  by 
the  Prohibitionists  for  the  enactment  of  a  law  prohibiting  the  manufac- 
ture and  sale  of  intoxicating  liquor.  The  State  Temperance  Alliance 
had  delegated  to  Hiram  Price,  D.  S.  True  and  John  L.  Davies  the 
preparation  of  a  bill  to  be  presented  to  the  Legislature,  similar  to  the 
"Maine  Liquor  Law."  The  bill  was  drafted  with  great  care  and  sent 
to  Dr.  Amos  Witter,  a  Democratic  Representative  from  Scott  County, 
who,  on  the  13th  of  December,  1854,  introduced  it  into  the  House.  It 
met  with  active  opposition,  but  finally  passed  both  houses  and  was 
approved  by  Governor  Grimes.  One  of  its  provisions  required  the  act 
to  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people  at  the  following  April  elec- 
tion. The  vote  stood  25,555  for  the  law,  to  22,645  against.  Having 
thus  been  adopted  by  a  majority  of  2,910,  it  went  into  effect  on  the 


78  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

first  of  July  following.  The  act  prohibited  the  manufacture  and  sale 
of  intoxicating  liquors,  excepting  for  mechanical  or  medicinal  pur- 
poses. The  penalties  were  fine  and  imprisonment.  With  some  amend- 
ment and  modifications  this  law  remained  upon  the  statute  books  for 
more  than  forty  years. 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

Ansel  Briggs  was  the  first  Governor  of  the  State  of  Iowa.  He 
was  inaugurated  December  3,  1846,  and  the  first  legislature  convened 
In  1848  the  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  showed 
children  of  school  age  41,446,  of  which  but  7,077  were  in  the  public 
schools.  There  were  124  teachers  employed,  of  which  101  were  men 
and  23  women.  The  average  salary  of  the  men  was  $16.00  per  month, 
and  of  the  women  but  $9.00.  There  were  673  organized  school  dis- 
tricts. The  State  Library  contained  1,660  volumes,  one-third  of  which 
were  law  books.  The  expense  of  maintaining  the  Library  in  1847  was 
$109.31. 

The  first  homestead  law,  exempting  the  home  to  the  heads  of 
families  from  sale  for  debts  was  enacted  by  the  Second  General  As- 
sembly. The  usual  rate  of  interest  was  40  per  cent.  Governor  Briggs 
on  retiring,  congratulated  the  General  Assembly  and  the  people,  on 
the  settlement  by  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  of  our 
Southern  boundary.  The  claim  of  Iowa  being  allowed.  During  this 
session  the  following  Counties  were  created:  Union,  Adams,  Adair, 
Cass,  Montgomery,  Mills,  Bremer,  Butler,  Grundy,  Hardin,  Franklin, 
Wright,  Risley,  Yell,  Greene,  Guthrie,  Audubon,  Carroll,  Fox,  Sac, 
Crawford,  Shelby,  Harrison,  Monona,  Ida,  Waukon,  Humboldt,  Poca- 
hontas, Buena  Vista,  Cherokee,  Plymouth,  Floyd,  Cerro  Gordo,  Han- 
cock, Kossuth,  Palo  Alto,  Clay,  O'Brien,  Sioux,  Howard,  Mitchell, 
Worth,  Winnebago,  Bancroft,  Emmet,  Dickinson,  Osceola  and  Bun- 
comb. 

The  Code  of  1851  was  also  adopted.  The  volume  consisted  of  six 
hundred  and  eighty-five  pages.  The  report  of  the  Commission  with  dia- 
gram and  fieldnotes  of  the  survey  of  the  boundary  between  Iowa  and 
Missouri  was  also  filed  and  entered  of  record  in  the  House  Journal. 
The  entire  length  of  the  line,  so  established,  was  two  hundred  and 
eleven  miles  and  thirty-two  chains. 

The  census  of  1847  gave  Iowa  a  population  of  116,454.  The  Demo- 
crats carried  the  State,  at  the  Presidential  election  of  1848  by  a  small 
majority.  Hon.  Geo.  W.  Jones  and  T.  S.  Wilson  were  candidates  for 
United  States  Senator,  Jones  receiving  the  nomination  and  election. 
The  contract  had  been  let  for  rendering  the  Des  Moines  River  navi- 
gable, by  building  dams  and  locks,  from  the  Raccoon  Forks  to  the 
Missouri  River,  to  be  completed  March  1,  1850.  Much  was  expected 
from  this  improvement,  but  it  was  not  realized.    Efforts  were  also 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  79 

made  to  induce  Congress  to  make  appropriations  to  improve  the  Ma- 
quoketa.  Skunk,  Wapsipinicon  and  Iowa  Rivers. 

The  first  Exemption  Law,  providing  for  the  exemption  from  debt 
of  the  home  to  the  head  of  each  family,  was  passed  by  the  Legisla- 
ture of  1848.  The  Democrats  carried  the  election  in  1849  by  a  small 
majority.  In  this  year  the  California  gold  fever  set  in,  and  for  three 
or  four  years  the  Iowa  prairies  were  lined  with  immigration  wagons 
bound  for  the  gold  fields. 

In  1850  the  election  was  in  favor  of  the  Democrats.  The  plurality 
being  about'  2,000.  Stephen  Hempstead  of  Dubuque,  was  elected  Gov- 
ernor. The  financial  report  of  the  money  on  hand  and  received  for 
the  year  ending  November  4,  1850,  showed  amount  received  $90,444.33, 
paid  out  $90,442.94.  The  year  1851  was  remarkable  for  the  vast 
amount  of  rain  fall  all  over  the  State.  The  average  precipitation  was 
about  IZYz  inches.  Rivers  were  very  high  all  summer  and  low  lands 
were  converted  into  lakes.  In  order  to  keep  the  Sioux  Indians  at  bay. 
Fort  Dodge  was  selected  as  a  site  for  a  tort.  The  fort  was  erected  and 
manned  in  1849.  It  was  abandoned  in  1863  and  the  troops  sent  to 
Minnesota  to  build  a  new  fort  on  the  North  line  of  the  new  purchase 
made  from  the  Sioux  Indians. 

At  the  Presidential  election  in  1852  the  Democrats  carried  the 
State,  Pierce  securing  17,762  and  Scott  15,856.  Geo.  W.  Jones  was 
elected  Senator  for  six  years. 

February  22,  1854,  thousands  assembled  at  Rock  Island  to  witness 
the  arrival  of  the  first  train.  At  five  o'clock  P.  M.  the  whistle  of  the 
engine  St.  Clair  was  heard.  A  great  shout  went  up  from  the  crowd. 
The  booming  of  cannons  and  sky  rockets  were  the  response.  Two 
other  trains  followed  in  rapid  succession.  Speeches  of  welcome  fol- 
lowed and  a  big  time  was  had  which  lasted  away  into  the  night.  In 
1853  the  Illinois  Legislature  incorporated  a  bridge  company,  to  build  a 
bridge  across  the  Mississippi  River  at  Rock  Island.  The  construction 
of  a  bridge  was  opposed  on  account  of  its  being  an  obstruction  to 
navigation,  but  the  courts  decided  in  favor  of  the  bridge.  The  work 
was  begun  in  1853  and  finished  in  1856.  In  1852  the  census  showed 
a  population  of  229,929.  At  the  election  of  1854  the  Whigs  won.  J. 
W.  Grimes  was  elected  Secretary  of  State. 

The  last  contest  between  Democrats  and  Whigs  occurred  in  1855. 
The  Whigs  won  by  a  majority  of  nearly  5,000.  But  before  the  next 
election  the  Whig  party  was  largely  absorbed  by  the  New  Republican 
party.  The  contest  in  Kansas  over  slavery  had  become  very  bitter. 
Thousands  of  people  from  slave  States  had  entered  the  territory  to 
aid  in  making  it  a  slave  state.  Immigration  from  the  Northern  States 
poured  in,  and  the  contest  between  the  Slavery  and  anti-Slavery  par- 
ties was  bitter  and  bloody.  Armed  collisions  were  frequent.  In  1856 
the  Legislature  passed  a  joint  resolution  in  opposition  to  the  extension 
of  slavery.    But  our  member  in  Congress  took  no  part  in  the  fierce 


80  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

discussion,  until  Harlan  and  Thorington  were  elected  by  the  free  soil 
Whigs  and  Abolitionists.  Those  were  the  first  Iowa  Congressmen  to 
oppose  the  aggressions  of  the  slave  powers. 

May  15,  1856,  Congress  made  a  grant  of  every  alternate 
section  for  three  railroads  running  from  Burlington,  Lyons  and 
Davenport,  respectively,  Westward  through  the  State.  The  grant 
to  be  subject  to  the  disposal  of  the  Legislature.  At  the  Presi- 
dential election  in  1856,  the  vote  stood  for  John  C.  Fremont 
(Republican)  45,196;  James  Buchanan  (Democrat)  37,663;  Filmore 
(Whig)  9,669.  The  vote  in  favor  of  a  Constitutional  Convention  was 
32,790  against  14,162.  The  most  important  changes  made  in  the  Con- 
stitution were  as  follows:  No  lease  of  agricultural  lands  valid  for 
more  than  twenty  years;  second.  Biennial  Sessions  of  the  Legislature 
were  to  begin  on  the  second  Monday  in  January  after  the  election  of 
members;  third,  time  of  the  general  election  changed  to  the  second 
Tuesday  of  October;  fourth,  a  majority  of  the  members  elected 
in  each  branch  of  the  General  Assembly  was  required  to  pass 
a  bill;  fifth,  local  or  special  laws  not  to  be  passed  on  certain  subjects, 
and  in  no  case  when  a  general  law  could  be  made  applicable;  sixth, 
no  money  to  be  appropriated  for  local  or  private  purposes,  unless  by 
a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  of  each  branch  of  the  general 
assembly;  seventh,  the  Senate  was  limited  to  fifty,  and  the  House  to 
one  hundred  members;  eighth,  the  office  of  Lieutenant-Governor  was 
created;  ninth,  the  office  of  Supreme  Judge  was  made  elective;  tenth, 
the  limit  of  State  indebtedness  was  increased  from  one  hundred  thou- 
sand to  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  In  case  of  insurrec- 
tion, invasion  or  defense  or  in  time  of  war  this  limit  might  be  ex- 
ceeded; eleventh,  banks  could  be  established  under  laws  enacted  by 
the  Legislature,  provided  such  laws  were  approved  by  a  majority  of 
the  whole,  at  a  general  or  special  election;  twelfth,  a  State  Board  of 
Education  was  created;  thirteenth,  the  Capitol  of  the  State  was  per- 
manently fixed  at  Des  Moines,  and  the  State  University  was  perma- 
nently located  at  Iowa  City;  fourteenth,  to  submit  to  a  vote  of  the 
people  a  proposition  to  strike  out  the  word  "white"  from  the  article 
on  Suffrage. 

The  census  of  the  year  1856  gave  Iowa  a  population  of  517,875. 
Iowa  was  now  very  prosperous.  Railroads  were  building  rapidly;  im- 
migration was  rushing  in  rapidly;  crops  were  good  and  prices  satis- 
factory. The  Committee  appointed  to  investigate  the  office  of  Super- 
intendent of  Public  Instruction,  reported  a  deficit  of  $65,150.8.  Al- 
though the  Sioux  Indians  had  sold  the  lands  about  the  head  water 
of  the  Little  Sioux,  they  were  reluctant  to  leave  it.  When  the  land 
was  being  surveyed  by  Mr.  Snarsh  of  Dubuque,  a  band  of  Sioux  Indians 
attacked  him,  and  compelled  him  and  his  party  to  cross  the  river  and 
leave  the  country,  after  destroying  his  wagon  and  instruments  and 
capturing  their  horses.    In  the  war  between  the  Sioux  and  Pottawat- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  81 

tamies  the  last  battle  was  fought  on  the  Lizard  in  Webster  County. 
The  Sioux  were  in  ambush  and  the  Pottawattamies  were  led  into  the 
trap.  They  fought  bravely  but  were  defeated  with  great  slaughter. 
The  survivors  who  reached  their  own  country  were  so  few  that  they 
made  no  more  raids  into  the  Sioux  district. 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

In  1847  a  desperado  named  Henry  Lott,  built  a  cabin  near  the 
mouth  of  Boone  River,  which  became  a  rendezvous  for  horse  thieves 
and  outlaws.  Horses  were  stolen  from  the  settlements  below  and 
from  the  Indians,  secreted  on  Lotfs  premises  and  from  there  taken 
to  the  eastern  part  of  the  State  and  sold.  In  1848,  Lott's  marauders 
stole  a  number  of  ponies  from  the  Sioux  Indians,  who  were  hunting 
along  the  river.  Si-dom-i-na-do-tah  and  six  of  his  party  tracked  the 
ponies  to  Lott's  settlement,  found  them  concealed  in  the  woods,  re- 
covered them  and  the  chief  ordered  Lott  to  leave  the  country  within 
five  days.  This  he  failed  to  do  and,  when  the  time  was  up,  the  Sioux 
chief  ordered  his  men  to  burn  the  cabin  and  kill  the  cattle.  Lott 
was  now  alarmed  and  fled  down  the  river  with  a  stepson,  abandoning 
his  wife  and  small  children.  Upon  reaching  the  Pea  settlement  in 
Boone  County,  he  spread  the  report  that  his  family  had  been  murdered 
by  the  Indians.  The  settlers  at  once  organized  a  party  to  punish  the 
Sioux.  Che-meuse,  a  Musquakie  chief,  was  at  Elk  Rapids,  sixteen 
miles  below,  with  several  hundred  of  his  band.  He  furnished  twenty- 
six  warriors  for  the  expedition,  which  was  placed  under  his  command 
and  piloted  by  Lott.  When  they  reached  his  claim  the  Sioux  had  gone, 
and  the  wife  and  children  of  Lott  were  there  without  food  or  shelter. 
A  son  twelve  years  old  had  attempted  to  follow  Lott  when  he  fled,  but 
after  wandering  twenty  miles  alone  had  perished  from  cold.  Lott  re- 
mained on  his  claim,  where  his  wife  died  during  the  year,  as  Lott  re- 
ported, from  exposure  and  abuse  from  the  Indians.  Lott  swore  ven- 
geance upon  the  Sioux  chief,  but  made  no  haste  to  execute  it.  In  the 
fall  of  1853,  he  and  a  son  passed  through  Fort  Dodge  with  an  ox  team 
and  a  wagon  loaded  with  provisions,  goods  and  three  barrels  of  whis- 
key. He  went  into  what  is  now  Humboldt  County  and  built  a  cabin 
on  the  bank  of  the  creek  which  has  since  been  named  Lott's  Creek. 

Here  he  opened  trade  with  the  Indians  in  goods  and  whiskey.  In 
January,  1854,  Lott  learned  that  Si-dom-i-na-do-tah  and  family  were 
camped  on  another  creek  since  named  Bloody  Run.  Lott  and  his  son 
went  to  the  camp  of  the  Sioux  chief.  Finding  the  chief  did  not  recog- 
nize him,  Lott  professed  friendship  for  the  Indians.  He  told  the  chief 
that  there  was  a  large  herd  of  elk  on  the  river  bottom  and  induced 
him  to  set  off  to  find  them.  Lott  and  his  son  started  toward  their 
own  cabin,  but  as  soon  as  the  old  chief  was  out  of  sight,  they  skulked 
back,  hiding  in  the  tall  grass,  and  as  the  chief  returned  from  the  hunt 
they  shot  him  dead  as  he  rode  by  on  his  pony.    Then  they  stripped 


82  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

him  and,  disguising  themselves  as  Indians,  waited  until  night,  when, 
returning  to  the  Indian  tepees  ,they  gave  the  war  cry,  and  when  the 
Indian  women  and  children  came  out  in  alarm,  they  butche:ud  them 
one  by  one. 

The  victims  were  the  wife,  children  and  aged  mother  of  the  dead 
chief,  and  two  orphans  living  with  them.  One  little  girl  hid  in  the 
grass  and  escaped,  and  one  little  boy,  terribly  wounded  and  left  for 
dead,  recovered.  They  plundered  the  camp  of  every  article  of  value 
and  left  the  mutilated  bodies  of  their  victims  to  be  devoured  by 
wolves.  Returning  to  their  own  cabin,  they  burnt  it,  to  throv/  sus- 
picion on  the  Indians,  loaded  a  wagon  with  plunder  and  fled  down  the 
river.  Ink-pa-du-tah,  a  brother  of  the  murdered  chief,  was  encamped 
with  another  band  of  Sioux  Indians  a  few  miles  from  the  scene  of 
the  massacre.  A  few  days  later  he  discovered  the  dead  and  mangled 
bodies  of  his  mother,  brother  and  his  entire  family. 

A  careful  examination  by  Major  Williams,  of  Fort  Dodge,  and  Ink- 
pa-du-tah,  led  to  the  discovery  of  facts  which  left  no  doubt  that  Lott 
was  the  perpetrator  of  the  murders.  His  heavily  loaded  team  was 
tracked  down  the  river  on  the  ice  to  the  mouth  of  the  Boone.  Lott 
stated  that  he  had  been  driven  from  his  claim  by  the  Indians,  and  he 
here  sold  to  the  settlers  the  pony,  gun,  furs  and  other  property  be- 
longing to  his  victims.  Lott  hurried  on  his  flight  down  the  river,  leav- 
ing one  of  his  children  at  T.  S,  White's,  six  miles  below  Fort  Dodge, 
and  his  two  little  girls  at  Dr.  Hull's  in  Boone  County. 

Major  Williams,  with  several  of  the  Indians,  followed  rapidly  on 
their  trail,  hoping  to  overtake  and  arrest  them.  But  they  having  sev- 
eral days  start,  left  the  Des  Moines  River,  struck  out  westward  upon 
the  unsettled  prairie,  crossed  the  Missouri  River  north  of  Council 
Bluffs  and  disappeared  on  the  great  plains. 

Several  years  afterwards,  it  was  learned  by  a  letter  from  his  son 
that  Henry  Lott  met  his  fate  at  the  hands  of  the  "Vigilance  Commit- 
tee" for  crime  committed  in  the  gold  regions.  Ink-pa-du-tah  brooded 
sullenly  over  the  cruel  murder  of  his  mother  and  brother,  believing 
that  some  of  the  white  settlers  were  parties  to  the  massacre  and  had 
aided  Lott  and  his  son  to  escape.  The  head  of  the  murdered  chief  was 
taken  to  Homer,  by  some  unknown  barbarous  wretch  and  nailed  on  the 
outside  of  a  house.  Upon  learning  this  the  Sioux  were  highly  incensed 
and  threatened  revenge.  These  facts  were  all  procured  from  Major 
Williams,  who  had  been  active  in  his  efforts  to  bring  the  murderers 
to  justice,  and  was  familiar  with  the  true  history  of  the  massacre. 
fQ)i-pa-du-tah  never  manifested  friendship  for  the  whites  after  this  mur- 
der of  his  relatives,  but  looked  upon  them  as  treacherous  enemies. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  he  determined  to  bide  his  time  for  retalia- 
tion, which  resulted  a  few  years  later  in  the  Spirit  Lake  massacre. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  83 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

During  1855-6,  adventurous  pioneers  explored  the  valley  of  the 
Little  Sioux  and  made  claims  at  different  places  near  the  river.  They 
built  cabins  and  settled  with  their  families  at  Correctionville,  Wood- 
bury County,  Pilot  Rock,  in  Cherokee;  Peterson  and  Gillett's  Grove,  in 
Clay  County. 

An  Irish  colony  located  near  Medium  Lake,  on  the  west  fork  of 
the  Des  Moines  River,  in  Palo  Alto,  and  a  Mr.  Granger  had  built  a 
cabin  in  Emmet  County,  near  the  north  line  of  the  State.  A  small 
colony  had  ventured  farther  up  the  river  and  made  a  settlement  in 
Minnesota,  called  Springfield.  Asa  C.  and  Ambrose  A.  Call,  brothers, 
had  settled  near  the  present  town  of  Algona,  on  the  east  fork  of  the 
Des  Moines  River,  in  1854.  The  settlements  of  Okoboji  and  Spirit 
Lake,  in  Dickinson  County,  had  been  made  in  1856,  and  embraced 
about  fifty  persons.  Most  of  the  Indians  had  by  this  time  removed 
from  Northwestern  Iowa,  but  parties  frequently  returned  to  hunt  and 
fish  at  their  favorite  resorts  of  former, years.  Ink-pa-du-tah,  who  often 
came  with  his  band,  had  professed  friendship  for  the  whites  in  these 
isolated  settlements,  but  those  who  were  best  acquainted  with  the 
treachery  of  the  Indian,  were  apprehensive  that  some  day  he  would 
take  revenge  upon  them  for  the  murder  of  his  relatives  by  Lett. 

The  winter  of  1856-7  was  one  of  unusual  severity.  Continuous 
storms  swept  over  the  prairies,  covering  them  with  a  depth  of  snow 
that  made  travel  very  difficult.  They  continued  late  into  March,  filling 
the  ravines  with  drifts  so  deep  that  communication  between  the  scat- 
tered settlements  was  almost  impossible  for  weeks  and  months.  The 
colony  was  short  of  provisions  and  it  was  difficult  to  replenish.  Ink- 
pa-du-tah  had  carefully  noted  the  condition  of  the  settlers  and  with 
the  ferocious  and  relentless  cruelty  of  his  race,  laid  his  plans  to  visit 
an  awful  retribution  upon  the  countrymen  of  Henry  Lott.  It  mattered 
not  that  these  settlers  were  innocent  of  any  part,  knowledge,  or  sym- 
pathy with  the  murders;  they  were  of  the  white  race  to  which  Lott 
belonged  and  their  lives  must  atone  for  his  crime. 

During  the  summer  of  1856,  Ink-pa-du-tah,  with  his  band,  had 
visited  most  of  these  frontier  settlements  and  carefully  noted  their 
helplessness  in  case  of  a  sudden  attack.  In  February,  1857,  the  Sioux 
chief  selected  about  thirty  of  his  warriors  and,  accompanied  by  their 
squaws,  to  allay  suspicion  on  the  part  of  the  settlers,  started  up  the 
l^ittle  Sioux  Valley.  The  chief  sent  detached  parties  to  the  settlers' 
cabins  to  take  their  arms,  ammunition,  provisions  and  cattle,  and  leave 
them  defenseless  and  destitute.  The  weather  was  cold  and  the  snow 
was  deep,  the  settlers  few  and  widely  separated,  beyond  reach  of  aid, 
and  were  compelled  to  submit  to  every  outrage  the  Sioux  chose  to  per- 
petrate.    Resistance  would  have  brought  certain  death. 

As  the  Indians  advanced  their  depredations  began  to  assume  a 
savage  character.    At  Gillett's  Grove  ten  armed  warriors  forced  an 


84  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

entrance  into  a  house  occupied  by  two  families,  seized  the  women  and 
girls  and  subjected  them  to  horrible  outrages.  They  destroyed  the 
furniture  and  beds,  killed  the  cattle  and  hogs  and  robbed  the  terrified 
families  of  every  article  they  took  fancy  to.  Near  midnight  the  set- 
tlers fled  through  the  deep  snow  wandering  for  thirty-six  hours,  thinly 
clad,  until  they  reached  the  house  of  Abner  Bell,  the  nearest  neighbor, 
utterly  exhausted  and  nearly  frozen  to  death.  The  Indians  went  from 
cabin  to  cabin,  perpetrating  outrages  too  horrible  to  relate,  carrying 
off  some  of  the  girls  to  their  camps  where  they  were  held  until  the 
savages  moved  on.    Up  to  this  time,  however,  no  one  had  been  killed. 

Fort  Dodge  was  seventy  miles  distant  and  Abner  Bell,  Mr.  Weaver 
and  Wilcox  started  through  the  deep  snow  for  that  town.  Their  story 
of  the  Indian  outrages  created  great  indignation  and  excitement,  as 
all  realized  that  the  frontier  settlements  were  in  imminent  danger. 
The  pioneers  who  built  the  first  cabins  in  the  beautiful  groves  that 
line  the  shores  of  Okoboji  and  Spirit  Lakes,  were  Rowland  Gardner 
and  Harvey  Luce,  his  son-in-law.  They  had  recently  emigrated  from 
the  State  of  New  York.  Crossing  the  prairies  in  their  canvas-covered 
wagons  drawn  by  oxen,  they  found  no  settlement  west  of  Algona,  but 
continued  on  westward  until  the  evening  of  July  16,  1856,  when  they 
camped  on  the  beautiful  shore  of  West  Okoboji.  They  were  so  en- 
chanted with  the  beauty  of  the  lakes,  forest  and  prairie  that  they 
decided  to  here  make  their  homes.  They  explored  the  country  about 
them  and  found  the  clear  blue  waters  of  Okoboji  fringed  by  alternate 
stretches  of  sandy  beach,  pebble  shores,  walls  of  bowlders  and  forests 
reaching  down  to  the  water's  edge.  Away  in  the  distance  were 
prairies,  while  eastward  were  other  lakes  and  groves.  Not  a  sign  of 
human  habitation  or  smoke  of  camp  fire  was  to  be  seen  in  any  direc- 
tion from  the  highest  point  on  the  lake  shore.  They  were  the  sole 
inhabitants  of  the  paradise  they  had  discovered,  far  distant  from  the 
haunts  of  men.  Elk  and  deer  were  grazing  on  the  prairies.  Water 
fowls  were  coming  and  going  from  lake  to  lake.  Great  flocks  of 
prairie  chickens  were  seen  and  squirrels  and  birds  were  on  every 
side. 

They  selected  a  site  for  their  cabin  on  the  southeast  short  of  West 
Okoboji,  near  the  rocky  projection  since  known  as  Pillsbury  Point. 
The  families  consisted  of  Rowland  Gardner,  his  wife,  son  and  three 
daughters;  also  Harvey  Luce,  his  wife  and  their  two  little  children. 
The  first  human  beings  they  saw  after  locating  their  new  home,  was 
a  party  consisting  of  Dr.  I.  H.  Herriott,  Bestell  Snyder  and  William 
and  Carl  Granger,  who  camped  on  the  strait  separating  the  two  Oko- 
boji lakes.  They  were  the  first  white  men  to  paddle  a  canoe  on  these 
lakes.  Fascinated  by  the  beautiful  aspect  of  the  country  each  took 
a  claim  and  built  a  cabin  on  a  peninsula,  now  known  as  Smith's 
Point,  The  next  settlers  were  from  Delaware  County,  Iowa;  James 
H.  Mattocks,  his  wife  Mary  and  four  children.     They  built  a  cabin 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  85 

opposite  Granger's  on  the  slope  extending  down  toward  the  straits 
from  the  South  side.  Robert  Mathieson  and  a  son  lived  with  them. 
Both  of  these  cabins  overlooked  East  and  West  Okoboji  Lakes.  Some 
weeks  later  Joel  Howe,  his  wife  Millie,  with  six  children,  settled  on 
the  east  shor^  of  East  Okoboji.  A  daughter,  Lydia,  had  married  Alvin 
Noble,  and  they  had  a  son  two  years  old.  This  family,  with  Joseph 
M.  Thatcher  and  his  young  wife  Elizabeth,  with  their  infant  daughter, 
occupied  a  cabin  a  mile  north  of  Howe's,  at  the  upper  end  of  the 
grove.  A  trapper,  Morris  Markham,  boarded  with  Noble  and  Thatcher. 
These   people   were   all  from   Hampton,   in   Franklin   County. 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

Six  miles  northeast,  on  the  west  shore  of  Spirit  Lake,  William 
Marble  and  his  young  wife,  Margaret,  recently  married  in  Linn  Coun- 
ty, had  taken  a  claim  and  built  a  cabin.  These  made  a  settlement 
among  the  lakes,  separated  by  distances  of  from  one-half  to  six 
miles,  of  six  families,  in  which  were  living  sixteen  men,  eight  women 
and  fourteen  children.  This  little  colony  came  to  the  lakes  in  the 
summer  of  1856.  Early  in  February  their  supply  of  provisions  was 
nearly  exhausted.  It  was  a  long  perilous  journey  to  the  nearest 
settlements  where  provisions  could  be  procured.  But  with  starva- 
tion staring  them  in  the  face,  Harvey  Luce  and  Joseph  M.  Thatcher 
started  for  Waterloo  with  an  ox  team  and  sled  for  supplies.  After 
a  journey  over  trackless  prairies,  working  their  way  through  snow 
drifts,  they  reached  Waterloo,  loaded  their  sled,  started  on  their  re- 
turn and  reached  a  cabin  ten  miles  below  Emmetsburg,  where  their 
team  gave  out.  Thatcher  remained  here  several  days  to  rest  the 
oxen,  but  Luce,  feeling  anxious  about  his  family,  determined  to  go  on. 
Here  he  found  Jonathan  Howe,  Enoch  Ryan  and  Robert  Clark,  who 
joined  him  on  his  homeward  journey.  Jonathan  was  a  son  of  Joel 
Howe;   Clark  and  Ryan  were  young  men. 

After  a  fatiguing  journey  through  snow  drifts  and  blizzards,  Luce 
and  his  three  companions  reached  the  Gardner  cabin  on  the  evening 
of  March  6th.  The  day  after  their  arrival  the  weather  moderated, 
and  Mr.  Gardner  concluded  to  go  to  Fort  Dodge  for  provisions.  As 
the  family  sat  down  to  an  early  breakfast,  the  cabin  door  was  opened 
and  fourteen  Indians  walked  in,  led  by  Ink-pa-du-tah.  They  professed 
friendship  until  they  had  eaten  all  of  the  food  in  the  house,  when 
they  attempted  to  seize  the  guns  and  ammunition.  Luce  resisted 
them  and  a  most  unequal  struggle  began.  Dr.  Herriott  and  Carl 
Snyder  now  entered  and  seeing  four  determined  men  the  savages 
withdrew.  Believing  that  the  settlement  was  in  danger,  Mr.  Gardner 
urged  the  young  men  to  notify  all  of  the  neighbors  to  assemble  at 
the  Gardner  house,  which  was  the  largest  and  strongest,  and  there 
defend  themselves,  should  the  Indians  become  hostile.  The  young 
men  thought  there  was  no  danger  and  soon  after  went  to  their  cabin. 


86  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

The  Indians  prowled  around  until  near  noon  when  they  ap- 
proached the  Mattocks  cabin,  driving  Gardner's  cattle  and  shooting 
them  on  the  way.  Gardner,  Luce  and  Clark  now  foresaw  the  danger 
and  made  a  heroic  effort  to  warn  their  neighbors.  Mr.  Gardner  re- 
mained to  protect  his  family,  while  Luce  and  Clark  started,  about 
two  o'clock,  to  give  the  alarm.  Soon  after,  the  rapid  firing  of  guns 
at  the  Mattocks  house  and  the  screaming  of  the  terrified  women 
warned  the  Gardner  family  that  the  work  had  begun.  Mr.  Gardner 
now  barricaded  the  door  and  prepared  to  defend  his  family  to  tne 
last,  but  his  wife,  who  still  had  hope  that  the  Indians  would  spare 
them  for  the  many  acts  of  kindness  in  times  past,  begged  of  her 
husband  not  to  fire  upon  them.  The  Indians  now  forced  their  way 
into  the  house  and  shot  Mr.  Gardner,  killing  him  instantly.  They 
then  turned  upon  the  women  and  children  and  beat  their  brains  out 
with  clubs;  the  only  one  spared  was  Abbie,  the  daughter,  fourteen 
years  of  age.  The  terrified  child  begged  of  the  savages  to  kill  her, 
too,  as  she  could  not  endure  the  thought  of  the  terrible  tortures  and 
outrages  inflicted  on  helpless  prisoners.  But  heedless  of  her  entreaties, 
they  dragged  her  away,  while  the  moans  of  her  dying  mother,  sister 
and  brother,  filled  her  with  anguish  and  horror.  At  the  Mattocks 
house  a  brave  resistance  was  made.  When  the  attack  began  Dr. 
Herriott  and  Carl  Snyder  seized  their  guns  and  hastened  to  the 
assistance  of  their  neighbors.  But  outnumbered  five  to  one  as  they 
were  by  the  Sioux  warriors,  there  was  no  hope  of  successful  resist- 
ance. The  five  men  fought  here  with  bravery  unsurpassed,  to  save 
the  women  and  children,  and  as  they  fell  one  by  one,  with  rifles 
grasped  in  their  nands,  the  terror  of  those  remaining,  for  whom  their 
lives  had  been  given,  was  appalling. 

When  Abbie  was  dragged  to  this  scene  of  slaughter  the  mangled 
bodies  of  the  five  men,  two  women  and  children  were  lying  about 
the  burning  cabin,  while  the  shrieks  of  other  children  roasting  in 
the  flames,  made  a  succession  of  horrors  too  hideous  for  description. 
No  witness  survived  to  tell  the  fearful  story  of  the  heroic  fight  and 
bloody  massacre  here,  but  eleven  mutilated  bodies  were  left  to  mark 
the  spot.  A  careful  examination  of  the  vicinity  later,  by  the  party 
who  buried  the  dead,  throws  some  light  upon  the  struggle. 

Dr.  Herriott  and  Carl  Snyder  doubtless  heard  from  their  cabin 
the  shrieks  of  the  women  and  children,  when  the  attack  began  at 
the  Mattocks  house.  Then  came  the  reports  of  firearms  as  Mr. 
Mattocks,  Mathieson  and  the  young  man  seized  their  rifles  and  fought 
desperately  against  the  savages.  Dr.  Herriott  and  young  Snyder 
might  have  escaped  now  by  flight  but,  heroic  men  as  they  were,  no 
such  attempt  was  made.  With  rifle  in  hand  they  hurried  to  the 
rescue,  regardless  of  overwhelming  numbers.  At  the  first  fire  Dr. 
Herriott  brought  down  one  of  the  Sioux  warriors;  then  rushing  into 
the  thickest  of  the  fight,  the  two  brave  men  shattered  their  empty 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  87 

guns  over  the  heads  of  the  savages  in  a  vain  effort  to  save  the 
terror-stricken  women  and  children.  How  many  Indians  were  killed 
or  wounded  in  the  conflict  can  never  be  known.  Abbie  Gardner  be- 
lieves that  none  were  killed  and  but  one  was  wounded.  But  Major 
Williams,  the  veteran  commander  of  the  relief  expedition  that  buried 
the  dead,  is  of  a  different  opinion.  In  his  report  to  Governor  Grimes, 
made  on  the  12th  of  April,  immediately  after  the  return  of  the  burial 
party  to  Fort  Dodge,  he  writes: 

"The  number  of  Indians  killed  or  wounded  must  be  from  fifteen 
to  twenty.  From  the  number  seen  to  fall,  and  judging  from  the 
bloody  clothes  and  clots  of  blood  left  in  their  encampments,  the 
struggle  at  the  lakes  must  have  been  severe,  particularly  at  the 
house  of  Esquire  Mattocks.  Eleven  bodies  were  found  at  this  house, 
together  with  several  broken  guns.  They  appear  to  have  fought 
hand  to  hand." 

Luce  and  Clark,  who  started  from  the  Gardner  house  to  warn 
the  settlers,  went  toward  Mr.  Howe's.  They  were  overtaken,  shot 
down  and  scalped.  This  closed  the  first  day's  horrid  work  of  March 
8,  1857.  That  night  the  Sioux  warriors  celebrated  the  butchery  of 
twenty  men,  women  and  children,  keeping  time  in  their  war  dance 
to  the  beating  of  drums,  circling  over  the  blood-stained  snow  with 
unearthly  yells  among  the  mutilated  bodies  of  their  victims,  until 
exhausted  by  their  horrid  orgies.  Crouched  in  an  Indian  tepee,  Abbie 
Gardner,  the  only  survivor  of  the  first  day's  massacre,  prostrated  by 
grief  and  terror  and  the  awful  deeds  she  has  been  compelled  to  wit- 
ness, endured  such  anguish  as  seldom  falls  to  the  lot  of  human  being. 


CHAPTER  XXIX. 

While  this  awful  butchery  was  going  on,  the  neighbors  on  the 
east  side  of  the  lakes  had  no  warning  of  their  impending  danger. 
Luce  and  Clark  were  lying  dead  on  the  South  shore.  Mr.  Howe  had 
started  early  in  the  morning  of  the  9th,  wading  through  the  deep 
snow  drifts  toward  the  Gardner  cabin  to  borrow  flour.  He  was  met 
by  the  Indians  who  were  going  to  his  house  to  continue  their  work. 
They  shot  him,  then  severed  his  head  from  the  body  and  hurried  on 
to  his  cabin.  Mrs.  Howe,  her  son  Jonathan,  his  sister  Sardis,  and 
three  young  brothers,  all  unsuspicious  of  danger,  were  in  the  house. 
Suddenly  the  door  was  burst  open,  a  wild  rush  of  yelling  Indians 
with  gleaming  tomahawks  and  scalping  knives  filled  the  house,  and 
a  moment  later,  amid  screams  of  terror  and  moans  of  anguish,  the 
dead  and  dying  bodies  of  the  entire  family  were  lying  in  the  blood- 
stained snow.  The  Thatcher  cabin  was  next  visited.  There  the  In- 
dians found  Mr.  Noble,  his  wife  and  child,  Mrs.  Thatcher  and  her 
child  and  Mr.  Ryan.  Seeing  two  stout  stalwart  men  at  home,  the 
cowardly  savages  professed  friendship  as  they  entered  the  house. 
Noble  and  Ryan  were  thus  deceived,  when  the  Indians  suddenly  turned 


88  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

their  guns  upon  them  and  fired,  killing  both  men  before  they  could 
seize  their  rifles.  The  two  children  were  snatched  from  their  mother's 
arms  and  swinging  by  their  feet  against  a  tree  near  the  door,  dashing 
their  brains  out.  They  plundered  the  house,  killed  the  cattle  and 
hogs,  then  dragging  Mrs.  Noble  and  Mrs.  Thatcher  with  them,  started 
for  their  camp.  With  a  refinement  of  cruelty,  peculiar  to  their  race, 
they  took  Mrs.  Noble  back  to  the  Howe  cabin,  where  with  unspeak- 
able horror  she  saw  the  mangled  bodies  of  her  mother,  sister  and 
four  brothers.  Jacob,  her  thirteen  year  old  brother,  was  still  alive, 
and  while  the  Indians  were  killing  the  cattle,  she  endeavored  to  put 
him  in  a  bed  in  the  house,  hoping  he  might  be  saved,  but  the  sav- 
ages discovered  him  and  beat  his  brains  out  in  the  presence  of  his 
sister  who  was  unable  to  protect  him. 

The  Indians  remained  about  the  lakes  until  the  13th,  while  Will- 
iam Marble  and  his  young  wife  knew  nothing  of  the  terrible  fate  that 
had  overtaken  every  family  of  their  neighbors.  They  were  several 
miles  from  any  other  house,  and  had  heard  nothing  to  alarm  them. 
On  that  morning,  soon  after  breakfast,  as  Mrs.  Marble  relates,  looking 
out  of  the  cabin  window,  a  band  of  painted  and  armed  Indians  was 
seen  approaching.  They  came  into  the  house  and  professed  friend- 
ship. One  of  them  wanted  to  exchange  his  rifle  for  a  very  fine  one 
belonging  to  Mr.  Marble,  who,  fearing  to  offend  them,  agreed  to  the 
trade.  They  then  proposed  shooting  at  a  mark.  Mr.  Marble  fired  first 
and  stepped  forward  to  examine  the  target,  when  the  treacherous  sav- 
ages shot  him  in  the  back.  Mrs.  Marble,  who  had  been  anxiously 
watching  them  from  the  window,  in  fear  for  her  husband's  safety, 
sprang  out  with  piercing  screams  as  he  fell,  and  threw  her  arms 
around  her  murdered  husband,  in  the  agony  of  despair.  He  was  dead, 
and  she  was  alone,  in  the  hands  of  his  brutal  murderers.  They  flung 
her  aside  and  searched  the  body  of  their  victim,  taking  from  it  a  belt 
containing  $1,000  in  gold.  This  was  the  little  fortune  the  young 
couple  had  brought  with  them  to  improve  and  stock  the  beautiful 
site  for  a  farm  they  had  selected  on  the  banks  of  the  lake.  The  In- 
dians then  plundered  the  house,  took  Mrs.  Marble's  gold  watch  and 
placed  her  upon  a  pony.  In  one  brief  hour  the  young  wife  had  lost 
husband  and  home,  and  was  a  captive,  reserved  for  a  fate  worse  than 
death. 

The  Indians  with  their  plunder  joined  the  main  body,  and  here 
Mrs.  Marble  found  the  other  three  captive  women  and  leared  the  ter- 
rible fate  that  had  overtaken  the  entire  settlement.  They  realized 
now  that  none  were  left  to  effect  their  rescue.  They  prayed  for  death 
to  end  it  all  and  save  them  from  a  fate  too  awful  to  be  contemplated. 
They  were  soon  separated,  each  being  taken  to  a  different  lodge, 
where  their  hair  was  braided  and  their  faces  painted,  the  same  as 
the  Sioux  Squaws.     They  were  held  as  slaves  and  suffered  treatment 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  89 

as  brutal  as  has  ever  befallen  helpless  women  in  the  hands  of  sav- 
ages. 

Thus  did  Ink-pa-du-tah  bide  his  time,  and  did,  after  the  lapse  of 
more  than  three  years,  wreak  a  fearful  vengeance  upon  innocent 
white  families,  for  the  massacre  of  his  nearest  relatives  by  Henry 
Lott  and  his  son.  Not  a  person  was  left  in  the  entire  colony  at  the 
lakes  to  carry  the  news  of  the  great  tragedy  to  the  nearest  settlement. 
But  it  was  discovered  on  the  same  day  the  Howe,  Noble  and  Thatcher 
families  were  slaughtered. 

Morris  Markham,  who  lived  at  Noble's,  had  started  for  the  Des 
Moines  River  on  the  7th,  in  search  of  some  cattle  that  had  strayed 
away.  Returning  on  the  evening  of  the  9th,  cold,  hungry  and  ex- 
hausted, he  reached  the  Gardner  cabin  near  midnight.  It  was  cold 
and  dark,  and  Markham  was  surprised  to  find  the  doors  open  and  the 
house  deserted.  Upon  examination  he  came  upon  the  bodies  of  the 
family,  some  lying  upon  the  floor  and  others  about  the  yard.  Horror 
stricken  by  these  evidences  of  a  terrible  tragedy,  he  cautiously  went 
on  through  the  dark  forest  towards  the  Mattocks'  house.  When  near 
it  he  discovered  the  Indian  camps,  and  realized  that  the  fierce  Sioux 
had  appeared  in  his  absence  and  murdered  his  friends  and  neighbors. 
He  saw  the  smouldering  ruins  of  the  Matocks  cabin  and  the  mutilated 
bodies  of  other  settlers  lying  about.  He  turned  back  toward  the 
Howe  settlement,  hoping  against  hope  that  it  might  have  escaped 
the  massacre.  But  upon  reaching  Howe's  cabin  he  again  came  upon 
the  ghastly  bodies  of  women  and  children.  Markham  had  walked 
thirty  miles  since  morning,  through  deep  snow  without  food  or  rest. 
He  was  exhausted  and  his  feet  were  frozen.  He  managed  to  start  a 
fire  in  a  ravine,  not  far  away,  and  here,  without  shelter  or  food,  he 
spent  the  remainder  of  the  night,  not  daring  to  lie  down,  lest  he,  too, 
might  be  murdered  by  the  savages. 

CHAPTER   XXX. 

Before  daylight  he  started  for  Springfield,  Minn.,  eighteen  miles 
distant.  He  reached  that  place  completely  exhausted  and  spread  the 
news  of  the  fate  of  the  Okoboji  colony.  Fortunately  Markham's 
strength  held  out  to  warn  them  of  the  danger,  else  they  would  have 
shared  the  fate  of  their  neighbors.  After  a  consultation  the  people  de- 
cided to  gather  all  the  families  at  the  houses  of  Thomas  and  Wheeler 
for  mutual  protection.  Messengers  were  sent  to  Fort  Ridgely  for  aid. 
"^or  seventeen  days  the  settlers  at  Springfield  were  kept  in  suspense, 
ourly  expecting  an  attack  from  the  Indians.  There  were  sixteen 
ien,  women  and  children  at  the  Thomas  house  when  the  attack  be- 
gan.. Most  unexpectedly  the  Indians  found  the  people  prepared  to 
give  them  a  warm  reception. 

The  savages  dressed  one  of  their  number  in  citizen's  clothes,  and 
he  approached  the  Thomas  house  in  a  friendly  manner,  calling  the 


90  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

people  out  upon  a  cunning  pretext.  The  remainder  of  the  band  was 
concealed  behind  trees  in  the  forest  surrounding  the  cabin.  They 
opened  fire  upon  the  settlers  who  had  been  decoyed  outside.  The 
volley  mortally  wounded  a  little  boy  eight  years  old,  and  severely 
wounded  Mr.  Thomas,  David  Carver  and  Miss  Swanger.  There  were 
but  three  men  now  left  in  the  house  unhurt — Morris  Markham,  Jareb 
Palmer  and  John  Bradshaw.  Hastily  barricading  the  doors,  the  three 
men,  assisted  by  Mrs.  Thomas  and  Louisa  Church,  Eliza  Gardner  and 
Miss  Swanger,  prepared  for  a  vigorous  defense. 

The  wounded  had  succeeded  in  reaching  the  house,  except  little 
Willie  Thomas,  who  had  fallen  outside,  and  was  overlooked  in  the  ex- 
citement until  after  the  doors  were  barricaded.  Then  it  was  too  late 
to  rescue  him  without  endangering  the  lives  of  all.  His  father  was 
severely  wounded  and  his  mother  begged  piteously  to  be  permitted  to 
open  the  door  and  bring  him  in;  but  the  others  felt  it  would  be  cer- 
tain death  to  all  and  he  was  left  to  his  fate.  The  Indians  gradually 
crept  nearer  the  house  while  keeping  up  a  constant  fire  on  the  be- 
sieged settlers.  They,  however,  kept  in  shelter  of  the  log  stable  and 
large  trees.  Eliza  Gardner  and  Miss  Swanger  cast  bullets  and  loaded 
guns,  while  Mrs.  Church  took  the  place  of  one  of  the  wounded  men 
at  a  port-hole  and  fought  as  bravely  as  the  men.  Watching  a  tree  be- 
hind which  an  Indian  was  firing  upon  the  cabin,  Mrs.  Church  gave 
him  a  load  of  buckshot  as  he  was  aiming  his  rifle  at  the  house.  He 
fell  back  howling  into  the  snow.  So  the  fight  went  on  until  sunset, 
and  well  directed  shots  from  the  cabin  preventing  an  assault  by  the 
Indians.  At  dark  they  joined  others  of  the  band  who  were  butchering 
isolated  settlers. 

William  and  George  Wood,  who  kept  a  store  and  were  on  friendly 
terms  with  the  Indians,  were  confident  that  they  would  not  be  mo- 
lested and  refused  to  unite  with  their  neighbors  in  preparing  for  de- 
fense, as  they  discredited  Markham's  report  of  the  massacre  at  the 
lakes.  A  party  of  Sioux,  upon  their  arrival,  went  to  Wood's  store 
and  purchased  a  keg  of  powder  and  a  quantity  of  lead,  which  was 
used  in  the  siege  of  the  Thomas  house  and  in  the  slaughter  of  the 
Stewart  family.  The  Wood  brothers  suffered  a  fearful  penalty  for 
their  folly,  as  some  days  later  the  treacherous  Sioux  returned  to  the 
store,  shot  the  proprietors,  plundered  the  store  and,  piling  brush  over 
the  mutilated  bodies  of  the  victims,  set  it  on  fire.  Johnny  Stewart, 
a  little  eight-year-old  son  of  Joshua  Stewart,  had  escaped  into  the 
woods  when  the  family  was  massacred  by  the  Indians.  After  dark  he. 
made  his  way  to  the  Thomas  house  and  was  taken  in.  Soon  after 
Mr.  Sheigley  arrived.  There  were  now  seventeen  persons  in  tl, 
house,  three  of  whom  were  badly  wounded  and  In  need  of  medical  ai» 

•HI 

A  consultation  was  held,  and  it  was  determined  to  attempt  to  es- 
cape in  the  night.  Whether  they  should  stay  or  go,  there  was  but 
little  hope  of  escape  from  the  doom  that  had  overtaken  their  neigh- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  91 

bors.  They  believed  themselves  to  be  the  only  survivors  of  the 
colony.  No  aid  could  be  expected,  and  they  determined  to  try  to 
reach  the  nearest  settlement.  There  was  great  fear  that  the  Indians 
were  lurking  near  by  in  the  woods.  Some  one  must  venture  to  exam- 
ine. It  was  a  dangerous  undertaking  and  all  hesitated.  A  volunteer 
soon  offered  himself. 

It  was  the  brave  Morris  Markham,  who  had  discovered  the  mas- 
sacre at  the  lakes,  and  had  already  saved  the  lives  of  all  present  by 
warning  them  of  the  impending  danger.  He  told  his  companions  that 
if  he  discovered  Indians  he  would  warn  them  by  firing  his  gun,  and 
they  would  immediately  barricade  the  door  and  defend  themselves 
without  waiting  for  him.  He  stepped  out  into  the  darkness  and  dis- 
appeared. His  comrades  waited  with  intense  anxiety.  Markham 
crept  silently  through  the  snow  from  tree  to  tree,  listening  for  the 
first  movement  of  a  stealthy  foe.  He  cautiously  made  a  wide  circuit 
around  the  house  and  stable,  expecting  any  moment  to  hear  the 
crack  of  a  rifle  or  the  sudden  rush  of  armed  savages.  Half  an  hour 
passed  and  the  suspense  of  his  companions  in  the  house  seemed  un- 
endurable. Not  a  sound  reached  them,  and  they  began  to  fear  that 
he  had  been  tomahawked  by  the  stealthy  Sioux  before  he  could  fire 
the  gun. 

At  last  they  heard  approaching  footsteps  and  hastily  barricaded 
the  door.  Another  moment  of  intense  waiting  and  peering  through  the 
port-holes  with  loaded  guns,  when  they  heard  the  voice  of  Markham. 
He  informed  them  that  the  Indians  had  gone  and  he  had  found  a 
yoke  of  oxen  which  had  escaped  the  slaughter.  He  had  hitched  them 
to  a  sled  and  all  hands  hastened  to  bring  out  the  small  children,  the 
wounded,  blankets  and  provisions,  and  they  started  on  their  dan- 
gerous journey,  sorrowfully  leaving  the  dead  body  of  little  Willie 
Thomas  where  he  fell.  The  brave  women  tramped  through  the  deep 
snow,  following  the  well  armed  men  and  the  heavily  loaded  sled. 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

There  was  now  but  one  able-bodied  man  at  the  Wheeler  house,  J. 
B.  Skinner.  The  others  were  Mrs.  Skinner,  Mrs.  Nelson  and  her 
child,  Mrs.  Smith  and  her  crippled  husband,  whose  leg  had  recently 
been  amputated,  Mr.  Sheigney's  little  boy  and  Mr.  Henderson,  who 
had  lost  both  legs.  To  remain  now,  with  but  one  able-bodied  man  to 
defend  them,  until  the  Indians  returned  seemed  to  be  certain  death 
for  all.  They  had  no  team  and  no  way  to  carry  the  "wounded  men. 
Hard  as  it  was  they  had  to  abandon  Henderson  and  Smith  and  start 
through  the  deep  snow,  expecting  to  be  pursued  by  the  Indians  upon 
discovery  that  they  had  left  the  house.  In  their  haste  and  terror,  Mr. 
Sheigley's  little  boy  was  also  left  behind.  On  the  second  day  they  for- 
tunately fell  in  with  Markham's  party,  and  Mr.  Sheighley  learning  <hat 


92  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

his  little  boy  had  been  abandoned  in  the  iflght,  started  back  alone  to 
rescue  him. 

The  party  remained  two  nights  at  the  Granger  cabin,  waiting  the 
return  of  Mr.  Sheighley,  who  was  unable  to  find  his  boy  (a  neighbor 
who  had  escaped  the  massacre  rescued  him.)  The  next  day  the 
entire  party  left  for  Port  Dodge,  with  a  scanty  supply  of  food 
and  clothing  and  the  wounded  suffering  greatly  for  medical  assistance. 
At  night  all  slept  in  the  snow  without  shelter,  their  shoes  and  clothing 
wet  with  melting  snows  and  the  water  of  icy  streams.  Miss  Swanger, 
with  a  painful  bullet  wound  in  her  shoulder,  gave  up  her  place  on 
the  sled  to  the  children  and  marched  on  foot  through  the  snow.  The 
sufferings  of  the  entire  party  were  enough  to  exhaust  the  strongest 
men,  as  they  waded  through  the  deep  drifts  and  icy  waters  that  filled 
the  ravines  and  sloughs. 

The  news  of  the  massacre  at  the  lakes  was  carried  to  Fort  Dodge 
by  O.  C.  Howe,  R.  U.  Wheelock  and  B.  F.  Parmenter,  of  Jasper  County, 
who  had  taken  claims  the  fall  before  at  Spirit  Lake.  They  started  for 
the  lakes  early  in  March,  and  reached  the  Thatcher  cabin  on  the  15th. 
No  one  could  be  aroused  to  let  them  in,  but  upon  opening  the  door 
they  came  upon  the  lifeless  bodies  of  Noble  and  Ryan.  Horror 
stricken  by  the  sight,  they  next  approached  the  house  of  Mr.  Howe 
and  there  found  the  mutilated  bodies  of  seven  women  and  children. 
They  now  realized  that  the  Indians  had  probably  exterminated  the 
entire  settlement,  and  hastened  back  to  Fort  Dodge. 

The  horrible  news  aroused  the  people.  Prompt  action  was  taken 
to  organize  a  relief  expedition.  Major  Williams  issued  a  call  for  vol- 
unteers, and  in  three  days  one  hundred  men  were  enlisted.  So  in- 
tense was  the  desire  to  overtake  and  punish  the  savages,  that  the 
little  army  started  out  in  haste,  poorly  equipped  for  a  long  winter 
march.  The  winter,  which  had  been  the  severest  on  record,  was 
still  unbroken. 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

The  snow  storms  had  continued  for  months.  Sloughs  and  ravines 
were  filled  to  a  great  depth.  But  few  tents  could  be  procured  and  the 
blankets,  clothing  and  provisions  that  were  hastily  collected  were  in- 
sufficient for  such  an  expedition.  Major  Williams,  the  commander, 
was  a  vigorous  man  though  sixty-two  years  old.  He  had  been  com- 
missioned two  years  before  to  act  at  discretion  in  any  trouble  that 
might  arise  with  the  Indians.  Howe,  Parmenter  and  Wheelock  joined 
the  expedition  at  Fort  Dodge;  J.  M.  Thatcher,  at  the  Irish  colony, 
Morris  Markham,  John  Bradshaw  and  Jareb  Palmer  turned  back  with 
it,  after  conducting  the  Springfield  refugees  to  safety.  A  hard  crust 
on  the  snow  rendered  their  march  slow  and  difficult.  At  the  close  of 
the  second  day  the  party  camped  at  Dakota,  in  Humboldt  County,  but 
eighteen  miles  from  Fort  Dodge.  From  this  place  onward  the  obstruc- 
tions, hardships  and  sufferings  increased.    In  many  places  the  ravines 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  93 

were  filled  with  snow  in  depth  of  from  ten  to  twenty  feet,  in  which 
the  teams  were  helpless.  Long  ropes  had  to  be  fastened  to  the 
floundering  horses  and  they  were  pulled  through  by  the  men  one  at  a 
time.  The  loaded  wagons  were  drawn  through  in  a  similar  manner. 
Sometimes  it  required  the  entire  brigade  to  haul  one  loaded  wagon 
through  the  immense  drifts.  Often  the  men  were  compelled  to  wade 
two  abreast  in  long  lines  up  to  their  waists  in  snow,  to  break  a  road 
for  the  teams  and  wagons. 

On  the  third  night  the  expedition  was  compelled  to  camp  on  the 
unsheltered  prairie  in  the  deep  snow,  without  fuel,  with  a  bleak  north- 
west wind  sweeping  down  upon  the  exhausted  men.  They  made  a 
supper  of  crackers  and  raw  pork,  chained  the  oxen  to  the  wagons, 
which  were  arranged  close  together  to  break  the  wind,  while  the  men 
crowded  together  on  their  beds  of  snow,  to  keep  from  freezing.  The 
next  day  was  a  repetition  of  the  hardships  until  night,  when  they  were 
able  to  reach  the  shelter  of  McKnight's  Grove,  where  they  found 
plenty  of  fuel  to  cook  their  food  and  cabins  in  which  to  sleep. 

On  the  morning  of  the  2Sth  after  roll  call.  Major  Williams  made 
a  brief  address  to  his  men,  alluding  to  the  hardships  encountered  and 
complaints  of  some  of  the  faint-hearted.  He  told  them  plainly  that 
great  sufferings  were  ahead  of  them  and  if  any  lacked  the  courage  or 
endurance  to  encounter  them,  now  was  the  time  to  say  so  and  return 
to  their  homes.  Nine  men  turned  their  steps  homeward,  leaving  the 
command  with  weakened  ranks  to  face  the  dangers  ahead.  No  rec- 
ord has  been  kept  of  the  names  of  these  deserters. 

On  the  29th,  the  little  army  reached  the  Irish  colony,  near  where 
Emmettsburg  now  stands,  and  exchanged  some  of  their  worn  out 
teams  for  fresh  animals.  They  were  also  reinforced  by  several 
young  men,  bringing  the  number  of  the  command  up  to  one  hundred 
and  twenty-five.  Dr.  Strong,  who  had  deserted  his  wife  and  child,  was 
found  here,  but  could  not  be  persuaded  to  join  the  relief  expedition. 
Mr.  Williams,  expecting  soon  to  get  within  reach  of  the  Indians,  sent 
a  company  of  nine  picked  men  in  advance  as  scouts.  They  were  Car- 
penter, Mason,  Thatcher,  Church,  Laughlin,  Hathaway,  Defore  and 
Johnson,  under  command  of  Lieutenant  Maxmell.  They  carried  corn 
bread  to  last  three  days.  This  was  the  30th  of  March,  and  traveling 
northward  about  twelve  mtles,  upon  reaching  an  elevation,  one  of  the 
company  shouted  "Indians!"  Far  away  could  be  seen  a  party  twice 
as  large  as  their  own,  slowly  advancing.  Lieutenant  Maxwell  quickly 
formed  his  men  in  line  for  the  attack,  and  followed  a  high  ridge  to 
keep  in  sight  of  the  enemy,  as  the  approaching  party  was  seen  to  be 
preparing  for  battle.  Coming  nearer,  Mr.  Church,  who  was  in  ad- 
vance, suddenly  dropped  his  gun,  sprang  forward,  exclaiming,  "My 
God!  there's  my  wife  and  babies!" 

Governor  Carpenter  described  the  scene  that  followed: 

"They  had  surrounded  the  ox-sled  in  an  attitude  of  defense,  'as 


94  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

they  had  supposed  us  to  be  Indians,  and  had  resolved,  if  overpowered, 
never  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  the  savages  alive.  On  discovering  that 
we  were  friends,  such  a  heartrending  scene  I  never  before  witnessed, 
as  the  relatives  and  friends  of  the  refugees  had  supposed  they  were 
dead.  In  the  party  were  Mrs.  W.  L.  Church  and  her  children;  her 
sister,  Drusella  Swanger,  shot  through  the  shoulder;  Mr.  Thomas, 
who  had  lost  an  arm;  Mr.  Carver,  also  severely  wounded  in  the  fight 
at  Springfield;  Mrs.  Dr.  Strong  and  child,  who  had  been  deserted  by 
her  craven  husband.  In  the  haste  of  their  flight  they  had  taken  but 
few  provisions  and  scanty  clothing.  The  women  had  worn  out  their 
shoes;  their  dresses  were  torn  into  fringe  about  the  ankles;  the  chil- 
dren were  crying  with  hunger  and  cold;  the  wounded  were  in  a  deplor- 
able condition  for  want  of  surgical  aid.  Their  food  was  entirely  ex- 
hausted; they  had  no  means  of  making  fire;  their  blankets  and  cloth- 
ing were  wet  and  frozen;  and  in  their  exhausted  condition  it  is 
hardly  possible  that  many  of  them  could  have  survived  another  night's 
exposure  from  the  fearful  storm  then  coming  on.  The  refugees  were 
so  overcome  by  the  sudden  transition  from  deadly  peril  and  impend- 
ing death  that  seemed  to  confront  them,  changed  in  an  instant  to  re- 
lief in  their  desperate  extremity,  that  they  sank  down  in  the  snow, 
crying  and  laughing  alternately,  as  their  deliverers  gathered  around 
them.  If  nothing  more  had  been  accomplished  by  the  relief  expe- 
dition, every  member  felt  that  the  salvation  of  eighteen  perishing 
refugees,  from  almost  certain  death  from  exposure  and  starvation, 
had  richly  repaid  them  for  all  the  hardships  encountered." 

On  the  31st  the  expedition  pushed  northward,  finding  frequent 
indications  of  Indians,  until  it  reached  the  Granger  house,  on  the 
west  fork  of  the  Des  Moines  River,  near  the  Minnesota  line.  Here 
Major  Williams  learned  that  a  company  of  soldiers  from  Fort  Ridgely 
was  at  Springfield  for  the  protection  of  settlers,  and  that  the  Indians 
had  moved  on  westward.  As  the  bodies  of  the  murdered  victims  at 
the  lakes  were  unburied,  Major  Williams  called  for  volunteers  to  go  to 
the  lakes  and  bury  the  mutilated  bodies.  Twenty-three  brave  men 
promptly  stepped  forward  and  volunteered  to  go  on  the  perilous  mis- 
sion. April  2nd  the  command  separated,  the  main  body  under  Major 
Williams  turned  back  to  the  Irish  colony,  while  Captain  Johnson's 
party  started  for  the  lakes.  On  reaching  Thatcher's  cabin,  East  Oko- 
boji,  a  horrible  spectacle  was  presented.  All  was  in  ruins,  and  lying 
in  the  yard  were  the  dead  bodies  of  Noble  and  Ryan,  as  they  had 
fallen  three  weeks  before  when  shot  down.  Inside  of  the  cabin  noth- 
ing was  left  but  the  ghastly  forms  of  the  two  little  children  who  had 
been  dragged  from  the  arms  of  their  terrified  mothers,  Mrs,  Thatcher 
and  Mrs.  Noble.  The  fate  of  the  two  young  mothers  was  then  un- 
known. From  cabin  to  cabin,  the  company  went  through  the  settle- 
ment, burying  the  dead,  until  all  were  laid  beneath  the  ground. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  95 

CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

Not  one  of  the  colony  was  found  alive.  Mr.  Marble's  body  had 
been  buried  by  the  soldiers  from  Fort  Ridgeley.  The  body  of  young 
Dr.  Herriott  was  found  near  Mattock's  cabin,  with  his  right  hand  still 
grasping  hsi  broken  rifle,  where  he  had  fallen  in  a  hand-to-hand  strug- 
gle with  the  Indians,  bravely  defending  his  neighbors.  The  bodies  of 
Luce  and  Clark,  near  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  were  not  found  until  some 
weeks  later.  The  burial  party  started  April  4th  on  their  homeward 
march,  their  provisions  entirely  consumed. 

The  weather  was  warm  and  the  melting  snow  filled  the  sloughs 
with  water,  in  many  places  waist  deep,  through  which  the  men  had 
to  wade,  wetting  their  clothing  to  the  shoulders.  About  4  o'clock 
the  wind,  which  had  been  in  the  south,  suddenly  changed  to  the  north- 
west, and  in  half  an  hour  a  howling  blizzard  was  sweeping  down 
upon  them.  Their  clothes  were  soon  frozen  stiff.  Some  of  the  party 
had  taken  their  boots  off  to  wade  the  sloughs,  and  others  had  holes 
cut  in  them  to  let  the  water  out.  Many  had  their  boots  frozen  before 
they  could  put  them  on  and  were  compelled  to  walk  on  through  the 
snow  and  freezing  water  in  their  stockings,  which  were  soon  worn  out. 

As  night  came  on  the  piercing  winds  nearly  chilled  them  to  death. 
They  dare  not  lie  down  in  the  snow,  for  it  was  only  by  vigorous  ex- 
ercise that  they  were  able  to  keep  warmth  and  life  in  their  stiffening 
limbs  and  bodies.  They  separated  into  two  companies,  one  led  by 
Captain  Johnson,  the  other  by  Lieutenant  Maxwell.  They  dare  not 
go  on  in  the  blinding  storm  and  darkness,  fearing  to  lose  their  way, 
so  all  that  long  fearful  night  they  tramped  back  and  forth  in  a  des- 
perate effort  to  save  themselves  from  freezing.  Often  the  weaker 
ones  would  fall  down  benumbed  in  the  drifting  snow  and  the  stronger 
comrades  would  lift  them  up  and  force  them  to  keep  moving. 

In  the  morning,  says  Lieutenant  Maxwell: 

"I  saw  Johnson  and  Burkholder  some  distance  from  us,  going  in 
a  southerly  direction,  while  we  were  traveling  east.  They  were  fol- 
lowing the  directions  of  an  old  trapper,  and  we  soon  lost  sight  of 
them.  Henry  Carse  became  unconscious  during  the  day,  and  sank  in 
the  snow,  blood  running  from  his  mouth.  We  carried  him  to  the  river, 
where  a  fire  was  started  by  saturating  a  damp  wad  with  powder  and 
shooting  it  into  the  weeds.  Carse  was  now  helpless,  and  when  we 
cut  the  rags  from  his  feet,  the  frozen  skin  and  flesh  came  off  with 
them." 

As  soon  as  the  flre  was  well  started.  Maxwell  and  Laughlin,  who 
were  the  strongest  of  the  party,  determined  to  cross  the  river  and  go 
to  the  Irish  colony  for  help.  They  reached  the  settlement  and  sent  as- 
sistance to  their  comrades,  who  were  brought  in  badly  frozen  but 
alive.  Major  Williams  gives  the  following  account  of  the  sad  fate  of 
Captain  J.  C.  Johnson  and  William  E.  Burkholder: 

"G.  P.  Smith  was  the  last  one  who  saw  them.     He  fell  in  wRh 


96  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

them  after  they  separated  from  their  comrades  and  traveled  with 
them  for  some  time.  They  were  very  much  exhausted  from  wading 
ponds  and  sloughs;  their  clothes  frozen  and  covered  with  ice.  Their 
feet  were  badly  frozen,  and  unable  to  walk  farther,  they  finally  sank 
down  in  the  snow,  and  Smith  helped  them  to  pull  off  their  frozen 
boots.  They  tore  up  a  part  of  their  blankets  and  wrapped  them  around 
their  freezing  feet,  which  were  very  painful.  Smith  urged  them  to  get 
up  and  make  another  effort  to  reach  the  Des  Moines  River  timber, 
which  was  in  sight,  but  they  were  so  chilled  and  exhausted  by  the 
bleak  wind,  frozen  feet  and  icy  clothing  that  they  were  unable  to 
rise,  and  said  they  could  go  no  farther.  After  vainly  trying  for  a  long 
time  to  get  them  to  make  another  effort  to  reach  the  timber,  Smith 
at  last  realized  that  to  save  his  own  life  he  must  leave  them.  After 
going  some  distance  he  looked  back  and  saw  them  still  on  their 
knees  in  the  snow,  apparently  unable  to  arise.  It  is  not  likely  they 
ever  left  the  spot  where  Smith  left  them,  but  finally,  overcome  with 
cold,  they  sank  down  and  perished  side  by  side." 

Eleven  years  after  two  skeletons  were  found  near  where  they 
were  last  seen  and  identified  by  the  guns  and  powder  flasks  lying 
near  them  as  the  remains  of  Johnson  and  Burkholder 

Captain  J.  C.  Johnson  had  recently  come  to  Webster  City  from 
Pennsylvania,  a  young  man  who  was  universally  esteemed.  His  cour- 
age, patient  endurance  and  considerate  care  for  his  men  on  that  long 
fearful  march  had  endeared  him  to  every  member  of  his  company. 

William  E.  Burkholder  had  recently  been  elected  Treasurer  of 
Webster  County,  and  was  a  young  man  of  great  promise.  He  had 
cheerfully  shared  all  the  hardships  of  this  winter  campaign,  volun- 
teering to  go  on  to  the  lakes  to  bury  the  dead.  He  was  a  brother  of 
Governor  Carpenter's  wife. 

The  principal  division  of  the  expedition  which  had  gone  back  to 
the  Irish  colony  had  but  little  trouble  until  near  night  of  the  second 
day's  march.  Provisions  being  scarce,  they  were  put  upon  short  al- 
lowance. The  river  was  very  high  and  melting  snow  was  filling  the 
creeks  and  sloughs.  When  the  division  reached  Cylinder  Creek,  its 
banks  were  overflown  and  spread  out  over  the  valley  a  mile  in  width 
and  twelve  feet  deep,  with  a  strong  current  in  the  channel.  All  efforts 
to  find  a  crossing  failed.  The  wind  had  changed  to  the  northwest  and 
it  was  growing  cold.  Captains  Richards  and  Buncombe  saw  danger 
before  them  and  sent  Major  Williams  and  Mr.  Dawson,  both  of  whom 
were  old  men,  back  to  the  settlement,  while  they  proceeded  to  look 
for  a  crossing.  An  effort  was  made  to  convert  the  wagon  box  Into 
a  raft  on  which  to  cross  and  with  a  long  rope  erect  a  ferry.  But  the 
raft  was  swamped  and  the  rope  lost.  A  messenger  was  sent  to  the 
nearest  house  for  help  and  material  for  a  raft.  Captain  Richards 
says: 

"The  wind  was  now  blowing  a  terrific  gale  and  the  cold  was  in- 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  97 

tense  so  that  our  wet  clothing  was  frozen  stiff  upon  us  as  we  traveled 
up  and  down  the  banks  of  the  swollen  current  in  a  vain  search  for  a 
better  place  for  the  men  to  cross.  When  help  and  material  for  a 
raft  came,  so  strong  and  cold  was  the  wind,  and  so  swift  the  current, 
filled  with  floating  ice,  that  all  of  our  efforts  to  build  a  raft  failed. 
It  was  now  dark  and  still  growing  colder,  and  the  roar  of  the  blinding 
storm  so  great  that  we  could  no  longer  hold  communication  with  our 
companions  on  the  other  side.  We  were  benumbed  with  cold,  ut- 
terly exhausted,  and  three  miles  from  the  nearest  cabin.  We  were 
powerless  to  aid  our  comrades,  and  could  only  try  to  save  ourselves. 
It  was  a  terrible  walk  in  the  face  of  the  terrific  blizzard,  our  clothes 
frozen,  our  feet  freezing,  and  our  strength  gone.  After  wandering  in 
the  blinding  storm  until  9  o'clock,  we  fortunately  found  the  cabin. 
Here  we  passed  a  night  that  will  never  be  obliterated  from  my  mem- 
ory. We  gathered  about  the  fire  vainly  trying  to  dry  our  frozen 
clothing.  We  had  no  blankets,  and  the  piercing  wind  was  driving 
through  every  crevice  of  the  cabin,  and  we  walked  the  floor  in  the 
most  intense  anxiety  over  the  fate  of  our  companions,  left  on  the 
banks  of  the  creek,  exposed  to  the  fury  of  the  blizzard,  without  food, 
shelter  or  fire.  All  through  the  night  we  kept  looking  out  on  the 
wild  storm  in  hopes  it  would  cease,  but  the  cold  ever  grew  more  in- 
tense, and  the  wind  howled  more  fiercely,  and  no  one  slept.  We 
knew  that  Carpenter,  Stratton,  Stevens  and  Wright  were  men  en- 
dowed with  courage  equal  to  any  emergency,  and  we  trusted  they 
would  find  some  way  to  keep  the  men  from  perishing;  still  a  har- 
rowing fear  would  come  over  us  that  we  should  in  the  morning  find 
them  frozen  to  death.  Terrible  visions  of  their  fate  tortured  us 
through  the  long  hours  of  the  night,  and  with  the  first  dawn  of  light 
Duncombs,  Smith,  Mason  and  I  were  wading  through  the  drifts  to 
Cylinder  Creek.  The  mercury  was  now  28  degrees  below  zero,  and  the 
blizzard  at  its  wildest  fury.  Mason  gave  out  and  sunk  down  in  the 
drifts.  I  got  him  back  to  the  cabin  and  soon  overtook  the  others. 
Strong  ice  was  formed  on  the  creek  from  the  shore,  and  we  hurried 
over  it  to  the  main  channel  where  the  current  was  so  swift  that  it 
was  too  weak  to  bear  us  up.  We  could  go  no  farther,  could  not  see 
across  for  the  drifting  snow,  and  could  hear  no  sound  on  the  other 
side  in  answer  to  our  loud  shouts.  Our  faces  and  hands  were  now 
freezing,  and  we  had  to  return  to  the  cabin  and  wait  until  the  ice 
should  be  strong  enough  to  support  us.  Toward  night  we  made  an- 
other vain  effort  to  cross,  and  had  to  return  to  the  cabin,  oppressed 
with  the  conviction  that  not  one  of  our  companions  could  survive 
until  morning.  But  soon  after  dark  three  of  the  men  came  to  the 
cabin  and  reported  the  command  safe." 

Governor  Carpenter  tells  how  they  managed  to  save  themselves. 

"We  took  the  covers  from  the  wagons  and  some  tent  canvas 
and  stretched  them  over  the  wheels  and  made  a  rude  shelter.     We 


98  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

then  put  all  of  the  blankets  together  on  the  snow  and  crowded  in, 
lying  down  close  together  in  our  wet  and  frozen  clothing,  where  we  re- 
mained from  Saturday  evening  until  Monday  morning,  with  nothing  to 
eat  until  we  reached  Shippey  cabin  Monday  noon.  We  had  waited  un- 
til the  ice  had  frozen  over  Cylinder  creek  hard  enough  to  bear  up  our 
loaded  wagons  and  teams.  I  have  since  marched  with  armies  from 
Cairo  to  Atlanta  and  up  to  Richmond,  sometimes  traveling  continu- 
ously for  three  or  four  days  and  nights  with  only  a  brief  halt  occa- 
sionally to  give  the  exhausted  soldiers  a  chance  to  boil  a  cup  of  coffee; 
under  burning  suns,  through  rain,  sleet  and  snow,  we  endured  great 
suffering;  but  never  in  all  the  weary  years  could  our  suffering  be 
compared  with  that  of  the  two  terrible  days  and  nights  we  endured 
on  the  banks  of  Cylinder  Creek." 

Lieutenant  Mason   says: 

"How  we  survived  those  fearful  nights  I  do  not  know,  when  the 
mercury  sunk  to  34  degrees  below  zero  the  first  night.  The  poor  boys 
were  slowly  freezing,  and  many  of  them  were  insane;  I  think  all  of 
us  were  more  or  less  insane  the  last  night.  The  tongues  of  many  of 
the  men  were  hanging  out,  and  the  blood  was  running  from  the  mouth 
or  nose  as  we  got  up  the  last  morning." 

The  command  now  broke  up  into  small  parties  and  spread  out 
over  a  wide  range  of  country.  In  no  other  way  could  they  find  food 
in  the  scanty  supply  of  the  few  settlers  who  had  lived  along  the  river. 
The  sufferings  of  some  of  the  small  parties  reached  the  last  degree 
of  endurance  as  they  traveled  on  homeward.  But  for  the  help  of  the 
settlers  many  must  have  perished.  However,  all  reached  their  homes 
except  Johnson  and  Burkholder,  but  many  were  badly  frozen. 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

Captain  Duncombe,  in  writing  of  this  relief  party  thirty  years 
later,  says: 

"For  severe  hardships,  continuous  toil,  constant  exposure,  bodily 
and  mental  suffering,  I  do  not  believe  it  has  ever  been  surpassed  by 
men  who  have  risked  their  lives  to  rescue  their  fellow  men  from 
peril    and    death." 

While  these  events  were  transpiring,  four  young  women,  who  had 
been  dragged  from  their  homes  by  the  merciless  savages,  were  cower- 
ing in  the  Indian  camp.  The  Indians  loaded  their  ponies,  squaws  and 
captives  with  plunder  soon  after  their  repulse  at  the  Thomas  cabin 
and  started  westward.  Mrs.  Thatcher  was  ill  of  a  fever  and  scarcely 
able  to  walk,  but  the  savages  had  no  mercy.  She  was  compelled  to 
wade  through  snow  and  water  sometimes  up  to  her  wais^  carrying  a 
heavy  load.  At  night  she  was  forced  to  assist  in  all  the  camp 
drudgery,  cutting  and  carrying  wood  until  she  often  sunk  fainting  in 
the  snow.  When  she  could  no  longer  walk,  she  was  lashed  to  the  back 
of  a  pony  and  carried  along.     She  bore  her  sufferings  with  great  pa- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  99 

tience  in  the  hope  that  her  husband,  to  whom  she  was  devoutly  at- 
tached, had  escaped  the  massacre  and  would  do  all  in  his  power  for 
her  rescue. 

The  Indians  on  the  third  day  discovered  that  they  were  pursued 
by  soldiers.  Preparations  were  made  for  battle,  while  the  squaws 
tore  down  the  tents  and  hid  among  the  willows.  The  captives  were 
left  in  custody  of  a  warrior  with  orders  to  kill  them  when  the  attack 
began.  Another  Indian  secreted  in  a  tree  watched  the  soldiers  and 
signaled  their  movements  to  the  warriors. 

For  an  hour  and  a  half  the  suspense  and  excitement  was  intense 
with  both  Indians  and  captives  until  it  was  known  that  the  soldiers 
had  turned  back  and  abandoned  pursuit.  The  pursuing  party  was  a 
detachment  of  twenty-four  men,  under  Lieutenant  Murray,  which  had 
been  sent  by  Captain  Bee,  from  Springfield,  in  pursuit  of  the  Indians. 
He  had  arrived  from  Fort  Ridgely  and  secured  two  half-breed  guides 
from  Lieutenant  Murray.  They  reached  the  grove  in  which  the  In- 
dians had  encamped  the  night  before  at  3  p.  m.  Lieutenant  Murray, 
upon  examination  of  the  camp,  believed  the  Indians  were  near,  but 
the  guides  assured  him  the  camp  was  three  days  old  and  further  pur- 
suit would  be  futile.  Thus  deceived,  Murray  turned  back,  when  actu- 
ally in  sight  of  the  sentinel  of  the  Indians  who  was  watching  his 
movements.  The  Indians  were  numerically  stronger,  and  being  well 
armed  and  in  ambush  the  result  of  an  attack  would  have  been  doubt- 
ful. Then  the  four  captives  would  have  been  murdered  at  once. 
Herein  it  was  fortunate  that  no  attack  was  made.  The  Indians  were 
alarmed  and  fled  and  traveled  in  their  flight  for  two  days  and  nights 
without  stopping.  The  captives  suffered  fearfully  in  this  hurried  re- 
treat wading  through  deep  snow  and  sloughs  and  rivers,  hungry,  cold 
and  exhausted  and  worn  out,  and  it  is  a  wonder  they  survived.  The 
horses  which  they  had  taken  from  the  murdered  settlers  died  be- 
fore they  reached  the  Big  Sioux  River  from  starvation,  their  bodies 
were  cut  up  for  food  and  the  loads  they  had  carried  were  transferred 
to  the  backs  of  the  squaws  and  the  four  white  women. 

Horrible  suffering  had  been  endured  by  the  four  young  white 
women  during  the  first  six  weeks,  when  they  reached  the  Big  Sioux 
River.  As  they  were  preparing  to  cross  an  Indian  came  up  to  Mrs. 
Thatcher,  who  was  carying  a  heavy  load,  took  the  pack  from  her 
shoulders  and  ordered  her  to  go  on  to  the  driftwood  bridge.  She 
realized  at  once  that  some  harm  was  intended.  She  turned  to  her 
companions  and  bade  them  "good-bye,"  saying,  "If  any  of  you  escape, 
tell  my  dear  husband  that  I  wanted  to  live  for  his  sake."  The  savage 
drove  her  along  before  him  and  when  about  half  across  seized  her  and 
hurled  her  into  the  river.  WiUi  wonderful  strength  and  courage  she 
swam  in  the  icy  current  until  she  reached  and  clung  to  a  fallen  tree 
on  the  shore.  She  was  beaten  off  by  the  savages  with  clubs  and  with 
their  tent  poles  pushed  her  back  into  the  swift  current.     Again  the 

**0^  ... 


100  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

brave  woman  swam  for  the  opposite  shore,  when  the  merciless 
wretches  beat  her  back  into  the  rapids.  As  she  was  carried  along  by 
the  current,  the  savages  ran  along  the  shore  throwing  clubs  and  stones 
at  the  exhausted  and  drowning  woman,  until  one  of  the  warriors  raised 
his  rifle  and  shot  her  as  she  clung  to  a  ledge  of  driftwood.  A  more 
cowardly  crime  is  not  recorded  in  the  annals  of  Indian  cruelty  and 
barbarity.  She  was  but  nineteen  years  of  age,  a  lovely  girl  in  the 
bloom  of  youth,  and  had  come  with  her  husband  to  make  a  home  on 
the  beautiful  wooded  shore  of  Okoboji.  Intimate  friendship  existed 
between  Mrs.  Noble  and  Mrs.  Thatcher.  They  had  married  cousins 
and  together  had  moved  to  the  distant  frontier  with  bright  anticipa- 
tions of  long,  happy  lives  in  each  other's  society.  Now,  as  Mrs.  No- 
ble closed  her  eyes  to  shut  out  the  horror  of  the  dying  struggles  of  her 
dearest  friend,  and  thought  of  her  murdered  husband,  child,  father, 
mother,  brothers  and  sister,  she  felt  that  death  alone  could  relieve  her 
hopeless  anguish.  That  night  she  begged  Abbie  and  Mrs.  Marble 
to  go  with  her  and  end  their  sufferings  beneath  the  dark  waters  of 
the  river,  where  her  last  dear  friend  had  perished.  From  that  day 
Mrs.  Noble  seemed  weary  of  life  and  anxious  to  end  the  horrors  that 
every  night  brought  to  the  captives. 

When  the  news  of  the  capture  of  four  women  and  the  massacre 
of  the  settlers  at  the  lakes  reached  the  Indian  Agency  on  Yellow 
Medicine  River,  the  agent,  Charles  E.  Flandreau,  with  S.  R.  RIggs  and 
Dr.  Thas.  Williamson,  missionaries,  began  to  devise  plans  for  the 
rescue  of  the  captives.  Two  friendly  Indians  had  visited  the  Sioux 
camp,  had  there  seen  the  three  captive  women  and  at  once  opened 
negotiations  for  their  purchase.  They  succeeded  in  purchasing  Mrs. 
Marble.  When  she  learned  that  she  had  been  sold  by  Ink-po-du-tah  to 
two  strange  Indians,  she  bade  her  companions  a  sorrowful  good-bye, 
and  assured  them  that  if  she  should  reach  a  white  settlement  she 
would  do  all  in  her  power  for  their  rescue.  She  was  taken  to  the 
Yellowstane  Agency,  where,  after  several  weeks,  she  was  ransomed 
by  Mr.  Riggs  and  Dr.  Williamson,  who  paid  the  Indians  $1,000  for  her, 
which  sum  had  been  raised  by  Major  Flandreau.  Mrs.  Marble  at 
once  did  everything  In  her  power  to  effect  the  rescue  of  her  two  sur- 
viving companions.    Major  Flandreau  was  also  untiring  In  their  behalf. 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

The  Legislature  of  Minnesota  appropriated  $10,000  to  be  used  by 
the  Governor  for  the  rescue  of  the  captives.  Large  rewards  were  of- 
fered to  friendly  Indians  and  volunteers  came  forward  at  once.  Major 
Flandreau  procured  an  outfit,  and,  on  the  23rd  of  May,  a  party  started 
with  orders  to  purchase  the  captive  women  at  any  price.  Four  com- 
panies of  soldiers  were  to  be  marched  at  once  from  Fort  RIdgely,  as 
near  Ink-pa-du-tah's  camp  as  was  prudent,  and  soon  as  the  captives 
were  secured  exterminate  the  perpetrators  of  the  massacre,  if  possi- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  101 

ble.  But  as  the  troops  were  ready  to  start,  orders  came  for  them  to 
join  General  Johnson's  Utah  expedition,  and  Ink-pa-du-pah's  band  thus 
escaped  punishment.  While  these  events  were  transpiring,  the  two 
captive  women  were  taken  farther  into  the  wilds  of  Dakota  and  were 
hopeless  of  rescue. 

One  evening  after  the  two  women  had  gone  to  their  tent.  Roaring 
Cloud,  a  son  of  the  chief,  came  in  and  ordered  Mrs.  Noble  to  come 
with  him  to  his  tepee.  She  refused  to  go.  He  seized  her  and  at- 
tempted to  drag  her  off.  She  resisted  with  all  of  her  strength,  de- 
termined then  and  there  to  end  her  wretched  life,  rather  than  again 
submit  to  the  horrors  from  which  there  was  no  other  escape.  She 
alone  of  the  helpless  captives  had  often  resisted  the  brutal  savages, 
until  her  strength  was  exhausted  and  she  was  overpowered.  Since 
the  cruel  murder  of  her  friend,  Mrs.  Thatcher,  she  had  felt  life  a  bur- 
den. That  night  she  nerved  herself  to  welcome  death.  Wild  with 
rage  at  her  unyielding  resistance,  the  young  savage  dragged  her  out 
of  the  tent,  seized  a  club,  beat  her  head  unmercifully,  leaving  her 
mangled  form  near  the  door.  For  half  an  hour  her  dying  moans 
reached  the  ears  of  the  terrified  girl,  Abbie,  who  was  cowering  in  a 
corner,  now  alone  in  the  hands  of  the  savages. 

The  next  morning  the  Indians  cut  off  the  two  dark  heavy  braids 
of  hair  from  the  head  of  the  murdered  woman,  fastened  them  to  a 
stick,  and  followed  Abbie,  switching  her  face  with  them,  thus  adding 
to  her  agony.  They  reached  the  James  River,  where  Ashton  now 
stands.  Here  was  an  Indian  village  of  about  two  thousand  Sioux,  and 
Abbie  abandoned  all  hope  of  rescue.  But  powerful  friends  were  at 
work,  spurred  on  by  the  urgent  entreaties  of  Mrs.  Marble.  Major 
Flaudreau  had  procured  Indian  goods  of  great  value  to  tempt  them 
and  selected  three  of  the  most  trusty  of  the  race  to  proceed  with  all 
possible  haste  to  overtake  Ink-pa-du-tah's  band.  John  Other  Day  led 
the  party  and,  on  the  30th  of  May,  1857,  reached  the  vicinity  of  the 
Sioux  encampment,  hiding  the  team.  Entering  the  village  he  and  his 
men  soon  learned  that  there  was  but  one  white  woman  remaining. 
After  three  days'  negotiations  they  succeeded  in  purchasing  Miss 
Gardner.  They  took  her  to  St.  Paul,  delivered  her  to  Governor  Me- 
dary  and  received  $1,200  for  their  faithful  services  in  rescuing  the 
last  of  the  surviving  captives.  The  two  women  who  were  rescued 
never  recovered  from  the  brutal  treatment  they  received  from  the  In- 
dians while  in  captivity.  While  their  lives  were  spared,  their  suffer- 
ing, bodily  and  mentally,  could  only  end  with  death.  Abbie  never  saw 
Mrs.  Marble  after  her  release  from  captivity,  but  found  Mr.  Thatcher 
and  conveyed  to  him  the  last  message  of  his  young  wife  and  the  full 
particulars  of  her  sad  fate.  At  Hampton  she  found  her  sister,  Eliza, 
who  made  her  escape  from  the  Springfield  massacre.  In  1885  Abbie 
Gardner  Sharp  wrote  a  full  history  of  the  massacre  and  her  captivity. 
The  history  of  Indian  wars  and  barbarities  furnishes  nothing  more 


102  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

cruel,  heartless  and  bloody  than  the  horrors  which  exterminated  the 
first  colony  planted  on  the  shores  of  Okoboji  and  Spirit  Lakes.  Of 
all  the  horrors  endured  by  white  women  in  Indian  captivity,  none  have 
surpassed  those  of  Elizabeth  Thatcher,  Lydia  Noble,  Abbie  Gardner 
and  Margaret  A.  Marble. 

A  son  of  Si-dom-i-na-do-tah,  who  was  murdered  with  his  family  by 
Henry  Lott,  the  desperado,  saved  the  lives  of  one  family.  John  B. 
Skinner,  who  had  aften  befriended  this  boy,  who  was  badly  wounded 
at  the  time  his  father  and  family  were  massacred  by  Lott  and  his  son. 
The  boy  recovered  and  at  times  found  a  home  at  Skinner's.  When 
his  uncle,  Ink-pa-du-tah,  planned  his  raid  for  a  terrible  vengeance  on 
the  whites,  he  learned  that  the  blow  was  to  fall  on  the  innocent,  iso- 
lated colony  at  the  lakes.  He  warned  Skinner  of  danger,  and  so  im- 
pressed it  upon  him  that  Skinner  moved  back  to  Liberty  and  escaped 
the  fate  which  befell  his  neighbors.  Whether  Mr.  Skinner  warned  his 
neighbors  of  the  danger  is  not  known.  Josh  also  warned  Mr.  Carter, 
of  Emmet  County,  of  the  impending  massacre,  and  spent  a  part  of  the 
winter  in  Kossuth  County.  The  boy  Josh  was  recognized  by  Mrs. 
Thomas  as  one  of  the  leaders  in  the  attack  upon  their  house  at 
Springfield.    He  was  no  doubt  engaged  in  the  massacre  at  the  lakes. 

In  1862  Josh  was  one  of  the  most  active  in  the  terrible  Minnesota 
massacres,  leading  a  band  at  Lake  Shetek,  which  exterminated  nearly 
the  entire  settlement.  Thus  can  be  traced  back  to  Henry  Lott's  fear- 
ful crime  the  primary  cause  leading  to  the  bloody  retribution  visited 
upon  the  innocent,  as  the  attack  was  led  by  surviving  relatives  of  Si- 
dom-i-na-do-tah.  Forty-one  innocent  men,  women  and  children  were 
the  direct  victims,  while  the  suffering  of  the  captives,  relatives  and 
members  of  the  relief  expedition  make  up  a  record  of  horror  and 
misery  never  surpassed. 

It  can  never  be  known  how  many  of  the  Indians  were  killed,  but 
the  soldiers  and  friendly  Indians,  under  Major  Flandreau  and  Lieu- 
tenant Murray,  killed  Roaring  Cloud,  the  murderer  of  Mrs.  Noble,  and 
three  other  members  of  Ink-pa-du-tah 's  band.  It  is  probable  that  sev- 
eral were  killed  by  Dr.  Herriott,  Snyder  and  Mattocks  and  two  or 
three  in  the  battle  at  the  Thomas  house.  Ink-pa-du-tah's  party  was 
among  the  most  ferocious  of  the  butchers  in  the  Minnesota  massacres 
of  18G2,  and  it  is  not  unlikely  that  some  of  them  were  among  the  In- 
dians who  were  killed,  or  the  thirty-eight  who  were  hung  at  Mankato. 
Ink-pa-du-tah  was  last  heard  of  among  the  Sioux  who  fled  to  the  far 
West  pursued  by  General  Sibley's  army  in  1863. 

CHAPTER  XXXVI. 

On  the  27th  of  April,  1857,  Major  Williams  made  a  lengthy  report 
to  Governor  Grimes  of  the  relief  expedition  under  his  command,  from 
which  the  following  extracts  are  made: 

"Being  called  upon  by  the  frontier  settlers  for  aid  in   checking 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  103 

the  horrible  outrages  committed  upon  the  citizens  living  on  the  Little 
Sioux  River  at  the  Spirit  Lake  settlements,  and  in  Emmet  County,  by 
the  Sioux  Indians,  by  authority  you  invested  in  me,  I  raised,  organiz- 
ed, and  armed  three  companies  of  thirty  men  each,  which  were  as  we 
proceeded  increased  to  thirty-seven  men  each.  By  forced  marches 
through  snowdrifts  from  fifteen  to  twenty  feet  deep,  and  swollen 
streams,  we  made  our  way  up  to  the  State  line.  Never  was  harder 
service  rendered  by  any  body  of  men  than  by  the  one  hundred  and 
ten  volunteers  under  my  command.  We  had  to  ford  streams  breast 
deep  every  few  miles,  and  often  to  drag  by  hand  with  ropes  our 
wagons,  horses  and  oxen  through  deep  ravines  drifted  even  full  of 
snow.  Wet  all  day  to  our  waists,  we  had  to  lie  out  on  the  open 
prairie  without  tents,  wrapped  in  blankets  in  the  snow.  Eighty  miles 
out  we  met  the  survivors  of  the  massacre  at  Springfield,  nineteen  men, 
women  and  children.  We  found  them  in  a  wretched  condition,  desti- 
tute of  food,  three  of  them  wounded.  They  had  fled  in  the  night, 
thinly  clad;  several  of  the  women  without  bonnets  or  shoes  wading 
through  snow  and  water  waist  deep  carrying  their  crying  children. 
They  had  eaten  nothing  for  two  days  and  could  hardly  have  survived 
another  night.  We  built  fires  in  a  small  grove  near  by,  supplied 
their  wants,  our  surgeons  dressed  their  wounds  and  sent  a  party  to 
convey  them  to  the  Irish  settlement,  where  a  blockhouse  was  being 
erected  for  defense  against  the  Indians. 

"We  pushed  on,  throwing  out  thirty  scouts  in  advance  to  examine 
the  groves  and  streams  for  signs  of  Indians,  which  were  often  found. 
At  the  State  line  we  camped  in  a  grove,  where  I  detailed  sixty  men, 
armed  with  rifles  and  revolvers,  to  march  all  night  in  two  divisions  to 
surprise  the  Indians  before  daylight.  Our  guides  reported  Indians 
camped  at  the  trading  house  of  a  half-breed  named  Caboo.  But  we 
found  they  had  fled  at  the  approach  of  the  fifty  regulars  from  Fort 
Ridgely. 

"Finding  the  troops  from  Fort  Ridgely  had  not  buried  the  dead, 
I  detailed  twenty-five  men,  under  Captain  Johnson  and  Lieutenant 
Maxwell,  to  march  to  the  lakes  and  perform  that  sad  duty.  They 
found  and  buried  thirty-one  bodies,  including  the  bones  of  those 
burned  in  the  Mattocks  house.  Seven  were  killed  at  Springfield.  I 
may  sum  up  the  total  number  of  casualties  to  the  settlers  as  follows: 
Killed,  41;  missing,  12;  badly  wounded,  3;  prisoners,  4  women.  At 
every  place  the  Indians  broke  up  and  destroyed  the  furniture,  burned 
houses  and  killed  in  all  more  than  one  hundred  head  of  cattle.  It 
seems  to  have  been  their  purpose  to  exterminate  the  entire  settlement 
in  that  region.  Too  much  praise  cannot  be  bestowed,  on  the  men 
under  my  command.  Fourteen  were  badly  frozen;  Captain  Johnson 
and  Wm.  E.  Burkholder  perished  in  a  terrible  snow  storm.  Several 
men  were  deranged  from  their  sufferings.  We  have  a  host  ot  desti- 
tute and  wounded  persons  thrown  upon  us  to  provide  for,  both  from 


104  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

the  Little  Sioux  River  and  the  upper  Des  Moines,  besides  our  own 
frozen  and  disabled  men. 

"We  have  driven  all  of  the  Indians  out  of  the  North  part  of  the 
State,  unless  there  may  be  some  near  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Sioux." 

In  Governor  Grimes'  message  to  the  Seventh  General  Assembly 
is  a  statement  of  the  massacre  and  the  relief  expedition  under  Major 
Williams'  command,  and  he  recommends  that  the  State  make  an  ap- 
propriation to  compensate  the  men  "who  so  gallantly  and  humanely 
imperiled  their  lives  for  others,"  and  for  the  expense  of  their  outfit. 

He  further  says: 

"I  submit  to  the  General  Assembly  whether  some  public  recogni- 
tion of  the  noble  gallantry  and  untimely  death  of  Captain  Johnson  and 
W.  E.  Burkholder  is  not  alike  due  to  their  memory  and  to  the  gratitude 
of  the  State." 

Before  Iowa  Territory  was  organized,  Bellevue,  in  Jackson  County, 
became  infested  with  men  of  disreputable  character,  who  were  guilty 
of  many  crimes  and  gave  that  locality  a  bad  reputation. 

In  1857  a  party  of  immigrants  arrived  in  Bellevue,  claiming  to 
have  come  from  Michigan.  They  were  possessed  of  good  teams, 
wagons,  household  furniture  and  money.  The  land  had  not  yet  been 
surveyed  and  the  only  titles  were  claims  held  by  the  occupants.  But 
as  these  were  respected  and  protected  by  rigid  claim  laws,  towns  were 
laid  out  on  these  claims,  lots  and  blocks  staked  off  and  recorded, 
which  were  bought  and  sold  with  as  much  confidence  in  the  claim 
titles  as  ever  existed  in  later  years  after  Government  titles  had  been 
secured. 

The  leader  of  this  Michigan  colony  was  W.  W.  Brown,  a  man  of 
intelligence  and  engaging  manners.  He  built  a  hotel  and  was  elected 
a  magistrate.  He  was  liberal  and  charitable,  always  ready  to  assist 
the  unfortunate  and  in  a  short  time  became  a  leading  citizen  of  the 
new  town. 

In  various  enterprises  he  employed  a  number  of  men  and  it  was 
soon  discovered  that  a  large  amount  of  counterfeit  money  was  in 
circulation.  Upon  investigation  it  was  in  almost  all  cases  traced  to 
some  employe  of  Mr.  Brown.  Horses  were  stolen  from  citizens  on 
both  sides  of  the  river  and  some  of  them  were  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
Bellevue.  Many  horses  were  brought  into  the  town  by  strangers 
and  exchanged  for  other  horses  which  were  bought  by  other  strang- 
ers, who  claimed  to  have  come  from  Wisconsin  and  Northern  Illinois. 

It  was  soon  suspected  that  Bellevue  was  the  headquarters  of  a 
large  gang  of  counterfeiters  and  horse  thieves,  who  had  confederates 
scattered  through  portions  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  and  extending 
down  the  Mississippi  River  into  Missouri.  The  large  body  of  timber 
in  Jackson  County  known  as  the  "Big  Woods,"  made  a  good  place  for 
hiding  stolen  property.  There  were  stations  extending  through  Jones, 
Cedar,  Johnson,  Mahaska,   Scott,  Louisa  and  Lee  counties.     One  of 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  105 

the  stations  was  Brown's  Hotel,  and  it  was  there  that  a  battle  was 
fought  in  1840  that  went  far  for  a  time  to  banish  the  boldest  of  the 
gang  from  Jackson  County.  William  Fox  was  one  of  the  desperadoes. 
Aaron  and  John  Long,  Richard  Baxter,  Granville  Young  and  Mr. 
Birch,  all  of  whom  were  afterward  concerned  in  the  robbery  and 
murder  of  Colonel  Davenport.  In  January,  1840,  many  of  the  Bellevue 
citizens  were  at  a  ball  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of 
New  Orleans.  Several  members  of  the  gang  of  desperadoes  were 
enlisted,  by  James  Thompson,  to  rob  the  residence  of  J.  C.  Mitchell, 
and  grossly  abused  a  young  lady  who  was  the  only  person  in  the 
house.  She  knew  Thompson,  and  after  a  desperate  resistance,  made 
her  escape  to  the  ball  room  and  gave  the  alarm.  Mitchell  armed  him- 
self and  started  out  to  find  Thompson.  They  met  in  the  street. 
Thompson  fired  first  and  missed.  Mitchell  sent  a  bullet  through  his 
heart  before  he  could  fire  again  and  the  desperado  fell  dead.  Brown 
and  his  gang  swore  vengeance  on  Mitchell,  and,  arming  themselves 
stood  at  the  head  of  the  stairs  awaiting  the  attack.  A  number  of  shots 
were  fired,  when  Brown's  party  retreated,  and  going  to  a  saloon  near 
by  formed  a  plot  to  blow  up  Mitchell's  house  and  destroy  him  and 
his  family.  They  broke  into  a  store  and  secured  a  tin  can  holding 
fifteen  pounds  of  gun  powder.  The  can  was  placed  in  the  cellar  by 
William  Fox,  and  in  casting  lots  to  determine  who  should  apply  the 
slow  match  it  fell  to  Mr.  Chicester.  Fortunately  a  gap  had  been  left 
in  strewing  the  powder,  and  thus  the  can  was  not  reached  by  the  fire, 
and  a  fearful  tragedy  was  averted. 

The  citizens  now  became  aroused  and  organized  for  mutual  pro- 
tection and  the  arrest  and  prosecution  of  the  members  of  the  gang. 
A  consultation  was  held  in  Dubuque,  at  which  there  were  present 
Sheriff  Warren,  of  Jackson  County;  James  Crawford,  the  prosecuting 
attorney,  and  Judge  Thomas  S,  Wilson.  A  warrant  was  issued, 
charging  Brown,  Fox,  Long  and  twenty  others  with  theft,  robbery, 
passing  counterfeit  money  and  other  crimes.  As  soon  as  it  became 
known  that  warrants  were  out  for  them  they  armed  themselves  and 
swore  that  they  would  resist  to  the  last  extremity. 

Captain  Warren  called  to  his  assistance  a  posse  of  about  forty, 
men,  and  marched  to  Brown's  Hotel,  where  the  gang  had  decided  to 
give  battle  to  the  sheriff  and  his  party.  '  The  squad  moved  in  double 
file  and  when  within  thirty  paces  of  the  hotel  Captain  Warren  gave 
the  order  "charge,"  and  the  men  sprang  forward,  quickly  surround- 
ing the  house.  Brown  was  seen  standing  at  the  head  of  his  men  with 
a  rifle  raised  to  his  shoulder.  Warrent  demanded  instant  surrender, 
and  as  Brown's  rifle  was  lowered  it  was  discharged  and  his  men 
opened  flre  generally,  wounding  several  citizens,  one  fatally.  The 
sheriff's  men  returned  the  fire  and  Brown  fell  dead.  His  gang  fought 
desperately  for  fifteen  minutes  as  the  posse  forced  an  entrance  and 


106  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

drove  them  up  the  stairs  where  a  hand-to-hand  struggle  with  gun  bar- 
rels, pitchforks  and  bowie  knives  continued.  Finding  it  impossible 
to  force  the  baricade  on  the  stairs,  Captain  Warren  gave  the  com- 
mand to  fire  the  house.  Before  the  fire  reached  the  second  story  the 
gang  began  to  escape  by  jumping  from  a  window  to  a  shed  in  the 
rear.  They  captured  thirteen  and  six  escaped.  The  sheriff's  posse 
lost  four  men  killed  and  seven  wounded.  Three  of  the  gang  were 
killed  and  several  wounded. 

Fox,  Long  and  Chichester  were  among  the  prisoners.  A  fierce  cry 
arose,  "hang  them."  Ropes  were  quickly  thrown  around  their  necks, 
when  they  begged  and  pleaded  in  the  most  abject  manner  for  their 
lives. 

The  venerable  Colonel  Cox  mounted  a  box  and  urged  the  citi- 
zens to  let  the  law  take  its  course,  pledging  his  word  that  the  fate  of 
the  prisoners  should  be  determined  by  a  majority  of  the  citizens. 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

A  strong  guard  was  placed  over  the  prisoners  while  the  leading 
citizens  retired  to  determine  their  fate.  A  long  discussion  ensued  be- 
tween the  advocate  of  the  execution  and  the  more  merciful,  who  fa- 
vored whipping.  It  was  finally  decided  to  take  a  vote,  which  resulted 
in  a  majority  in  favor  of  whipping.  It  now  devolved  on  the 
chairman  to  pass  sentence  as  to  the  number  of  lashes  each  should 
receive.  The  chairman  then  proceeded  to  give  the  culprits  their  quota 
and  warn  them  that  they  were  to  leave  the  State  as  soon  as  each 
sentence  was  executed  and,  he  added,  "if  you  ever  return  you  will  be 
promptly  hanged."  Executioners  were  appointed  to  lay  on  the  lash 
and  when  the  ordeal  was  ended  the  cowering,  groaning  wretches  were 
placed  in  skiffs  with  three  days'  rations  and  sent  down  the  river. 
Fox,  the  smoothest  villain  of  the  gang,  used  his  tongue  to  such  effect 
as  to  get  off  with  the  lightest  punishment;  and  after  several'  days 
of  criminal  career  planned  and  helped  to  perpetrate  the  murder  of 
Colonel  Davenport. 

The  gang  also  infested  Rock  Island,  Carroll  and  Ogle  counties, 
in  Illinois,  and  their  haunts  extended  across  the  State  into  Indiana. 
Their  sympathizers  in  many  localities  were  strong  enough  to  control 
elections  and  choose  officers  from  members  of  the  gang.  In  Ogle 
County,  Illinois,  they  ourned  the  court  house  and  jail,  released  crim- 
inals, destroyed  court  records  and  organized  a  reign  of  terror. 

On  the  Fourth  of  July,  1854,  Colonel  Davenport  was  at  home 
alone  on  Rock  Island.  He  was  known  to  be  wealthy  and  was  sup- 
posed to  keep  large  sums  of  money  in  his  house.  Five  members  of 
the  gang  were  chosen  to  rob  the  house.  They  were  secreted  on  the 
island  several  days  taking  observations  and  on  the  morning  of  the 
Fourth  saw  the  members  of  Colonel  Davenport's  family  cross  to  Rock 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  107 

Island  to  attend  the  celegration.  They  forced  an  entrance  into  the 
house  and  shot  the  Colonel  as  he  was  seated  in  his  chair.  Found 
the  key  to  his  safe,  secured  six  hundred  dollars  and  the  family  jew- 
elry and  fled  into  the  heavy  timber.  For  many  weeks  no  trace  of 
the  murderers  could  be  obtained,  when  Edward  Bonney,  a  fearless 
officer,  determined  to  ferret  out  the  perpetrators  of  the  crime.  Know- 
ins?  some  members  of  the  gang  he  disguised  himself  and  passed  as 
one  of  them.  In  that  guise  he  soon  learned  that  Fox,  Birch,  Long 
and  Baxter  were  the  murderers.  One  by  one  he  ran  them  down,  until 
he  had  all  of  them  in  jail.  Long  and  Young  were  arrested  as  accesso- 
ries. Birch  turned  State's  evidence,  escaped  from  jail  and  was  re- 
captured. Baxter  was  convicted  and  died  in  the  penitentiary,  while 
Young,  John  and  Aaron  Long  were  executed  after  making  a  confes- 
sion. For  a  time  the  bandetti  sought  other  parts  of  the  country  for 
their  depredations. 

During  the  next  ten  years  fifteen  murders  were  committed  in 
Jackson  and  Clinton  counties,  and  in  all  but  one  case  the  murderers 
escaped  punishment.  Either  the  lawyers  secured  acquittal  or  they  es- 
caped from  jail.  It  seemed  impossible  to  punish  crime  through  the 
courts. 

An  atrocious  murder  was  committed  in  1857,  by  Alexander  Gif- 
ford,  who  was  hired  by  parties  to  murder  John  Ingle.  He  was  arrested 
and  lodged  in  jail.  It  was  generally  believed  that  his  attorney  would 
secure  his  acquittal  and  the  citizens,  exasperated  by  the  continued 
escape  of  the  guilty,  secretly  organized  a  "Vigilance  Committee." 
About  three  weeks  after  the  murder,  a  hundred  men  marched  into 
Andrew,  battered  down  the  door  of  the  jail  with  sledges,  took  Gifford 
from  his  cell,  placed  a  rope  around  his  neck,  threw  it  over  the  limb 
of  a  tree,  and  called  upon  the  prisoner  to  confess.  The  trembling 
wretch  , doubtless  hoping  to  receive  lighter  punishment  by  a  full  con- 
fession, told  the  story  of  the  crime.  He  said  that  he  had  been  hired 
by  Henry  Jarret  and  David  McDonald  to  put  Ingle  out  of  the  way 
and  had  received  $150  for  doing  so.  The  confession  sealed  his  doom. 
Strong  men  grasped  the  rope  and  quickly  put  an  end  to  his  career  of 
crime.  His  confederates  escaped,  as  no  evidence  could  be  secured  to 
corroborate  the  confession. 

The  citizens  of  Jackson  and  adjacent  counties  now  formed  an 
oath-bound  organization  for  the  purpose  of  ridding  the  State  of  the 
remaining  members  of  the  gang,  who  were  stealing  horses,  robbing 
houses  and  farms  and  circulating  counterfeit  money.  In  1854  a  cruel 
murder  had  been  committed  by  a  Mr.  Barger,  in  Jackson  County, 
whose  wife  had  secured  a  divorce  from  him. 

He  went  one  dark  night  to  the  house  where  she  was  living  with 
her  children,  and,  watching  until -she  came  to  the  door,  shot  her  dead 
with  his  .rifle.     A  neighbor  saw  him  returning  from  the  scene  of  the 


108  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

murder.  He  was  arrested,  tried  three  times,  always  convicted,  but 
through  the  skill  of  LefRngwell,  the  best  lawyer  in  the  county,  se- 
cured rehearings  and  new  trials  on  technicalities.  Finally  he  got  a 
change  of  venue  to  Clinton  County,  and  was  removed  to  the  De  Witt 
jail  to  await  another  trial.  The  citizens  became  exasperated  at  the 
continued  thwarting  of  justice  and  determined  to  take  the  punish- 
ment into  their  own  hands.  On  the  28th  of  May,  1857,  more  than 
three  years  after  the  murder,  the  "Vigilance  Committee"  to  the  num- 
ber of  fifty  assembled  at  the  jail,  secured  the  keys,  took  the  mur- 
derer back  to  Andrew  and  hanged  him. 

The  "Vigilance  Committee"  sent  a  statement  of  their  object  and 
purpose  to  the  Jackson  Sentinel  for  publication,  from  which  the  fol- 
lowing extracts  are  taken: 

"We,  the  Vigilance  Committee  of  Jackson  County,  are  determined 
that  the  criminal  laws  of  the  State  shall  be  enforced  to  the  very 
letter.  When  our  legal  oflBcers  neglect  their  duty,  we  will  spare  no 
pains  either  of  time,  life  or  property  to  secure  the  punishment  of  all 
guilty  of  horse  stealing,  counterfeiting  or  murder;  and  we  will  be 
governed  by  the  penal  laws  of  the  State  so  far  as  it  is  convenient. 

"We  further  warn  all  officers  that  they  must  not  commence  pro- 
ceedings of  any  kind  against  those  who  helped  to  hang  Gifford  or 
Barger,  as  we  believe  they  should  have  been  hung  long  before  they 
were. 

"We  will  avenge  the  unjust  death  of  any  member  of  the  Com- 
mittee at  the  cost  of  life  or  property. 

"We  will  further  punish  with  death  any  person  joining  this  Com- 
mittee whom  we  find  has  been  or  is  concerned  in  horse  stealing, 
counterfeiting,  robbery  or  murder,  and  all  spies  will  share  the  same 
fate." 

Not  less  than  seven  hundred  citizens  of  the  counties  of  Jackson, 
Jones,  Clinton,  Scott,  Cedar  and  Johnson  were  members  of  this  or- 
ganization. They  were  pledged  to  stand  by  each  other  under  all  cir- 
cumstances and  permit  no  member  to  be  arrested  or  punished  for 
any  acts  of  the  Committee.  The  law  was  powerless  to  protect  peac- 
able  citizens  in  person  or  property,  and  the  most  atrocious  crimes 
generally  went  unpunished.  The  members  of  the  gang  usually  lived 
in  sparcely  settled  regions  among  the  brush  and  timber  lands  border- 
ing on  the  Maquoketa,  Wapsiplnicon,  Cedar  and  Iowa  rivers  and  their 
tributaries. 

CHAPTER  XXXVIII. 

Each  member  knew  where  the  log  cabins  of  their  confederates 
were,  and  they  would  be  sheltered  and  the  stolen  property  secreted 
until  it  could  be  disposed  of  at  places  distant  from  where  it  was 
taken.  Thus  banded  together,  with  witnesses  always  ready  to  prove 
an  alibi,  there  was  small  chance  for  conviction. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  109 

Early  in  the  "50's"  there  was  living  on  Camp  Creek,  in  Polk 
County,  a  man  by  the  name  of  J.  W.  Thomas,  who  was  usually  called 
by  his  neighbors  "Comequick."  He  was  dreaded  by  all.  He  took  long 
trips  and  often  returned  with  plenty  of  money  and  gooa  horses.  He 
never  was  known  to  work  and  everybody  believed  he  belonged  to  the 
gang  of  desperadoes.  He  frequently  changed  his  residence  and  no 
one  dared  to  offend  him,  as  he  was  known  to  be  a  reckless  and  dan- 
gerous man.  In  1852  he  robbed  an  old  man  living  on  Camp  Creek 
of  $1,000  that  was  kept  in  his  cabin.  He  was  arrested  by  Lewis  Tod- 
hunter  and  Dr.  Sellers  and  lodged  in  5ail.  But  some  of  his  confed- 
erates were  on  the  grand  jury  and  prevented  an  indictment  being 
found  against  him,  and  he  was  released. 

In  September,  1856,  a  young  man  and  his  wife  stopped  at  the 
Nine  Mile  House,  near  Oskaloosa,  and  after  dinner  inquired  for  a  good 
piece  of  land.  They  said  they  had  a  thousand  dollars  with  which  to 
purchase  a  farm.  Old  Thomas,  who  was  present,  said  he  lived  near 
Des  Moines  and  knew  a  farm  that  would  suit  them.  Thomas  started 
off  with  them  on  horseback  to  take  them  to  the  farm.  Nothing  more 
was  seen  of  them  until  about  two  weeks  later  when  their  bodies 
were  found,  hidden  in  shocks  of  corn  near  the  Skunk  River,  in  Powe- 
shiek County.  A  brother  of  the  murdered  woman  procured  a  descrip- 
tion of  "Comequick,'*  and,  after  a  long  search,  found  him,  with  the 
stolen  wagon  and  horses,  which  he  had  sold.  He  was  arrested  and 
lodged  in  jail,  but  afterward  released  on  bail.  When  the  time  for 
trial  came  his  attorney  secured  a  continuance  to  the  next  term. 

When  the  case  was  called  up  next  term,  his  attorney,  Crocker, 
secured  a  change  of  venue.  The  principal  witness  was  the  brother  of 
the  murdered  woman,  who  lived  in  Tllinoip,  and  had  spent  all  the 
money  he  could  raise  in  hunting  the  criminal  and  trving  to  bring  him 
to  justice.  The  murder  was  so  atrocious  that  intense  excitement  pre- 
vailed in  that  region  and  more  than  2,000  citizens  had  gathered  at 
Montezuma  to  hear  the  trial.  When  Judge  IStone  granted  a  change  of 
venue  the  rage  of  the  people  was  intense.  The  brother  of  the  mur- 
dered woman  mounted  a  log  and  said  to  th'^  crowd  of  excited  men: 

**I  was  willing  the  man  should  have  a  fair  trial.  I  have  followed 
his  trail  for  weeks  until  I  at  last  discovered  one  of  the  stolen  horses: 
then  after  a  short  time  I  found  where  be  sold  the  wagon  and  other 
horse.  Finally  T  caught  the  man  and  brought  him  here  and  he  was 
released  on  bail.  When  the  time  for  trial  arrived  I  came  here  again  to 
testify,  and  the  lawyer  got  the  case  continued.  Now  I  have  come 
again  and  they  have  got  a  change  of  venue.  I  have  spent  every  cent 
T  had  in  the  world  and  can't  come  again.  Gentlemen,  that  villain  up 
there — pointing  to  the  court  room — butchered  my  sister  and  hid  her  in 
a  com  shock,  and  his  lawyer  is  going  to  get  him  cleared  next  time  be- 
cause I  have  nothing  left  to  pay  my  expenses  here  again.    Will  you 


110  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

let  that  murderer  get  cleared  when  I  cannot  come  to  tell  the  horrid 
story  to  the  jury?"  He  paused  a  moment,  when  a  mighty  shout  went 
up.    "No;  never!" 

They  made  a  rush  for  the  court  room,  dragged  the  struggling 
wretch  to  the  nearest  tree,  put  the  rope  around  his  neck  and  swung 
him  high  in  the  air,  where  he  was  left  until  cut  down  for  the  coroner's 
inquest. 

In  the  years  1855,  '56,  '57  many  horses  were  stolen  from  the  farm- 
ers of  Jackson,  Jones,  Clinton,  Scott,  Cedar  and  Johnson  counties. 
The  settlers  at  that  time  possessed  but  little  property,  many  being  in 
debt  for  their  land,  paying  in  most  cases  from  twelve  to  twenty-five 
per  cent  interest  on  their  indebtedness.  Prices  of  farm  products 
brought  little  and  they  were  working  hard  and  economizing  in  every 
possible  way  to  support  their  families,  improve  their  farms  and  meet 
their  obligations.  Good  horses  were  worth  from  $200  to  $300  a  team, 
and  the  loss  of  a  horse  or  team  was  severely  felt,  and  often  left  the 
farmer  without  means  to  cultivate  his  land  or  save  his  crops.  Many 
arrests  were  made,  but  the  employment  of  the  best  lawyers  and  the 
testimony  of  other  members  of  the  gang  were  almost  sure  to  pre- 
vent conviction.  The  thieves  were  thus  encouraged  to  continue  their 
depredations,  and  many  of  the  farmers  joined  the  "Vigilance  Commit- 
tee" and  took  the  punishment  in  their  own  hands.  The  persons  who 
resorted  to  such  remedies  became  known  as  "Regulators,"  and  even- 
tually a  large  majority  of  the  farmers  in  the  section  infested  by  the 
thieves  became  members  of  the  organization.  On  several  occasions 
the  Regulators  were  misled  by  malicious  persons  and  innocent  men 
suffered  the  penalty;  but  on  the  whole  it  was  productive  of  good,  as  it 
rid  the  country  of  the  organized  gang  of  thieves  and  murderers. 

CHAPTER  XXXIX. 

In  1857  it  became  apparent  that  the  system  of  dams  projected  to 
render  the  Des  Moines  River  navigable  was  impracticable.  The  total 
amount  expended  was  about  $800,000,  and  but  three  dams  completed, 
the  work  was  practically  abandoned. 

The  New  Constitution  was  adopted,  and  the  building  for  a  State 
House  erected  by  the  citizens  of  Des  Moines  having  been  completed, 
the  records  and  furniture  were  moved  from  Iowa  City,  and  the  State 
Capitol  established  at  Des  Moines.  The  year  closed  with  great 
financial  depression  throughout  the  whole  country.  Nearly  all  the 
banks  suspended  specie  payments  and  many  of  them  failed.  There 
were  no  banks  of  issue  in  Iowa,  and  it  was  impossible  to  get  good 
money  in  sufficient  quantities,  to  carry  on  business  or  purchase  farm 
products.  In  the  Territory  of  Nebraska,  there  were  no  restrictions 
to  the  establishment  of  banks.  Some  of  the  Iowa  financiers  estab- 
lished banks  in  that  sparsely  settled  country,  to  supply  Iowa  with 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  Ill 

currency.  Thomas  H.  Benton,  a  well  known  citizen,  made  the  first 
venture,  in  March  1855,  by  establishing  "The  Western  Fire  and  Ma- 
rine Insurance  Company,"  which  proceeded  to  issue  bank  bills  and 
put  them  in  circulation  in  Iowa.  Others  followed  in  rapid  succession, 
until  Iowa  had  a  large  amount  of  worthless  paper  money.  It  would 
not  purchase  Eastern  Exchange,  pay  taxes  or  buy  land.  It  was, 
however,  taken  in  payment  of  debts  and  in  trade  generally.  When 
the  Nebraska  banks  began  to  fail  the  financial  distress  was  apparent. 
Business  was  paralyzed  all  over  the  State  and  country. 

R.  A.  Smith,  of  Dickinson  County,  in  speaking  of  this  period, 
says:  Real  estate  became  valueless.  It  was  necessary  to  adopt  a 
system  of  self-denial  never  known  before  in  Iowa.  It  was  with  the 
utmost  difficulty  that  the  common  necessities  of  life  could  be  obtain- 
ed. Tea,  coffee,  salt  and  all  kinds  of  groceries  were  out  of  the  reach 
of  nearly  all.  It  was  not  uncommon  for  families  to  live  on  wild 
meats,  with  only  such  breadstuffs  as  could  be  ground  in  a  coffee 
mill.  Muskrat  pelts  were  almost  the  only  resource  for  raising  money 
to  pay  taxes.  The  people  had  to  cut  up  grain  socks  for  clothes. 
Suplemented  with  deer  skins  for  moccasins  in  place  of  shoes  and 
stockings."  Such  were  the  condition  of  affairs  when  the  Legislature 
met  at  Des  Moines  Jan.  11th,  1858.  Gov.  Grimes  in  his  message 
said:  "Your  labors  will  exercise  a  potent  influence  upon  the  future 
character  and  prosperity  of  the  State,  long  after  the  last  of  you 
shall  cease  to  be  interested  in  human  affairs.  All  the  general  laws  of 
the  State  will  require  some  modifications  to  adopt  them  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  new  Constitution."  He  also  recommended  a  registry 
law;  revision  of  the  revenue  law;  restoration  of  township  assessor; 
a  sound  banking  system;  support  of  the  schools  by  taxation,  etc. 
The  canvass  of  the  vote  for  Governor  showed  38,498  votes  for  R.  P. 
Low  and  3G,088  for  Ben  W.  Samuels.  C.  Ben  Darwin,  William  Smith 
and  W.  T.  Barker  were  appointed  commissioners  to  codify  the  State 
laws.     Code  of  1860. 

Although  the  laws  were  stringent  and  penalty  severe  against 
any  person  protecting,  harboring  or  aiding  a  slave  to  escape  from  his 
master,  still  the  humane  people  of  Iowa  established  what  was  called 
the  "Underground  Railroad."  Stations  were  established  to  aid  the 
fugitives  from  Missouri.  Beginning  at  Fabor,  near  the  State  line,  the 
abolitionists  had  stations  known  to  trusted  friends,  extending  to 
Des  Moines,  Grinnell,  Iowa  City,  and  Springdale  to  Davenport.  When 
the  escaping  slave  reached  a  station  on  this  line,  the  keeper  of  that 
station  would  secrete  the  fugitive,  furnish  board,  clothing,  money  and 
transportation  to  the  next  station.  Well  equipped  canvass  wagons 
were  used.  The  driver  was  a  cool,  courageous,  well  armed  man,  and 
the  traveling  was  usually  done  under  the  shelter  of  night.  Hundreds 
of  slaves  found  the  way  to  free  dam  through  this  system  of  stations. 


112  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

In  1859  John  Brown  drilled  his  little  army,  for  his  raid  on  Vir- 
ginia, chiefly  in  Iowa,  and  several  of  his  best  men  were  from  Iowa. 

Of  the  twenty-six  men  who  volunteered  in  this  "forlorn  hope," 
six  were  from  Iowa.  It  was  in  Iowa  that  the  army  and  ammunition 
was  collected  and  secreted.  Most  half  a  century  has  passed  since  the 
great  tragedy  at  Harpers  Ferry,  but  the  predictions  made  by  Victor 
Hugo  and  several  other  prominent  authors,  have  been  verified.  Two 
years  after  the  execution  of  John  Brown  and  his  confederates,  one 
hundred  thousand  men  went  marching  through  Virginia  singing, 
"John  Brown's  body  lies  moulding  in  the  grave. 
But  his  soul  is  marching  on." 

The  Eighth  General  Assembly  received  and  considered  the  re- 
port of  the  commissioners  appointed  by  the  previous  legislature  to 
revise  and  codify  the  laws  of  the  State.  The  work  was  published  as 
the  "Revision  of  1860."  Under  the  banking  provisions  of  the  new 
law,  there  were  twelve  branches  organized  and  put  in  operation, 
before  the  close  of  1859.  They  were  located  at  Muscatine,  Dubuque, 
Keokuk,  Mount  Pleasant,  Davenport,  Iowa  City,  Des  Moines,  Oska- 
losa,  Lyons,  Washington,  Burlington  and  Fort  Madison. 

This  legislature  enacted  a  more  liberal  banking  law,  but  Gov- 
ernor Kirkwood  vetoed  it,  alleging  that  it  was  unwise  to  abolish  the 
branch  commissioners,  as  they  were  the  special  guordians  of  the  de- 
positors and  bill  holders.  They  examined  and  reported  the  condition 
of  the  bank. 

In  1860  the  greatest  tornado  that  ever  swept  over  Iowa  was 
formed  from  a  hail  storm  that  was  first  seen  on  the  prairies  ot 
Calhoun  and  Webster  counties  on  July  3rd.  It  was  subsequently  as- 
certained that  the  storm  had  gathered  in  Eastern  Nebraska  about  1 
o'clock,  being  then  an  ordinary  thunder  storm.  About  2  o'clock  it 
passed  Sioux  City,  when  the  rain  was  very  heavy,  but  no  wind. 
From  this  point  the  tornado  seemed  to  gather  from  all  sides,  and 
increased  in  violence  and  velocity,  destroying  everything  in  its  path 
through  Iowa  and  Illinois,  crossing  Lake  Michigan,  north  of  Chicago. 
The  last  heard  of  it  was  in  Ottawa  County,  Michigan,  where  it  seemed 
to  be  exhausted.  The  total  number  killed  was  one  hundred  and 
forty-one;  wounded,  three  hundred  and  twenty-nine;  houses  destroy- 
ed, three  hundred  and  twelve;  loss,  $945,000.  Many  of  the  injured 
died,  which  brought  the  fatalities  up  to  near  two  hundred.  The 
storm  struck  Comanche,  which  was  almost  destroyed,  at  7  o'clock, 
reached  Ottawa  County,  Michigan,  about  midnight.  Part  of  the  time 
it  swept  through  the  country  at  a  velocity  of  three  hundred  miles 
per  hour.  In  many  instances  the  bark  was  stripped  clean  from  trees; 
chickens  were  found  sti  i'  ped  of  every  feather.  Sills  of  houses  were 
found  driven  into  tbp  t^'.  .e  of  prairies  so  far  that  it  took  two  or 
three  teams  to  pull  them  out.     Shingles  were   driven  through   the 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  113 

sides  of  houses  and  barns  into  the  trunks  of  trees.  Spokes  torn  from 
wagon  wheels  were  driven  into  the  bodies  of  men  and  animals  with 
fatal  results. 

The  election  of  1860  was:  Republican  vote,  70,300;  Douglas 
Democrats,  55,000;  Constitution  Union,  1,750;  Breckenridge  Demo- 
crats, 1,035;  total,  128,085;  Republican  plurality,  15,300. 

Under  the  head  of  her  great  Governor  Kirkwood,  Iowa  engaged 
in  the  Civil  War  with  great  enthusiasm,  and  before  the  close  of  1861 
she  had  raised  and  sent  into  the  service  sixteen  regiments  of  infantry, 
four  of  cavalry  and  three  batteries  of  light  artillery,  making  in  all 
19,105  men. 

Governor  Kirkwood  refused  to  run  for  a  third  term.  Wm.  M. 
Stone  was  elected  to  succeed  him.  Up  to  the  close  of  Governor 
Kirkwood's  term,  January,  1864,  Iowa  had  organized  and  put  into 
the  field,  in  support  of  the  Union,  forty  regiments  of  infantry,  nine  of 
cavalry  and  four  batteries  of  artillery.  The  history  of  the  Iowa  regi- 
ments in  the  Civil  War  is  a  very  interesting  one,  and  if  we  could 
make  this  work  voluminous  enough  to  give  a  short  account  of  them, 
at  least,  it  would  be  highly  interesting,  but  our  purpose  in  this  work 
is  to  give  a  short  account  or  compendium  of  Iowa  History,  and  a  few 
of  the  Indian  tribes  that  lived  within  the  limits  of  our  State.  The 
Iowa  soldiers  were  a  great  credit  to  the  State. 

The  Republican  convention  that  met  at  Des  Moines  June  14th, 
1865,  adopted  a  resolution  favoring  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution, 
by  striking  out  the  word  "white"  in  the  article  on  suffrage.  After  a 
warm  discussion  a  vote  was  taken,  which  stood  513  for  and  242 
against  the  change.  In  1866  the  Legislature  ratified  the  amendment 
to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  forever  prohibiting  slavery. 
Also  granting  negro  suffrage;  also  to  amend  the  Constitution,  so  as 
to  disfranchise  all  citizens  who  might  be  guilty  of  treason,  or  who 
have  absconded  for  the  purpose  of  avoiding  the  draft;  also  prohib- 
iting such  persons  from  holding  office. 

The  political  campaign  of  1865  was  fought  on  the  issue  of  Negro 
Suffrage. 

The  Republican  party  favored  it  and  the  soldier  convention  and 
ticket,  that  the  Democrats  endorsed,  opposed  suffrage.  The  Repub- 
lican loss  was  heavy  compared  with  the  last  election,  but  it  won  by  a 
majority  of  about  16,500. 

It  was  in  1865  that  the  directors  of  the  State  Bank  of  Iowa  con- 
cluded to  discontinue  the  bank. 

In  1867  the  grasshoppers  appeared  in  great  swarms,  and  con- 
tinued during  the  year  1868,  1874  and  1876,  doing  great  damage.  In 
1868  the  Twelfth  General  Assembly  met.  The  important  acts  were: 
Providing  for  the  establishment  of  a  State  Reform  School ;  creation  of 
the  office  of  County  Auditor;   Asylum  for  the  Deaf;    establishing  a 


114  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

system  of  Circuit  Courts,  and  in  favor  of  the  impeachment  of  Presi- 
dent Johnson.  The  vote  in  the  United  States  Senate  on  the  im- 
peachment of  President  Johnson  was  thirty-five  for  and  nineteen 
against.  All  the  Democrats  in  the  Senate  voted  against  it,  and  seven 
of  the  Republicans,  among  them  being  Grimes  of  Iowa.  Had  Grimes 
voted  with  his  party,  Johnson  would  have  been  found  guilty.  The 
fierce  and  ungovernable  outcry  raised  against  those  Republican  Sen- 
ators voting  "not  guilty"  exceeded  all  bounds.  The  press  and  people 
were  loud  in  their  denunciations,  and  every  one  of  the  Senators  so 
voting  were  driven  from  public  life  for  voting  their  honest  sentiment. 

In  1868  the  vote  in  Iowa  was:  Grant,  120,265;  Seymour,  74,040. 
For  Negro  Suffrage,  105,384;  against  it,  81,119.  It  was  estimated  that 
but  one-third  of  the  tilable  land  in  the  State  was  under  cultivation. 
In  1869  the  Republican  party  carried  the  election  by  40,000  majority. 
In  1870  the  population  of  Iowa  was  1,191,720.  Davenport  was  the 
largest  city,  20,141;  Dubuque,  18,432;  Burlington,  15,178;  Keokuk, 
12,769;  Des  Moines,  12,380;  value  of  property,  $302,215,418;  farm 
products,  $114,8"86,441. 

In  1872  an  act  was  passed  abolishing  the  death  penalty,  and 
Seevers,  Knight  and  Hammond,  were  appointed  to  revise  the  Statutes 
and  codify  the  Code  of  1873. 

In  1876  the  State  election  gave  the  Republican  party  50,000  ma- 
jority. The  first  report  of  the  National  election  gave  Tilden,  the 
Democratic  candidate,  a  large  majority,  but  the  manipulation  of  Zac. 
Chandler  and  others,  backed  by  an  ample  supply  of  money,  changed 
the  aspect  materially.  It  required  every  electoral  vote  from  Louisiana, 
South  Carolina  and  Florida  to  elect  Hayes,  and  as  these  States  were 
about  the  only  ones  that  could  be  manipulated  or  changed,  the  ma- 
chine went  to  work  at  them,  and  moulded  the  returns  to  suit  their 
purpose.  There  was  a  general  feeling  among  Republicans  and  Dem- 
ocrats that  the  rturns  from  these  States  were  a  fraud,  and  Mr.  Hayes 
was  held  responsible.  When  his  first  term  expired,  there  was  not  a 
man  of  prominence  in  his  own  party  to  even  suggest  his  re-election. 
He  was  retired  to  private  life,  and  Chandler,  who  was  one  of  the 
most  active  manipulators,  lived  but  a  short  time  to  enjoy  the  fruits 
of  his  fraud  on  the  American  people.  Great  excitement  prevailed, 
and  it  looked  for  a  time  as  if  civil  strife  was  eminent,  but  better 
council  prevailed. 

In  1877  the  canal  constructed  by  the  Government  around  the 
rapids  above  Keokuk  was  opened.  It  was  seven  and  one-half  miles 
long,  three  hundred  feet  wide,  and  had  three  locks;  cost,  $4,281,000. 

The  Republican  convention  convened  at  Des  Moines  June  28, 
1877.  John  H.  Gear  was  nominated  for  Governor,  and  among  the 
declarations  of  more  than  ordinary  interest  was  the  following: 

"We  declare  it  to  be  the  solemn  obligation  of  the  legislature  and 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  115 

executive  departments  of  the  Government  to  put  into  immediate  and 
vigorous  exercise  all  of  their  constitutional  powers  for  the  removal 
of  any  just  cause  of  discontent  on  part  of  any  class  and  for  securing  to 
every  American  citizen  complete  liberty  and  exast  equality  in  the 
service  of  all  civil,  political  and  public  rights.  To  this  end  we  impera- 
tively demand  of  Congress  and  the  Chief  Executive  a  courage  and 
fidelity  to  these  duties  which  shall  fiot  falter  until  their  results  are 
placed  beyond  dispute  or  recall. 

"The  silver  dollar  having  been  the  legal  unit  of  value  from  the 
foundation  of  the  Government  until  1873,  the  law  under  which  its 
coinage  was  suspended  should  be  repealed  at  the  earliest  possible  day 
and  silver  made  with  gold  a  legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  all  debts, 
both  public  and  private.  We  also  believe  that  the  present  volume  of 
the  legal  tender  currency  should  be  maintained  until  the  wants  of 
trade  and  commerce  demand  its  further  contraction. 

"We  favor  a  wisely  adjusted  tariff  for  revenue. 

"We  are  in  favor  of  the  rigid  enforcement  of  our  present  prohi- 
bitory liquor  law  and  any  amendment  thereto  that  shall  render  its 
provisions  more  effective  in  the  suppression  of  intemperance." 

The  Democrats,  Greenbackers  and  State  Temperance  party  also 
put  tickets  in  the  field.     The  Republicans  had  4,200  majority. 

In  1880  the  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the  Republican 
ticket  by  about  45,000  majority.  The  vote  for  President  was:  Gar- 
field, 182,927;   Hancock,  105,745;   Weaves,  32,701. 

The  barbed  wire  trust  was  organized  in  1875.  It  was  the  first 
great  trust  we  have  any  record  of.  It  secured  all  the  barbed  wire 
patents,  machinery  and  all  the  manufacturing  facilities,  then  entered 
into  the  following  compact: 

First — Plain  wire  to  be  purchased  of  Washburn,  Moen  and  EI 
wood. 

Second — All  factories  to  pay  a  royalty  to  Washburn  &  Co.,  on 
every  pound  of  barbed  wire  sold, 
syndicate. 

Fourth — All  dealers  to  sell  to  farmers  at  a  price  fixed  by  the  syn- 
dicate. 

Fifth — All  factories  outside  the  ."trust"  to  be  prosecuted  in  the 
courts  for  an  infringement  of  patents  and  closed." 

It  soon  put  barbed  wire  up  to  10  cents  per  pound.  The  extortion 
was  too  great  for  the  farmers  of  Iowa  to  rest  under,  and  an  asso- 
ciation was  formed,  and  a  factory  erected,  and  after  a  long  struggle 
the  syndicate  was  downed. 

On  the  5th  day  of  May,  1881,  A.  Briggs,  the  first  Governor  of  the 
State  of  Iowa,  died  at  Omaha,  Nebraska. 

Under  the  administration  of  Governor  Larrabee  a  vigorous  fight 
was  waged  against  the  greed  and  imposition  of  the  railroads,  the 


116  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Governor  leading  as  the  people's  champion.  James  G.  Benghill,  Frank 
T.  Campbell  and  Spencer  Smith  were  also  among  the  leaders  of  the 
champions  of  the  people's  cause.  The  Twenty-second  General  Assem- 
bly, however,  passed  a  law  which  regulated  the  railroad  trouble. 
This  was  in  1888. 

The  winter  of  1898-99  will  long  be  remembered  by  the  fruit 
growers  of  Iowa.  Scarcely  an  apple  tree,  plum  or  other  fruit  tree 
or  shrub  was  left.  Grape  vines  were  all  destroyed.  Clover,  ever- 
greens and  some  forest  trees  were  also  lost.  The  number  of  miles 
of  railroad  in  the  State  January  1st,  1899,  was  8,518,  assessed  at  $44,- 
550,129.  The  total  value  of  personal  property  in  the  State  was  $391,- 
618,017.  The  Floyd  monument  erected  near  Sioux  City  was  dedicated 
May  30th,  1891. 

CHAPTER  XL. 

The  Sioux  Indians  on  the  Minnesota  Reservation,  soon  after  the 
beginning  of  the  Civil  War,  began  to  make  hostile  demonstrations 
in  the  northwestern  counties  of  Iowa.  Horses  and  cattle  were  stolen, 
and,  on  the  9th  of  July,  two  members  of  the  Frontier  Guards,  Hobert 
Thomas  and  Henry  Cordna,  were  killed  within  three  miles  of  Sioux 
City.  Several  parties  of  Sioux  Indians  were  seen  in  the  Little  Sioux 
Valley.  The  settlers  became  alarmed  and  companies  of  "Home 
Guards"  were  organized  in  several  of  the  northwestern  counties. 
Under  the  autnority  of  Judge  A.  W.  Hubbard  a  military  company 
of  the  Sioux  City  cavalry,  under  the  command  of  Captain  A.  J.  Mil- 
lard, was  ordered  into  State  service  for  the  protection  of  the  frontier. 

At  this  time  there  were  about  8,000  Sioux  Indians  on  the  reserva- 
tions along  the  Minnesota  River,  at  a  distance  of  from  sixty  to  one 
hundred  miles  from  the  north  line  of  the  State.  These  Indians, 
aware  that  thousands  of  the  natural  defenders  of  the  frontier  were 
absent  in  the  armies,  entered  into  a  conspiracy  to  march  upon  the 
settlers  and  exterminate  them  before  aid  could  reach  them.  So  well 
had  the  plans  of  the  savages  been  concealed,  that  no  intimation  of 
the  impending  doom  had  reached  frontier  settlements.  On  the  17th 
of  August,  1862,  the  massacre  began  near  the  upper  agency.  On  the 
21st,  while  the  men  were  gathered  at  a  public  meeting,  on  the  upper 
Des  Moines  River,  near  Jackson,  to  devise  means  for  common  de- 
fense, the  Indians  suddenly  fell  upon  the  settlement,  murdering  the 
defenseless  families,  plundering  their  homes  and  killing  the  live 
stock.  When  the  news  of  the  massacres  reached  the  settlements 
at  Spirit  Lake  and  Estherville,  parties  of  armed  men  were  hastily 
organized,  who  marched  to  the  aid  of  their  neighbors.  At  Jackson 
they  received  reinforcements  and  all  marched  up  the  river  to  the 
scene  of  the  massacre.  Finding  that  the  Indians  had  disappeared 
they  buried  the  bodies  of  fifteen  of  the  victims  and  returned  to  their 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  117 

homes.  The  settlers  in  Northwestern  Iowa  escaped  the  fate  of  their 
Minesota  neighbors.  When  the  news  of  the  massacres  reached  them, 
all  the  frontier  settlements  were  abandoned  except  those  at  Spirit 
Lake  and  Estherville.  At  these  places  the  sturdy  pioneers  erected 
strong  stockades,  into  which  their  families  were  gathered,  prepara- 
tions being  made  for  a  vigorous  defense.  Scouts  were  sent  out  and 
every  precaution  taken  to  guard  against  surprise.  Efforts  were  at 
once  made  to  secure  State  protection.  A  detachment  of  Sioux  City 
cavalry  was  immediately  sent  to  the  lakes  and  the  Dickinson  County 
court  house  was  fortified.  Here  the  families  were  gathered  under  the 
protection  of  the  soldiers,  while  the  men  worked  on  the  defense.  A 
saw  mill  was  kept  running,  cutting  logs  into  plank  four  inches  in 
thickness.  A  trench,  three  feet  deep,  was  dug  around  the  court 
house,  auout  thirty  feet  from  its  wall,  and  into  this  the  palisades 
were  firmly  planted,  making  a  defense  against  any  weapons  in  pos- 
session of  the  Indians.  Here  the  settlers  remained  in  security  while 
the  terrible  massacre  was  desolating  Western  Minnesota.  Thousands 
of  the  Sioux  were  on  the  war  path  and  troops  were  hurried  to  the 
frontier.  The  chiefs  had  planned  to  sweep  swiftly  down  the  Des 
Moines  Valley  and  the  Little  Sioux  by  way  of  the  lakes  of  Dickinson 
County,  thus  exterminating  all  of  the  settlements  in  Northwestern 
Iowa  above  Fort  Dodge  and  Sioux  City.  They  soon  met  with  vigor- 
ous resistance,  however;  in  Kossuth  and  Palo  Alto  counties  prepara- 
tions were  at  once  made  by  the  settlers  to  defend  their  homes. 
The  Minnesota  authorities  were  soon  thoroughly  aroused. 

Minnesota  was  organized  into  a  Territory  in  1849,  and  the  rapid 
emigration  to  the  eastern  shore  of  the  Mississippi  began  encroaching 
upon  the  fertile  lands  opposite.  Two  years  later,  the  Indians  were  in- 
duced to  sign  treaties  by  which  they  ceded  to  the  United  States  more 
than  thirty  million  acres,  embracing  all  their  lands  in  Iowa,  Dakota, 
and  Minesota,  except  a  tract  along  the  Upper  Minnesota  which  was 
reserved  for  future  occupancy  and  their  home.  The  beginning  of 
this  tract  was  just  below  Fort  Ridgely,  and  it  extended  one  hundred 
and  fifty  miles  to  Lake  Traverse,  with  a  bredth  of  ten  miles  on  each 
side  of  the  river. 

In  1852,  the  Indians  accepted  an  amendment  to  the  treaty,  by 
which  the  reservation  named  was  ceded  to  our  government,  the  In- 
dians agreeing  to  locate  themselves  on  such  land  as  the  President 
selected.  The  selection,  however,  was  never  made,  and  the  red  men 
having  occupied  the  reservation  first  named,  their  right  to  its  occu- 
pancy was  rcognized,  and  the  lands  lying  on  the  north  side  of  the 
river  were  purchased  from  them  in  1860.  They  were  residing  on  the 
remainder  at  the  time  of  the  fearful  outbreak  in  the  summer  of  1862. 

The  tribes  concerned  in  this  uprising  were  the  M'dewakanton, 
Wahpekuta,  Wahpeton,  and  Sissetons,  of  the  great  Sioux  or  Dakota 


118  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

nation.  In  accordance  with  the  terms  of  the  treaty,  a  good  deal  of 
money  and  gods  were  delivered  to  these  tribes  annually,  and  much 
labor  performed  for  their  benefit.  An  agent  resided  among  them, 
and  two  places  were  established  for  the  transaction  of  business. 
One  was  on  the  Minnesota  River,  fourteen  miles  above  Fort  Ridgely, 
called  the  "Lower,"  or  "Redwood  Agency,"  while  the  other,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Yellow  Medicine,  was  termed  the  "Upper,"  or  "Yellow 
Medicine  Agency." 

The  Sioux  in  this  section  represented  about  all  the  grades  of  bar- 
barism or  civilization  of  which  the  red  men  are  capable.  Some  lived 
in  rude  houses  made  by  themselves,  others  in  brick  dwellings  put 
up  by  the  government,  and  still  others  in  tepees  of  canvas.  The  dif- 
ferent bands,  under  their  hereditary  chiefs,  ocupied  separate  villages, 
excepting  several  hundred  families  who  adopted  the  dress  and  man- 
ners of  the  white  men.  Others  remained  wild  Indians,  with  all  their 
characteristics.  They  made  war  on  the  Chippewas,  and,  when  they 
had  the  chance,  killed,  scalped  and  tortured  them  in  the  good  old 
style  of  their  forefathers. 

Besides  them,  there  were  the  half-breeds  and  traders,  forming 
quite  a  factor  of  the  mongrel  population.  Near  the  agency  were 
churches  and  schools,  warehouses,  stores,  shops,  residences,  showing 
thrift  and  prosperity. 

CHAPTER  XLI. 

When  asked  to  give  the  cause  of  the  Minnesota  outbreak,  we  an- 
swer, "The  usual  ones."  The  rapacity  of  the  agents,  their  deception 
and  swindling  of  the  Indians,  the  cheating  by  which  the  Sioux  were 
induced  to  sign  the  treaties,  the  wholesale  theft  of  their  lands,  the 
debauchery  of  their  families  by  white  men,  and  the  abuse  to  which 
they  were  subjected  by  the  traders  from  whom  they  were  obliged 
to  purchase  goods  and  supplies. 

To  the  hereditary  hatred  of  the  white  man  should  be  added 
another  peculiar  to  the  time.  The  period  named  will  be  recognized 
as  one  of  serious  reverses  to  the  Union  arms.  The  "Lost  Cause" 
was  then  seemingly  on  the  high  road  to  triumph,  and  this  was  told 
to  the  Indians  by  the  half-breeds  and  others  who  knew  how  to  read. 
At  the  time,  too,  many  believed  we  were  about  to  be  involved  in  a 
war  with  England  because  of  the  Trent  affair. 

The  disaffected  tribes  could  place  one  thousand  three  hundred 
warriors  in  the  field.  The  Yonktons,  the  Yanktonias,  and  the  Teton 
Sioux,  who  naturally  sympathized  with  them,  could  marshal  four 
thousand  more  on  the  warpath.  Besides,  the  Winnebagoes  promised 
help,  and  mysterious  messages  passed  back  and  forth  between  the  ad- 
joining tribes.     The  old  dream  of  a  restored  hunting  grounds  and 


I 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  119 

the  expulsion  of  the  white  intruders  thrilled  many  a  dusky  breast,  as 
it  did  during  the  days  of  Tecumseh,  of  Pontiac,  and  King  Philip. 

In  June,  a  number  of  chiefs  and  head  men  of  the  Sissetons  and 
Wahpetons  visited  the  Upper  Agency  and  asked  when  they  were  to 
receive  the  annuities  due  them,  adding  that  they  had  been  told  they 
were  to  be  cheated  out  of  them.  The  agent  assured  them  they 
would  soon  arrive,  though  he  could  not  set  the  day,  nor  could  he 
be  sure  that  the  sum  would  be  a  full  payment.  The  visitors  went 
away,  half  satisfied,  but,  on  the  14th  of  July,  they  returned  to  the 
number  of  five  thousand,  and  encamped  about  the  agency.  There 
were  too  many  to  be  supplied  with  food,  and  several  cases  of  death 
from  starvation  resulted.  They  repeated  the  stories  that  had  been 
told  them  that  they  were  not  to  receive  their  money,  and  it  was 
hard  to  remove  their  fears. 

Among  these  Indians  were  a  number  of  the  Yanktonias,  living 
near  Big  Stone  Lake.  This  tribe  justly  claimed  an  interest  in  the 
lands  sold  by  the  anuity  Indians;  but  they  had  received  no  pay  for 
them,  except  an  unauthorized  one  to  a  few  members  of  one  of  Wa- 
nata's  band.  Wanata  himself  was  half  Sisseton  and  Yanktonias,  and 
his  band  included  warriors  of  both  tribes.  These  were  informed  that 
nothing  was  to  be  paid  them  in  the  future. 

They  were  so  infuriated  on  learing  this  that  they  persuaded  the 
other  Indians  to  join  them,  on  the  4th  of  August,  in  an  attack  on 
the  government  warehouse.  It  was  burst  into  and  plundered,  with  a 
hundred  soldiers,  having  two  twelve-pound  howitzers,  looking  on. 
Not  only  that,  but  the  American  flag  was  cut  down,  and  the  sullen 
warriors  stood  around  with  cocked  rifles,  ready  to  use  them  on  the 
slightest  provocation.  Matters  became  quieter  after  a  while,  'and,  by 
the  assistance  of  a  considerable  quantity  of  provisions,  the  malcon- 
tents were  persuaded  to  return  to  their  homes. 

The  excitement  was  equally  great  at  the  Lower  Agency  for  a 
month  before  the  outbreak.  What  was  called  a  "Soldiers'  Lodge" 
was  formed  there,  the  members  of  which  agreed  to  secure  all  the 
credit  they  could  at  the  stores,  and  then  prevent  the  traders  from 
getting  their  annuities  when  sent  to  them.  A  members  who  was 
suspected  of  having  revealed  the  secrets  to  the  whites,  was  followed 
and  hacked  to  pieces. 

On  the  10th  of  August,  a  party  of  twenty  Indians  from  the  Lower 
Reservation  were  hunting  in  the  woods  near  Forest  City,  and  pro- 
cured a  wagon  which  one  of  their  number  had  left  the  previous  au- 
tumn with  Captain  Whitcomb  as  security  for  a  debt.  On  Sunday,  the 
17th  of  August,  when  within  a  few  miles  of  Acton,  one  of  the  Indians 
l)icked  up  some  hens'  eggs  on  the  prairie  and  was  about  to  eat  them. 
His  companions  protested,  saying  they  belonged  to  a  white  man,  and 
from  this  trifling  matter  a  violent  quarrel  resulted.     The  one  cai;ry- 


120  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ing  the  eggs  finally  dashed  them  to  the  ground.  Coming  upon  an  ox 
a  short  time  later,  he  shot  it  dead  as  vent  to  his  anger. 

The  quarrel  between  the  four  Rice  Creek  Indians  and  the  rest 
became  so  hot  that  a  collision  would  have  taken  place  had  they  not 
separated,  the  larger  company  declaring  they  meant  to  kill  a  white 
man. 

Soon  after,  the  four  heard  the  reports  of  guns  from  the  direction 
of  the  larger  party.  They  concluded  they  were  carrying  out  their 
threat  of  killing  white  people.  Two  of  the  Rice  Creek  Indians  insisted 
that  they  must  do  the  same,  or  they  would  be  considered  cowards, 
but  the  other  two  opposed.  Still  disputing,  the  four  pushed  on  to 
Acton. 

The  first  house  was  found  unoccupied,  but  at  the  second  they  got 
into  a  quarrel  with  the  owner,  who  drove  them  out.  At  the  next, 
they  halted  and  were  kindly  treated.  They  were  smoking  in  the 
most  friendly  manner  when  the  neighbor  who  had  quarreled  with 
them  came  in  with  his  wife,  and  the  wrangle  was  resumed.  The  re- 
sult was  the  Indians  fired  upon  the  men,  killing  the  three  and  the 
wife  of  the  neighbor  with  whom  they  had  first  quarreled.  The  sur- 
viving women,  who  had  met  with  such  a  narrow  escape,  sent  a  boy 
to  Ripley,  twelve  miles  distant,  where  a  meeting  was  in  progress  to 
raise  volunteers  for  the  war. 

The  astounding  news  was  not  credited  for  some  time,  but  finally 
a  messenger  was  despatched  to  Forest  City,  where  were  a  number  of 
recruits.  A  dozen  rode  to  Acton,  and  found  the  shocking  tidings  too 
true.  The  bodies  were  covered,  but  not  disturbed,  until  the  morrow, 
when  an  inquest  was  held. 

During  the  inquest  a  number  of  the  Indians,  unaware  of  what 
was  going  on,  approached,  and  a  number  of  mounted  men  gave  chase. 
The  savages  escaped,  however,  though  several  shots  were  exchanged. 

A  large  number  of  people  were  present  at  the  inquest,  and  the  ex- 
citement spread,  for  all  saw  the  imminence  of  an  outbreak.  The 
relatives  of  the  murderers  knew  that  they  would  be  punished  if 
caught,  and  after  a  hot  dispute  it  was  decided  to  commence  the  mas- 
sacre without  delay.  Little  Crow,  hitherto  so  friendly  disposed  to- 
ward the  whites  that  he  was  subjected  to  suspicion  by  his  own  peo- 
ple, and  who  lived  in  a  fine  house  at  the  Lower  Agency,  built  for  him 
by  the  agent,  was  visited  by  a  turbulent  company  on  the  morning  of 
the  18th  of  August  before  he  had  risen  from  bed. 

When  the  callers  stated  their  object  great  beads  of  perspiration 
stood  out  on  the  forehead  of  the  chief.  He  saw  the  inevitable  end 
of  any  uprising  against  the  whites,  but  he  knew  it  would  be  fatal  to 
oppose  the  wishes  of  these  madmen. 

"Trouble  with  the  whites  must  come  sooner  or  later,"  he  sal4. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  121 

"It  may  as  well  be  now  as  any  other  time.  I  am  with  you.  Let  us 
go  to  the  agency,  kill  the  traders,  and  take  their  goods." 

Messengers  were  sent  to  the  bands  of  Wabashaw,  Waconta,  and 
Red  Legs,  with  the  news,  and  the  warriors  ran  to  the  agency,  break- 
ing up  into  small  bands  as  they  entered  the  village,  and  all  as  eager 
as  tigers  who  have  scented  their  prey.  It  was  yet  early  in  the  morn- 
ing when  they  approached  Myrick's  store,  in  the  upper  part  of  the 
place.  James  Lynde,  a  clerk,  was  standing  in  the  door,  looking  won- 
deringly  at  the  horde,  when  one  of  the  Indians  raised  his  gun  with 
an  ugly  exclamation,  and  shot  him  dead.  He  was  the  first  victim  of 
the  Minnesota  outbreak. 

The  son  of  Mr.  Myrick,  a  young  man,  was  upstairs  when  the  gun 
was  fired,  and  crouched  behind  a  dry  goods  box.  The  Indians  were 
afraid  to  climb  the  stairs  lest  he  should  shoot  them  as  they  came 
up  the  steps.  Some  of  them  proposed  to  fire  the  building,  hearing 
which,  the  youth  climbed  through  the  scuttle,  slid  down  the  lightning 
rod  to  the  roof  of  the  lower  building,  dropped  to  the  ground,  and  ran 
toward  the  bush  along  the  Minnesota  River.  The  Winnebagoes  dis- 
charged a  lot  of  arrows  after  him,  but  without  effect.  On  the  edge 
of  the  bush  he  was  struck  by  a  rifle  ball  and  fell.  The  savages  ran 
forward  and  finished  him. 

The  report  of  the  first  gun  was  accepted  as  a  signal  by  all  the 
Indians  for  the  beginning  of  the  massacre.  Joseph  Belland  and  An- 
toine  Young  were  killed  at  Forbe's  store,  Brusson  at  Robert's  store, 
and  La  Batte  and  his  clerk  at  La  Batte's  store.  Others  were  also 
slain. 

George  Spencer,  at  Forbe's  store,  was  wounded,  but  an  Indian  ac- 
quaintance prevented  his  death.  Clerk  Bourat  ran  upstairs.  He 
heard  the  Indians  agree  to  follow  and  kill  him.  He  formed  a  desper- 
ate plan.  Down  the  stairs  he  bounded,  dashed  through  the  astonished 
group,  out  the  door,  and  ran  for  life.  He  gained  a  good  start,  when  a 
charge  of  shot  brought  him  down.  Another  charge  entered  his  leg. 
The  Indians  came  up,  stripped  off  his  clothing  and  shoes,  and,  heed- 
less of  his  appeals  for  mercy,  piled  a  lot  of  logs  over  him,  so  he  could 
not  get  away,  and  promised  to  come  back  shortly  and  slay  him. 
When  they  were  gone,  knowing  they  would  fulfill  their  threat,  and 
frantic  with  the  pain  from  his  wounds,  he  twisted  himself  free  from 
the  logs  on  him,  limped  off,  and  finally  escaped. 

CHAPTER  XLII. 

The  Indians  were  so  eager  to  plunder  the  stores  that  many  of 
the  inhabitants  were  able  to  get  away  unharmed.  They  hurried  down 
to  the  ferry,  where  the  brave  Mauley  wrought  with  might  and  main 
to  carry  them  to  the  opposite  side,  despite  the  great  danger  in  which 
he  placed  himself;  for  the  bands  of  Wabashaw  and  the  other  chiefs 


122  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

hurried  up  and  joined  in  the  plundering  and  killing.  This  finished, 
they  scattered  to  the  surrounding  country  to  continue  their  dreadful 
work.  Mauley,  the  ferryman,  had  just  completed  his  task  when  he 
was  killed,  disemboweled,  his  head,  hands,  and  feet  cut  off  and  thrust 
into  the  cavity. 

Among  the  fugitives  was  Dr.  Humphreys,  the  physician  to  the 
Lower  Indians.  He  took  with  him  his  wife,  two  little  boys,  and  his 
girl.  They  halted  at  a  house  two  miles  from  the  river,  and  being 
thirsty  from  the  heat  of  the  day  and  their  unusual  exertion,  he  sent 
one  of  the  little  boys  down  a  hill  hard  by  for  water.  As  he  dipped 
it  up  he  heard  the  firing  of  a  gun,  and,  peeping  over  the  hill,  saw  the 
Indians  at  the  house.  He  hid  in  the  bushes  and  waited  until  they 
had  gone.  Then  stealing  to  the  house,  he  found  his  father  with  his 
throat  cut,  while  his  mother,  brother,  and  sister  lay  dead,  murdered 
by  the  same  miscreants,  who  burned  their  bodies  in  the  building. 

Through  that  fearful  day  the  massacre  continued  on  both  sides 
of  the  river  below  the  fort,  to  within  six  miles  of  New  Ulm,  and  up 
the  river  to  Yellow  Medicine.  Many  were  killed  at  Beaver  Creek  and 
the  Sacred  Heart  Creek.  While  tumbling  their  goods  into  the  waiting 
wagons,  they  would  be  appalled  by  the  appearance  of  a  painted  band 
of  yelling  warriors.  Knowing  it  was  useless  to  resist,  they  would  give 
up  everything  in  the  hope  of  appeasing  the  wrath  of  the  savages.  In 
all  such  cases  the  victims  were  slain  without  mercy. 

Lest  the  reader  should  feel  some  sympathy  for  the  Indians  con- 
cerned in  the  Sioux  Massacre,  we  will  give  in  this  place  a  few  inci- 
dents. There  can  be  no  doubt  of  their  truth,  for  Mr.  Isaac  V.  D. 
Heard,  who  was  on  the  ground,  who  acted  as  recorder  of  the  military 
commission  that  tried  the  captured  Indians,  thus  hearing  all  the  testi- 
mony and  making  his  own  careful  investigations,  gives  these  and 
others  in  his  history  of  that  awful  outbreak. 

A  gentleman  living  near  New  Ulm  went  to  the  place  without  any 
suspicion  of  danger.  On  his  return,  he  found  that  the  Indians  had 
killed  two  of  his  children  before  their  mother's  eyes.  They  were  on 
the  point  of  slaying  her  infant,  when  she  snatched  it  from  them  and 
ran  to  her  mother's  house  near  by.  They  followed,  firing  at  her  a 
number  of  times,  without  success.  They  killed  her  mother,  her  sis- 
ter, and  servant  girl,  but,  strange  to  say,  she  escaped  with  her  in- 
fant. On  the  father's  return,  he  found  one  of  his  boys,  twelve  years 
old,  still  alive.  He  was  cut,  bruised,  and  horribly  mangled,  but  the 
father  carried  him  safely  to  St.  Peter's. 

Another  little  boy  was  brought  in  still  alive  with  a  knife  thrust 
into  one  of  his  eyes.  A  farmer  and  his  two  sons  were  working  in  a 
field,  when  all  three  were  shot  down  by  Indians.  They  then  went  to 
the  house,  and  killed  two  small  children  in  the  presence  of  the 
mother,  who  lay  ill  with  consumption.     She  and  her  daughter,  thir- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  123 

teen  years  old,  were  dragged  through  the  fields  to  their  camp.  There, 
as  the  mother  lay  helpless,  her  innocent  daughter  was  outraged  be- 
fore her  eyes  until  the  little  one  died. 

In  another  place,  a  woman  was  tomahawked  while  baking  bread, 
and  her  infant  thrust  into  the  flaming  oven.  The  indignities  to  which 
weak,  defenseless  women  and  children  were  subjected  were  too  hor- 
rifying to  be  recorded  in  print.  No  imagination  can  concieve  them. 
Let  it  suffice  that  no  retribution  too  severe  could  be  visited  upon  the 
authors  of  atrocities  never  surpassed  in  the  history  of  barbarism. 

The  massacre  had  not  continued  long  when  news  of  it  reached 
Fort  Ridgely,  whence  Captain  Marsh,  with  the  5th  regiment  of  Min- 
nesota Volunteers,  started  for  the  agency  with  forty-eight  men.  He 
rode  a  mule,  and  his  men  were  in  wagons.  A  mile  from  the  fort  he 
met  a  party  of  fugitives,  who  warned  him  that  he  would  be  killed  if 
he  attempted  to  cross  the  ferry.  He  was  advised  to  pause  on  the 
bluff  on  that  side,  collect  what  women  and  children  he  could,  and 
bring  them  to  the  fort. 

"I  have  plenty  of  ammunition,"  replied  the  brave  ofllcer,  "and 
enough  men  to  whip  all  the  Indians  this  side  of  the  Pacific  Ocean. 
I'm  not  only  going  to  the  ferry,  but  shall  cross  it." 

Five  miles  from  the  ferry,  Captain  Marsh  met  one  of  his  soldiers 
who  had  been  at  home  on  furlough.  It  was  in  this  man's  house  that 
Dr.  Humphreys  and  his  family  were  slain  and  then  burned.  He  had 
hidden  in  a  corn  efild,  and  stole  away  after  the  departure  of  the  In- 
dians. His  story  did  not  affect  the  courage  of  the  ofiicer,  who  pushed 
on,  meeting  other  fugitives,  among  whom  was  the  little  boy  of  Dr. 
Humphreys  that  escaped  because  of  his  absence  at  the  spring  when 
the  savages  visited  the  house. 

Captain  Marsh  and  his  soldiers  reached  the  ferry  at  sunset.  See- 
ing him,  the  Indians  came  down  to  the  edge  and  held  a  conversation 
through  the  interpreter  with  the  oflBcer.  The  latter  said  he  meant  to 
cross  and  look  into  matters.  Some  of  the  Indians  warned  him  not  to 
do  so,  but  White  Dog  advised  him  to  come  over.  While  the  conversa- 
tion was  going  on,  a  good  many  savages  secretly  crossed  the  stream, 
and,  with  the  help  of  the  tall,  thick  grass,  surrounded  Captain  Marsh 
without  his  suspecting  danger.  He  sent  one  or  two  of  his  men  to  the 
right  and  left  to  investigate.  They  convinced  him  that  it  was  certain 
death  to  go  over.  The  captain  replied  that  he  would  for  once  yield 
his  judgment,  and  ordered  his  soldiers,  who  were  facing  the  ferry, 
to  turn  about. 

The  moment  it  became  clear  that  the  men  would  not  cross  the 
river.  Little  Crow  gave  the  signal  to  fire.  Instantly  from  every  side 
was  poured  such  a  storm  of  bullets  that  almost  half  the  men  fell 
dead,  while  the  wounded  were  tomahawked.  It  is  said  that  the  in- 
terpreter, who  was  standing  at  the  corner  of  the  ferry  house,  receiv- 


124  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ed  twenty  bullets  in  his  body,  besides  a  number  of  arrows.  The  sur- 
vivors, seeing  the  desperate  straits  in  which  they  were  caught,  fired 
once,  killing  an  Indian  and  wounding  another,  and  then  fled  with  all 
haste. 

The  fierce  volley  slew  Captain  Marsh's  mule,  but  did  not  injure 
him,  though  he  stood  within  a  few  feet  of  his  riddled  interpreter. 
With  nine  of  his  men.  he  succeeded  in  passing  two  miles  down  the 
river,  when  he  found  the  Indians  had  cut  off  his  way  to  the  fort.  He 
decided  to  cross  the  river  and  led  the  way,  holding  his  revolver  over 
his  head  with  one  hand  and  his  sword  with  the  other.  He  was  soon 
beyond  his  depth,  but,  as  he  was  an  expert  swimmer,  nothing  was 
thought  of  that  until  his  struggles  showed  he  was  drowning.  Two  of 
his  men  hurried  to  his  help,  but  he  sank  before  they  could  reach  him, 
and  his  body  was  not  found  until  several  days  afterward.  He  must 
have  been  seized  with  cramp  on  entering  deep  water.  His  compan- 
ions safely  reached  the  fort,  leaving  twenty-four  behind. 

This  massacre  did  much  to  inflame  the  outbreak.  The  Indians 
had  killed  a  good  many;  they  had  a  large  number  of  captives,  with 
plenty  of  arms,  lead,  powder,  and  plunder.  The  church  Indians,  fear- 
ing they  would  be  suspected  of  want  of  zeal,  plunged  into  the  carnival 
of  blood  and  "out-Heroded  Herod"  by  their  atrocities. 

Messengers  were  sent  to  the  Indians  at  the  Yellow  Medicine. 
A  dispute  followed  as  to  what  course  to  take.  Other  Day,  a  civilized 
Indian,  strenuously  opposed  joining  in  the  outbreak,  but,  being  over- 
ruled, he  took  his  wife,  a  white  woman,  by  the  arm,  and,  gun  in 
hand,  visited  the  different  houses  of  the  whites  to  warn  them  of 
their  danger.  They  hurriedly  gathered  in  the  warehouse  to  the  num- 
ber of  fifty,  determined  to  fight  to  the  last. 

Other  Day  and  several  of  his  relatives  stood  outside  the  build- 
ing all  through  the  night,  on  the  watch  for  the  first  evidence  of  at- 
tack. Frequently  they  caught  sight  of  dark  figures  skulking  about 
as  silently  as  shadows,  peering  around  the  corner  in  the  hope  of 
catching  the  sentinels  unawares;  but  the  dusky  guards  were  wide 
awake,  seeing  which  the  prowlers  slunk  off  in  the  gloom. 

Just  as  it  was  growing  light,  the  report  of  a  gun  was  heard 
some  distance  off  and  a  rush  was  made  for  the  warehouse.  Other 
day  led  the  whites,  numbering  forty-two,  men,  women  and  children, 
across  the  river,  whence  they  safely  made  their  way  to  the  settle- 
ments. Friendly  Indians  warned  the  people  six  miles  above  the 
Upper  Agency  of  their  danger,  and  they,  also  numbering  forty-two, 
including  the  missionaries,  Messrs.  Riggs  and  Williamson,  got  safely 
away. 

New  Ulm  and  Fort  Ridgely  were  overrun  with  terrified  fugitives, 
many  suffering  from  ghastly  wounds,  and  trembling  lest  the  furious 
Indians  should  swoop  down  upon  and  massacre  them  all.     In  every 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  125 

direction  the  skies  were  lit  up  by  the  glare  of  burning  homes,  and 
the  near  and  far  reports  of  guns,  the  yells  of  savages,  and  the  cries 
of  the  hopeless  victims,  made  the  night  dreadful  beyond  description. 

While  the  Indian  runners  were  speeding  across  the  prairies,  bear- 
ing the  news  to  willing  ears,  the  whites  sent  messengers  to  the  set- 
tlements and  after  Lieutenant  Shehan,  who  had  started  a  few  days 
before  to  accompany  Commissioner  Dole  on  his  way  to  make  a  treaty 
with  the  Red  Lake  Chippewas.  The  officer  was  overtaken  forty 
miles  away,  and  the  news  of  the  massacre  was  carried  to  the  sur- 
rounding towns. 

At  St.  Peter's,  the  night  was  spent  in  running  bullets  and  pre- 
paring for  the  relief  of  Fort  Ridgely  and  New  Ulm.  At  daylight,  the 
bells  were  rung  and  the  people  gathered  to  decide  upon  the  course 
to  be  taken.  Agent  Galbraith  and  his  forty-five  men,  known  as  the 
"Renville  Rangers,"  had  already  set  out  for  the  fort,  and  it  was  de- 
cided to  send  a  detachment  for  the  relief  of  New  Ulm. 

Hon.  Charles  E.  Flaudreau,  Associate  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  was  elected  captain,  William  B.  Dodd,  first  lieutenant,  and  Mr. 
Meyer,  second  lieutenant.  Wagons,  horses,  ammunition,  and  neces- 
sary utensils  and  provisions  were  soon  ready,  and  sixteen  men,  under 
charge  of  ex-sheriff  Boardman,  set  out  to  scout  in  the  direction  of 
New  Ulm. 

Meanwhile,  Little  Crow,  with  one  hundred  warriors,  had  appeared 
before  the  fort,  but  did  not  make  an  attack.  Had  he  done  so,  noth- 
ing could  have  saved  the  post,  for  the  garrison  numbered  only  thirty 
men.  The  larger  part  of  this  band  scattered  in  other  directions. 
While  the  chief  and  his  men  were  hidden  near.  Agent  Galbraith  and 
his  rangers  entered  the  fort  unmolested,  and  it  was  safe  for  the  time. 

Near  the  middle  of  the  afternoon,  a  hundred  Indians  attacked 
New  Ulm.  The  population  was  about  1,500,  mostly  Germans,  the 
houses  being  so  scattered  that  it  could  not  be  readily  defended. 
While  the  atack  was  under  way,  ex-SherifC  Boardman  and  his  six- 
teen mounted  men  dashed  into  the  town  on  a  full  gallop.  They  found 
the  people  in  a  wild  panic.  But  for  the  brilliant  work  oi  the  new 
arrivals,  who  soon  drove  off  the  assailants,  the  place  must  have 
fallen,  and  one  of  the  most  terrible  massacres  would  have  followed. 

But  the  town  was  still  in  imminent  danger,  for  the  Indians  were 
hourly  receiving  reinforcements,  and  the  means  of  defense  were  of 
the  porest  character.  Fortunately,  Judge  Flaudreau  and  one  hun- 
dred men  arrived  that  night.  Sentinels  were  at  once  stationed,  and 
every  possible  precaution  taken  against  attack.  None  was  made, 
and  the  day  was  devoted  to  strengthening  the  barricades  and  organ- 
izing the  forces  for  the  conflict  that  soon  must  come. 

Judge  Flaudreau  was  made  commandant,  and  he  organized  his 
forces  with  good  judgment.    During  the  day,  fifty  more  men  arrived 


126  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

from  Mankato,  and  the  same  number  from  Le  Sueur.  No  Indians 
were  visible,  and  the  scouts  visited  the  surrounding  country,  con- 
tinually coming  upon  the  victims  of  the  ferocious  red  men. 

On  the  afternoon  of  Wednesday,  Little  Crow,  being  joined  by 
those  who  had  been  at  New  Ulm  the  day  before,  unexpectedly  at- 
tacked Fort  Ridgely.  His  volley,  through  one  of  the  openings,  killed 
three,  and  eight  more  were  wounded  during  the  fight.  On  attempt- 
ing to  use  the  cannon,  they  were  found  stuffed  with  rags,  the  work  of 
some  half-breeds  that  had  joined  the  enemy.  The  conflict  lasted 
three  hours,  when  the  Indians  drew  off  with  several  killed  and 
wounded.  The  atack  was  renewed  twice  the  following  day,  but  it 
was  seen  the  Indians  had  decreased  in  number,  many  of  them  prefer- 
ring the  more  congenial  work  of  plundering  and  murdering  through 
the  neighborhood. 

Returning  to  the  agency  that  night.  Little  Crow  found  the  Upper 
Indians  for  whom  he  had  sent.  He  had  now  nearly  500  warriors, 
and  set  out  in  high  hopes  the  next  day  to  attack  the  fort,  taking  with 
him  a  large  number  of  wagons  in  which  to  carry  the  plunder  he  was 
confident  of  obtaining.  These  were  left  on  the  reservation  side  of 
the  river,  and  the  Indians  crossed  over  and  hid  themselves  near  the 
fort.  By  and  by,  a  number  appeared  on  the  prairie,  waving  their 
blankets  and  uttering  taunts  in  the  hope  of  inducing  the  garrison  to 
come  out  and  attack  them.  The  whites  were  too  prudent  to  be 
drawn  into  the  snare,  and  answered  only  with  rifle  shots.  Then 
Little  Crow  opened  the  attack,  which  was  kept  up  without  cessa- 
tion for  five  hours.  While  it  was  in  progress,  the  horses  and  mules 
in  the  government  stables  were  set  free  and  the  building  around  the 
post  burned.  The  roof  of  the  fort  v/as  repeatedly  pierced  by  fire 
arrows,  but  the  flames  did  no  harm.  A  knot  of  Indians,  posted  in  one 
of  the  stables,  were  driven  out  by  Sergeant  Jones,  who  exploded  a 
shell  among  them.  The  casualties  among  the  defenders  were  one 
killed  and  seven  wounded,  none  severely. 

A  short  time  before  the  first  attack,  Henry  Balland  started  out 
to  get  a  horse  with  which  to  go  to  the  settlements.  Before  he  could 
return,  the  Indians  had  surrounded  the  place,  and  he  hid  himself  for 
several  hours  in  the  bushes.  They  were  all  around  him,  and  he  ex- 
pected every  minute  to  be  discovered.  A  cold  August  rain  set  in. 
At  one  time  fully  a  hundred  Indians  were  ranged  near  him,  each 
holding  his  gun  under  his  blanket  to  keep  it  dry. 

The  storm  continued,  and  by  the  lightning  flashes,  when  night  had 
come,  Balland  crept  down  to  the  river  and  made  his  escape. 

CHAPTER  XLIII. 

Fort  Ridgely  having  successfully  withstood  the  several  attacks, 
the  Indians  made  their  way  to  New  Ulm.     Several  days  had  passed 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  127 

since  the  fighting  there,  and  this  visit  was  made  on  Saturday,  the 
23rd  of  August.  The  smoke  of  burning  buildings  in  the  direction  of 
Fort  Ridgely  indicated  to  the  defenders  the  approach  of  their  ene- 
mies. 

New  Ulm,  as  we  have  said,  was  ill  prepared  for  defense,  owing  to 
the  houses  being  so  widely  scattered.  Judge  Flandreau,  believing  it 
better  to  fight  the  enemy  on  the  prairie,  posted  his  men,  numbering 
about  two  hundred  and  fifty,  in  the  open  country  outside  the  town, 
a  half  mile  away,  and  still  further  off  in  the  direction  whence  he  be- 
lieved the  atack  would  come.    He  thus  describes  what  followed: 

"At  nearly  10  o'clock  a.  m.,  the  body  of  Indians  (numbering  alto- 
gether probably  five  hundred),  began  to  move  toward  us,  first  slowly, 
and  then  with  considerable  rapidity.  Their  advance  upon  the  sloping 
prairie  in  the  bright  sunlight  was  a  very  fine  spectacle,  and  to  such 
inexperienced  soldiers  as  we  were,  intensely  exciting.  When  within 
about  one  mile  and  a  half  of  us,  the  mass  began  to  expand  like  a  fan 
and  increase  in  the  velocity  of  its  approach,  and  continued  this  move- 
ment until  about  double  rifle  shot,  when  it  had  covered  our  entire 
front. 

Then  the  savages  uttered  a  terrific  yell,  and  came  down  on  us 
like  the  wind.  I  was  stationed  myself  at  a  point  in  the  rear  where 
communication  could  be  had  with  me  easily,  and  waited  the  first  dis- 
charge with  great  anxiety,  as  it  seemed  to  me  to  yield  was  certain 
destruction,  as  the  enemy  would  rush  into  town  and  drive  everything 
before  them.  The  yell  unsettled  the  men  a  little,  and  just  as  the 
rifles  began  to  crack,  they  fell  back  along  the  whole  line,  and  com- 
mitted the  error  of  passing  the  outer  houses  without  taking  posses 
sion  of  them — a  mistake  which  the  Indians  immediately  took  ad- 
vantage of  by  themselves  occupying  them  in  squads  of  twos  and 
threes  and  up  to  ten.  They  poured  into  us  a  sharp  and  rapid  fire  as 
we  fell  back,  and  opened  from  houses  in  every  direction.  Several  of 
us  rode  up  the  hill,  endeavoring  to  rally  the  men,  and  with  good  ef- 
fect, as  they  gave  three  cheers,  and  sallied  out  of  various  houses  they 
had  retreated  to,  and  checked  the  advance  effectually.  The  firing  from 
both  sides  then  became  general,  sharp,  and  rapid;  and  it  got  to  be  a 
regular  Indian  skirmish,  in  which  every  man  did  his  own  work  after 
his  own  fashion. 

"The  Indians  had  spread  out  until  they  had  got  into  our  rear  and 
on  all  sides,  having  the  very  decided  advantage  of  the  houses  on  the 
bluff,  which  commanded  the  interior  of  the  town,  with  the  exception 
of  the  wind  mill,  which  was  occupied  by  about  twenty  of  the  Le 
Sueur  Tigers,  who  held  them  at  long  range. 

The  wind  was  from  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  and  this  fact 
directed  the  larger  part  of  the  enemy  to  that  point,  where  they 
promptly   commenced   firing  the   houses  and   advancing   behind   the 


128  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

smoke.  The  conflagration  became  general  in  the  lower  part  of  the 
town  on  both  sides  of  the  street,  and  the  bullets  flew  very  thickly 
both  from  the  bluff  and  up  the  street.  I  thought  it  prudent  to  dis- 
mount and  conduct  the  defense  on  foot.  Just  at  this  point.  Captain 
Dodd,  of  St.  Peter's,  and  someone  else,  whose  name  I  do  not  know, 
charged  down  the  street  to  ascertain  whether  some  horsemen  seen 
in  the  extreme  lower  town  were  not  our  friends  coming  in,  and  were 
met  about  three  blocks  down  with  a  heavy  volley  from  behind  a 
house,  five  bullets  passing  through  Captain  Dodd's  body,  and  several 
through  that  of  his  horse.  The  horsemen  both  turned,  and  the  cap- 
tain got  sufiiciently  near  to  be  received  by  his  friends  before  he  fell. 
He  died  about  five  hours  after  being  hit.  Too  much  cannot  be  said 
of  his  personal  bravery  and  general  desire  to  perform  his  duty  man- 
fully. Captain  Saunders,  of  the  Le  Sueur  company,  was  shot  through 
his  body  shortly  after  and  retired,  placing  his  rifle  in  effective  hands, 
and  encouraging  the  men.  The  fight  was  going  on  all  around  the 
town  during  the  whole  forenoon  and  part  of  the  afternoon,  some- 
times with  slight  advantage  to  us  and  again  to  the  Indians;  but  the 
difficulty  which  stared  us  in  the  face  was  their  gradual  but  certain 
approach  up  the  main  street  behind  the  burning  buildings,  which 
promised  our  destruction. 

"We  frequently  sallied  out  and  took  buildings  in  advance;  but 
the  risk  of  being  picked  off  from  the  bluff  was  unequal  to  the  ad- 
vantage gained,  and  the  duty  was  performed  with  some  reluctance 
by  the  men.  In  the  lower  part  of  the  town  I  had  some  of  the  best 
men  in  the  State,  both  as  shots  and  for  coolness  and  determination. 
It  will  be  sufficient  to  mention  two  as  types  of  the  class  of  the  best 
fighting  men — Asa  White  and  Newell  Horton,  known  to  all  old  set- 
tlers. 

"They  did  very  effective  service  in  checking  the  advance,  both  by 
their  unerring  rifles  and  the  good  example  their  steadiness  placed 
before  the  younger  men.  We  discovered  a  concentration  of  Indians 
on  the  side  of  the  street  toward  the  river  and  at  the  rear  of  the 
buildings,  and  expected  a  rush  upon  the  town  from  that  position,  the 
result  of  which  I  feared  more  than  anything  else,  as  the  boys  had 
proven  unequal  to  it  in  the  morning;  and  we  were  not  disappointed, 
for  in  a  few  minutes  they  came  on,  on  ponies  and  on  foot,  furiously, 
about  sixty  in  number,  charging  around  the  point  of  a  little  grove  of 
oaks. 

"This  was  the  critical  point  of  the  day.  But  four  or  five  hours 
under  fire  had  brought  the  boys  up  to  fighting  temperature,  and  they 
stood  firmly,  and  advanced  with  a  cheer,  routing  the  Indians  like 
sheep.  They  received  us  with  a  very  hot  fire,  killing  Houghton  and 
the  elderly  gentleman  whose  name  I  did  not  know.  As  they  fled  in 
a  crowd  at  a  very  short  range,  we  gave  them  a  volley  that  was  very 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  129 

effective  and  settled  the  fortunes  of  the  day  in  our  favor,  for  they 
did  not  dare  to  try  it  over.  I  think,  after  once  repulsing  them  in  a 
fair  fight,  we  could  have  successfully  resisted  them  had  they  returned 
a  second  time,  as  the  necessary  confidence  had  been  gained.  White 
men  fight  under  a  great  disadvantage  the  first  time  they  engage. 
There  is  something  so  fiendish  in  their  yells  and  terrifying  in  their 
appearance  when  in  battle,  that  it  takes  a  good  deal  of  time  to  over- 
come the  sensation  that  it  inspires.  There  is  a  snake-like  stealth  in 
all  their  movements  that  excites  distrust  and  uncertainty,  and  which 
unsteadies  the  nerves  at  first. 

"After  this  repulse  the  battle  raged  until  dark,  without  sufficient 
advantage  on  one  side  or  the  other  to  merit  mention  in  detail,  when 
the  savages  drew  off,  firing  only  an  occasional  shot  from  under  close 
cover.  After  dark  we  decreased  the  extent  of  our  lines  of  barricades; 
and  I  deemed  it  prudent  to  order  all  the  buildings  outside  to  be 
burned,  in  order  to  prevent  them  from  affording  protection  to  the 
savages  while  they  advanced  to  annoy  us.  We  were  compelled  to 
consume  about  forty  valuable  buildings;  but,  as  it  was  a  military 
necessity,  the  inhabitants  did  not  demur,  but  themselves  applied  the 
torch  cheerfully.  In  a  short  time  we  had  a  fair  field  before  us  of 
the  open  prairie,  with  the  exception  of  a  large  brick  building  which 
we  held  and  had  loopholed  in  all  the  stories  on  all  sides,  and  which 
commanded  a  large  portion  of  our  front  toward  the  bluff.  We  also 
dug  a  system  of  rifle  pits  on  that  front  outside  the  barricades,  about 
four  rods  apart,  which  completed  our  defenses. 

"That  night  we  slept  very  little,  every  man  being  at  the  barri- 
cades all  night,  each  third  man  being  allowed  to  sleep  at  intervals. 
In  the  morning  the  attack  was  renewed,  but  not  with  much  vigor, 
and  subsided  about  noon." 

Mr.  Heard  relates  the  following  incidents  conected  with  the  at- 
tack at  New  Ulm: 

While  the  fight  was  going  on,  a  heavy  firing  was  kept  up  from  a 
woodpile.  The  defenders  were  astonished  to  see  a  warrior  standing 
upright  and  in  full  view.  Again  and  again  he  was  fired  upon,  but  he 
seemed  to  enjoy  some  strange  protection,  for  none  of  the  best  marks- 
men could  bring  him  down.  After  the  batter,  as  he  still  kept  his  po- 
sition, some  of  the  whites  went  out  to  investigate.  It  was  then  dis- 
covered that  he  had  been  dead  from  the  first,  his  body  being  repeat- 
edly pierced  by  bullets.  The  others  had  propped  him  up  for  the  pur- 
pose of  drawing  the  fire  of  the  whites. 

One  of  the  most  desperate  of  the  half-breeds  crept  up  close  in 
the  high  grass,  from  which  he  kept  up  a  deadly  fire.  He  held  his 
place  after  the  advance  was  made,  when  he  discharged  his  gun 
and  started  off  on  a  run,  crouching  down  as  he  did  so.  Several  bul- 
lets were  sent  after  him,  and  one  cut  the  great  artery  in  his  shotilder. 


130  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

from  which  the  blood  spurted  in  a  stream.  He  sank  down  and  was 
quickly  decapitated  and  scalped. 

A  man  was  seen  walking  off  with  a  featherbed  over  his  shoulder. 
He  was  near  by,  but,  as  he  moved  in  the  direction  of  the  Indians, 
the  spectators  remarked  the  foolish  risk  he  was  running:.  When  he 
had  gone  a  considerable  distance,  he  threw  down  the  bed  and  uttered 
a  triumphant  shout.  He  was  one  of  the  hostiles,  that  had  escaped  by 
this  clever  ruse. 

It  would  require  volumes  to  tell  of  the  individual  outrages  dur- 
ing the  Sioux  outbreak.  The  revolt  extended  throughout  the  entire 
frontier  of  Minnesota  and  into  Iowa  and  Dakota.  During  the  first 
week,  more  than  seven  hundred  people  were  killed  and  over  two 
hundred  made  captive.  As  stated  in  another  place,  the  women,  and 
even  children  of  tender  years,  were  subjected  to  indescribable  muti- 
lation at  the  hands  of  their  captors.  Many  fmccumbed  under  the 
awful  treatment,  and  welcomed  death  for  the  blessed  relief  it  brought. 

Fortunately,  there  were  several  thousand  armed  men  in  the 
State,  summoned  by  President  Lincoln's  recent  call  for  volunteers  to 
serve  in  the  Civil  War.  These  were  hurried  to  the  frontier,  and 
mounted  soldiers  were  called  out  by  the  governor  to  join  In  punish- 
ing the  savages.  Governor  Ramsey  hastened  to  Mendota  on  receipt 
of  the  news  of  the  outbreak,  and  requested  the  Hon.  H.  H.  Sibley 
to  take  command,  with  the  rank  of  colonel,  of  an  expedition  Intended 
to  move  up  the  Minnesota  Valley.  He  complied,  and  started  as  quick- 
ly as  possible  with  four  companies  of  the  Sixth  Regiment  for  St. 
Peter's,  where  he  arrived  on  the  day  of  the  last  battle  at  the  fort. 
On  Sunday,  two  hundred  men,  under  the  command  of  W.  J.  Cullen, 
came  in.  These,  with  a  hundred  more,  were  placed  in  charge  of  Col- 
onel Samuel  M'Phail.  Other  arrivals  followed  until  Sibley's  com- 
mand was  increased  to  fourteen  hundred  men. 

Knowing  the  character  of  the  foe  before  him,  Colonel  Sibley  ad- 
vanced cautiously.  He  met  continuous  streams  of  fugitives,  while 
Shakopee,  Belle  Plain,  and  Henderson  were  overrun  with  the  terrl- 
efid  people,  who  were  in  constant  terror  of  attacks  by  the  Indians. 
Detachments  were  sent  to  New  Ulm,  which  was  known  to  be  sur- 
rounded by  the  savages  and  In  great  danger  of  capture.  These  de- 
tachments, after  many  stirring  experiences,  returned  to  St.  Peter's, 
where  they  found  that  Colonel  Sibley  had  left  that  morning  for  Fort 
Ridgely  and  had  ordered  them  to  follow  on  their  return.  They 
learned  that  the  people  of  New  Ulm  on  Monday,  August  25,  had 
abandoned  the  place.  They  numbered  two  thousand.  Including  the 
women,  children,  sick  and  wounded,  with  a  train  of  a  hundred  and 
fifty-three  wa 2:0ns.  They  had  gone  to  Mankato,  led  to  do  so  by  the 
exhaustion  of  their  ammunition,  the  isolation  of  the  town,  and  their 
Inability  to  hold  out  against  a  determined  attack  of  the  Indians. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  131 

Colonel  Sibley  reached  Fort  Ridgely,  and  all  danger  of  attack 
at  that  place  and  New  Ulm  (where  really  thhere  was  nothing  to  at- 
tack), was  ended.  On  Sunday,  August  31,  a  hundred  and  fifty  men, 
under  command  of  Major  Joseph  R.  Brown,  were  sent  to  the  Lower 
Agency  to  bury  the  dead  and  learn,  if  possible,  what  had  become  of 
the  enemy. 

Many  of  the  victims  of  Indian  atrocity  were  found  to  be  shot 
with  arrows  of  peculiar  construction,  worthy  the  genius  of  an  Ameri- 
can Indian.  Along  the  reed,  from  the  head  to  the  feather  tip,  ran 
a  gutter,  cut  in  the  wood  and  winding  irregularly  around  it.  The 
object  of  this  is  to  prevent  the  clotting  of  the  blood  in  a  wound  in- 
flicted by  the  missile.  If  it  entered  a  few  inches  into  a  person's 
body,  and  was  of  the  ordinary  pattern,  the  wound  might  be  closed 
by  the  clotting  of  the  blood,  but  this  gutter  furnishes  such  a  free 
outlet  that  the  flow  continues  until  the  victim  dies  from  weakness. 

Some  of  the  citizens  who  went  with  Major  Brown  came  back 
the  following  evening,  and  told  Colonel  Sibley  that  on  that  morning 
the  cavalry  and  a  few  of  the  infantry  had  crossed  the  river  at  the 
agency,  buried  the  dead,  and  scouted  some  distance  above.  They 
could  flnd  no  evidence  that  any  Indians  had  been  there  for  several 
days.  Captain  Grant,  with  the  infantry,  buried  the  dead  on  the  Fort 
Ridgely  side,  including  those  at  Beaver  Creek,  and  going  into  camp 
on  the  same  side  of  the  river,  was  joined  by  Major  Brown  and  his 
command. 

Colonel  Sibley  was  relieved  to  be  informed  that  no  signs  of  In- 
dians had  been  discovered  by  Major  Brown,  who  was  an  old  cam- 
paigner and  ought  not  to  be  deceived.  But  on  Wednesday  morning, 
the  sentries  heard  flring  in  the  direction  of  the  agency.  The  wind 
was  blowing  toward  the  point  whence  the  noise  came,  but  by  lying 
on  the  ground,  the  anxious  listeners  plainly  caught  the  rapid  dis- 
charge of  flrearms.  There  could  be  no  mistake  as  to  the  meaning  of 
this.  The  battle  was  "on  once  more,"  and  relief  must  be  dispatched 
at  once  to  their  imperiled  comrades. 

Colonel  M'Phail  with  flfty  horsemen,  Major  M'Laren  with  a 
hundred  and  flve  infantry,  and  Captain  Mark  Hendricks  with  a  moun- 
tain howitzer,  were  hurried  off  to  their  relief.  The  anxious  listeners 
at  the  fort  still  heard  the  rifle  firing,  and  by  and  by,  resounding 
boom  of  the  howitzer  told  that  the  relief  party  were  also  fighting. 
Colonel  Sibley  ordered  all  the  tents  to  be  struck  and  taken  into  the 
fort,  and  just  as  night  was  closing  in,  the  entire  command  set  out  to 
the  help  of  the  two  detachments. 

The  night  grew  intensely  dark,  but  the  men  marched  forward  for 
thirteen  miles.  Then  the  bright  flash  of  the  mountain  howitzer  told 
them  they  were  close  upon  the  second  detachment.  It  was  found 
that  when  within  a  few  miles  of  where  they  believed  Major  Brown 


132  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

to  be,  they  were  attacked  by  Indians.  Securing  the  best  position 
attainable,  they  decided  to  wait  for  re-enforcements.  The  howitzer 
was  fired  to  guide  the  main  body  to  the  spot. 

No  further  attack  was  made  that  night,  and  at  early  dawn  the 
whole  force  was  in  motion.  Not  far  off  they  came  in  sight  of  Birch 
Coolie,  and  saw  through  the  trees  the  gleam  of  tents,  but  whether 
they  belonged  to  Major  Brown  or  the  hostiles  could  not  be  determined 
without  a  closer  approach. 

A  few  minutes  later,  the  Indians  appeared  in  the  belt  of  woods, 
waving  their  blankets  and  emitting  taunting  shouts  in  the  hope  of 
drawing  the  soldiers  in  pursuit.  Failing  in  this,  they  sheltered  them- 
selves as  best  they  could,  and  opened  a  brisk  but  poorly  aimed  fire 
on  the  soldiers,  who  speedily  drove  them  back.  The  shells  from  the 
cannon  hastened  their  flight,  and,  running  down  Birch  Coolie,  they 
crossed  the  river  at  the  agency. 

The  tents  discerned  through  the  trees  proved  to  be  those  of 
Major  Brown  and  his  command.  They  had  encamped  on  the  spot 
two  nights  before,  choosing  the  place  because  of  its  accessibility  to 
wood  and  water  and  under  the  belief  that  nothing  was  to  be  feared 
from  the  Indians.  A  worse  place  in  that  respect  could  not  have  been 
chosen,  and  the  savages,  who  were  on  the  watch,  assailed  them  sud- 
denly and  with  the  utmost  fierceness.  The  men  made  a  brave  de- 
fense under  most  unfavorable  circumstances,  but  suffered  fearfully. 
When  relieved  by  Colonel  Sibley,  they  had  been  more  tnan  thirty 
hours  without  food  or  water,  twenty-three  were  killed  or  dying,  and 
forty-five  were  badly  wounded.  Out  of  the  ninety  horses  only  one 
was  alive,  and  he  was  wounded.  Among  the  wounded  were  Major 
Brown,  Captain  Anderson,  Agent  Galbraith,  and  Captain  Redfield. 
William  Irvine  of  West  St.  Paul  had  been  shot  in  the  head  and  his 
brains  were  ooizng  over  his  face,  but  he  lived  for  several  hours. 

On  the  7th  of  November.  Colonel  Marshall  starter  for  Fort 
Desolation  deigned  supreme. 

Major  Brown  was  right  in  his  conclusion  that  the  Indians  had 
left  the  Lower  Agency  several  days  before.  Learning  of  Sibley's 
march  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Ridgely,  they  had  moved  up  the  Yellow 
Medicine  River  to  place  their  families  out  of  danger.  Ascertaining 
further  that  New  Ulm  had  been  abandoned,  a  war  party  was  sent 
thither  to  procure  what  plunder  they  could,  after  which  it  was  in- 
tended to  attack  Mankato  and  St.  Peter's.  The  discovery  of  Major 
Brown's  approach  created  a  diversion,  which,  though  resulting  in  a 
dreadful  disaster,  undoubtedly  saved  the  towns  named,  as  well  as 
New  Ulm. 

A  curious  complication  now  followed.  On  Monday,  Little  Crow's 
party  traveled  thirty  miles  and  encamped  near  Acton.  The  leader 
rode  in  a  wagon,  with  a  half-breed  acting  as  his  driver  and  secre- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  133 

tary.  A  few  of  the  Indians  were  mounted  on  stolen  horses,  and  all 
went  well  until  noon  of  the  next  day,  when  the  Indians  got  into  a 
wrangle,  the  result  of  which  was  that  Little  Crow  and  thirty-four 
others  started  for  Cedar  Mills  to  get  supplies,  after  which  they  meant 
to  return  to  Yellow  Medicine.  They  went  into  camp  about  a  mile 
from  Acton,  The  other  party  was  bent  on  a  raid  through  the 
country  toward  St.  Cloud,  and  encamped  within  a  half  mile  of  Little 
Crow's  band,  without  either  party  suspecting  their  proximity  to  each 
other.  1  ^'^^ 

At  the  same  time,  a  company  of  seventy-five  white  men,  volun- 
teers, under  Captain  Strout,  were  in  camp  near  by  in  Acton,  all  three 
being  ignorant  of  each  other's  location.  During  the  night,  several 
scouts  came  into  Acton  from  Forest  City  with  news  that  Captain 
Whitcomb  had  been  attacked  the  morning  before  near  that  place,  and 
the  town  was  in  such  danger  that  they  were  begged  to  go  at  once 
to  its  defense. 

The  start  was  made  early  the  next  morning  for  Forest  City  by 
way  of  Hutchinson.  The  volunteers  passed  the  camp  of  the  larger 
band  of  Indians  undetected,  but  one  of  Little  Crow's  warriors  dis- 
covered them,  and  the  hostiles  hastily  prepared  for  battle.  Almost 
at  the  same  moment,  the  larger  body  of  Indians  also  discovered  them, 
and  came  whooping  and  yelling  at  their  heels.  Thus  the  whites 
found  their  enemies  in  front  and  rear,  but  they  charged  through  those 
in  front,  and  continued  to  Hutchinson.  The  savages  closely  followed 
them  for  several  miles,  killing  three  men,  wounding  fifteen,  captur- 
ing nine  horses,  and  several  wagons  containing  arms,  ammunition, 
and  supplies. 

During  this  running  fight.  Little  Crow's  son,  about  fifteen  years 
old,  shot  Mr.  Edwin  Stone,  a  well  known  merchant  of  Minneapolis. 
He  was  wounded  while  walking  beside  a  wagon,  and  was  unable  to 
climb  into  it.  A  second  Indian  dashed  out  his  brains  with  a  toma- 
hawk. The  wadding  from  the  boy's  gun  set  the  clothing  of  the  mer- 
chant on   fire,   so  that  his  death  was  frightful. 

The  volunteers  were  attacked  the  next  day  in  the  fort  at  Hutchin- 
son. Most  of  the  town  was  burned.  One  of  the  Indians  called  out 
in  English,  daring  the  soldiers  to  come  out  in  the  open  plain  and  fight 
like  men.  The  troops  accepted  the  invitation,  and  scattered  their 
assailants  without  receiving  any  loss.  Skirmishing  continued  until 
night,  when  the  Indians  drew  off  and  encamped  near  Cedar  Mills. 
They  were  then  joined  by  a  band  of  fifty,  that  had  attacked  Forest 
City  the  preceding  day,  burning  a  number  of  buildings  and  securing 
much  plunder.  The  following  morning,  the  Indians  divided  and  went 
home.  Little  Crow  and  his  men  by  way  of  the  Lower  Agency,  where 
he  arrived  that  night. 

Mr.  Heard  tells  the  following:     One  of  the  scouts  while  riding 


134  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

along  was  startled  by  his  horse  jumping  aside.  Looking  for  the 
cause,  he  saw  a  white  man  lying  in  a  pile  of  grass  which  he  had 
pulled  up  and  piled  about  him  for  concealment.  Several  ears  of 
green  corn  partly  eaten  lay  around  him.  He  was  a  young  man,  with 
small  hands,  long,  fair  hair,  but  his  garments  were  tattered  and  torn 
with  long  journeyings,  and  the  face  was  haggard  and  pale.  He  was 
asleep,  with  his  cheek  resting  on  his  hand;  so  soundly  asleep,  so  in- 
tensely engaged,  perhaps,  in  happy  dreams  that  the  trampling  of  the 
Indian's  horse  did  not  arouse  him.  "What  do  you  here,  my  friend?" 
called  the  savage,  in  a  loud  voice.  The  sleeper  raised  his  head  and 
gazed  with  startled  apprehension  in  the  painted  face  before  him.  Be- 
fore that  expression  had  time  to  change,  the  whirling  ax  dashed  out 
the  brains  which  gave  it  life.  Then  the  murderer  dismounting,  with 
his  knife  cut  off  the  head;  but  even  then  that  startled  look  did  not 
change,  for  death  had  frozen  it  there,  and  nothing  but  corruption's 
effacing  hand  could  sweep  it  away. 

The  panic  which  reigned  in  Minnesota  at  this  time,  resulting 
from  the  attacks  on  New  Ulm,  Fort  Ridgely,  Birch  Coolie,  Acton, 
Hutchinson,  Forest  City  and  the  massacres  that  had  taken  place 
within  Colonel  Sibley's  lines,  was  shown  by  the  fact  that  people  living 
on  the  outskirts  of  St.  Paul  hurriedly  moved  into  the  interior  of  the 
city.  General  Sibley's  family,  in  Mendota,  took  refuge  one  night  in 
Fort  Snelling. 

CHAPTER  XLIV. 

Little  Crow,  although  the  most  prominent  leader  in  the  Sioux 
outbreak,  saw  the  inevitable  end  from  the  beginning.  His  people 
must  be  conquered,  and,  though  ne  had  been  forced  into  the  fight, 
he  only  awaited  the  opportunity  to  make  overtures  of  peace  to  the 
military  authorities.  He  opened  communication  with  Colonel  Sibley 
at  Fort  Ridgely,  where  that  oflBcer  was  detained  by  lack  of  ammuni- 
tion and  supplies.  This  was  during  the  first  week  in  September,  ana 
while  the  correspondence  was  going  on,  something  like  a  cessation 
of  massacre  and  outrage  took  place.  The  Indians  had  a  large  number 
of  captives,  who  were  in  danger  of  massacre,  and  the  object  of  Col- 
onel Sibley  was  first  to  secure  the  safety  of  these  and  to  bring  the 
outrages  to  an  end. 

The  correspondence  developed  the  fact  that  the  hostiles  were 
divided  among  themselves.  They  held  frequent  councils,  and  the 
debate  over  the  course  to  be  followed  became  so  violent  that  more 
than  once  the  Indians  were  on  the  point  of  flying  at  each  other.  Had 
such  a  wrangle  taken  place,  every  one  of  the  two  hundred  and  more 
captives  would  have  been  massacred. 

A  considerable  minority  of  the  Indians  were  in  favor  of  the  sur- 
render of  the  prisoners  as  preliminary  to  peace,  but  others  were  so 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  135 

fiercely  opposed  that  they  threatened  to  kill  those  who  took  the  first 
step  looking  to  that  end.  With  Little  Crow  were  associated  a  num- 
ber of  chiefs  who  wished  to  make  terms  with  the  authorities.  They 
maintained  a  clandestine  correspondence  with  Colonel  Sibley,  Wa- 
bashaw  and  Taopee  being  the  most  prominent.  It  was  this  couple 
that  manged  to  keep  up  an  "underground"  correspondence  with  Col- 
onel Sibley  in  the  effort  to  effect  their  object.  They  were  accused 
in  their  own  camp  of  doing  this,  but,  of  course,  denied  it,  for  had 
it  been  known  they  would  have  been  instantly  killed. 

Colonel  Sibley  left  Fort  Ridgely,  September  18,  to  hunt  the  hos- 
tiles.  The  route  was  over  a  country  still  smoking  hot  with  the  blood 
of  the  victims  of  Indian  atrocity.  The  Sioux  scouts  were  continually 
in  sight,  taunting  the  whites  and  scurrying  before  them  as  they  ad- 
vanced over  the  prairie,  but  taking  care  to  keep  out  of  rifle  range. 

Sibley  camped  near  Wood  Lake  on  the  22d  of  September.  The 
following  morning  a  number  of  foraging  teams  were  fired  on  by  the 
Indians.  The  Third  Regiment  hurried  out  and  was  soon  engaged 
with  the  enemy.  They  appeared  in  large  numbers  on  all  sides,  gath- 
ering in  the  ravines  between  the  Third  Regiment  and  the  camp.  Col- 
onel Sibley  opened  fire,  making  good  use  of  the  howitzer,  and  an  im- 
petuous charge  into  the  gorge  drove  out  the  Indians.  The  fight  lasted 
more  than  an  hour,  eight  hundred  being  engaged  on  each  side.  The 
whites  lost  four  killed  and  about  fifty  wounded.  Little  Crow's  plan 
was  to  ambuscade  the  soldiers  while  marching  through  the  ravine, 
but  the  taunts  of  the  "Friendly  Indians,"  as  they  were  known,  caused 
the  attack  to  be  made  in  the  open  plain. 

This  is  known  as  the  battle  of  Wood  Lake.  Colonel  Sibley  re- 
mained long  enough  to  bury  his  dead,  and  then  marched  to  the  Indian 
camp  near  Lac  qui  Parle.  This  was  reached  on  the  26tli  of  Septem- 
ber, and  was  found  to  contain  about  a  hundred  tepees.  Little  Crow 
and  two  hundred  warriors  and  their  families  had  fled  northward  after 
the  battle  of  Wood  Lake. 

Sibley's  camp  was  within  a  quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  Indian  camp, 
which  was  commanded  by  his  cannon.  He  soon  rode  over  with  his 
staff  and  bodyguard  and  took  formal  possession.  The  Indians,  many 
of  whom  had  conducted  themselves  like  demons,  were  profuse  in  their 
professions  of  friendship,  each  insisting  that  he  was  a  good  Indian 
and  all  the  outrages  were  committed  by  the  other  fellows. 

Colonel  Sibley's  formal  demand  for  the  captives  was  promptly 
obeyed.  They  numbered  two  hundred  and  fifty,  who  for  days  had 
undergone  the  most  agonizing  suspense  conceivable,  Tor,  beyond 
question,  they  were  repeatedly  within  a  hair's  breadth  of  death. 
Sometimes  it  looked  as  if  the  frirnds  of  peace  would  prevail  and 
the  anguish  end  by  their  restoration  to  their  friends,  but  the  fiery- 
warriors,  implacable  in  their  hostility,  conquered,  and  the  torture  of 


136  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

hope  deferred  continued.  Now,  however,  it  was  over,  and  they  were 
safe  beyond  any  harm  from  their  painted  foes.  The  ragged,  gaunt, 
famished  women  and  children  wept  with  joy,  and  many  an  eye  among 
the  soldiers  was  moistened  by  the  touching  sight.  There  was  only 
one  white  man,  George  Spencer,  among  the  restored  captives.  He 
said  that  if  Colonel  Sibley  had  done  as  many  of  his  friends  had 
urged,  attacked  the  Indians  at  certain  times,  every  one  of  the  cap- 
tives would  have  been  killed. 

A  military  commission  of  inquiry  was  organized  and  testimony 
taken  to  ascertain  the  guilt  of  accused  parties.  Some  thirty  or  forty 
were  arrested,  and  the  rest  were  sent  down  to  the  Yellow  Medicine 
Agency,  under  charge  of  Agent  Galbraitb.  Indians  continually  came 
in  and  surrendered,  for  all  saw  the  end  had  come. 

Colonel  Crook,  by  direction  of  the  commander,  stealthily  sur- 
rounded the  second  camp  at  night,  disarmed  the  men,  and  placed 
them  in  a  log  jail  erected  in  the  middle  of  the  camp.  The  same 
thing  was  done  at  Yellow  Medicine,  by  bringing  all  the  braves  into 
the  agency  building  under  the  pretense  of  holding  a  council. 

CHAPTER  XLV. 

Colonel  Sibley  broke  camp  on  the  23d  of  October,  having  been 
joined  by  Lieutenant  Colonel  Marshall,  with  a  number  of  prisoners 
captured  upon  Wild  Goose  Nest  Lake.  The  other  captives  were 
taken  in  at  Yellow  Medicine,  and  the  march  continued  through  one 
of  the  fiercest  wind  storms  ever  enucountered  in  that  section.  It 
cleared,  however,  and  the  sun  was  shining  from  a  calm  sky  when 
camp  was  made  in  the  valley  of  the  Redwood. 

Several  weeks  were  spent  at  the  Lower  Agency,  during  which 
the  investigation  and  trials  were  continued.  Parties  sent  out  still 
found  victims  of  the  massacre.  Mr.  Heard  states  that,  on  the  29th, 
a  foraging  party  crossed  the  river,  and  eleven  miles  above  discov- 
ered the  remains  of  twelve  persons.  In  one  house  a  skull  lay  upon 
the  bed,  and  in  the  same  room  was  stretched  a  dead  hog  that  had 
probably  been  feeding  on  the  bodies.  Close  to  the  house  the  party 
were  saluted  by  two  howling,  half-starved  dogs. 

The  next  day  they  came  upon  the  remains  of  thirteen  more 
bodies.  One  skull,  evidently  that  of  a  powerful  man,  was  fractured 
to  bits.  Cattle  were  running  around  almost  as  wild  as  buffalo.  An 
ox  was  writhing  on  the  ground  in  agony,  and  frothing  at  the  mouth, 
apparently  with  hydrophobia.  Many  of  the  dogs  had  gone  mad. 
Desolation  reigned  supreme. 

On  the  7th  of  November,  Colonel  Marshall  started  for  Fort 
Snelling  with  the  inmates  of  the  Indian  camp,  numbering  about  1,500, 
mostly  women  and  children.  While  passing  New  Ulm  the  inhabi- 
tants, who  were  engaged  in  disinterring  and  reburying  their  dead. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  137 

attacked  the  prisoners  with  the  command.  The  sight  of  the  authors 
of  their  desolation  and  woe  inspired  the  men,  women,  and  children 
to  madness.  Catching  up  hoes,  brickbats,  clubs,  knives,  guns,  and 
anything  upon  which  they  could  lay  hands,  they  assailed  the  cower 
ing  wretches  in  the  wagons.  One  woman  broke  the  jaw  of  an  Indian, 
and,  had  they  not  been  restrained,  more  than  one  savage  would 
have  been  killed. 

Arriving  at  Mankato,  Camp  Lincoln  was  established,  and  a  num- 
ber of  Winnebagos  were  tried.  The  military  commission,  organized 
to  try  summarily  the  mulattoes,  mixed  bloods,  and  Indians  engaged 
in  the  Sioux  raids  and  massacres,  consisted,  at  first,  of  Colonel  Crook, 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Marshall,  Captains  Grant  and  Bailey,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Olin.  Mr.  Isaac  V.  D.  Heard,  the  historian  of  the  outbreak, 
acter  as  recorder.  Before  the  trial  was  concluded.  Major  Bradley 
was  substituted  for  Lieutenant  Colonel  Marshall,  who  was  called 
away  by  other  duties. 

The  prisoners  were  arraigned  upon  written  charges  specifjdng 
the  criminating  acts.  These  charges  were  signed  by  Colonel  Sibley 
or  his  adjutant  general,  and  in  nearly  every  case  were  based  upon 
information  furnished  by  Rev.  S.  R.  Riggs,  who  assembled  those 
that  had  the  means  of  knowing  the  truth  by  themselves,  and  closely 
questioned  them.  The  names  of  the  witnesses  were  attached  to  the 
charge.  Mr.  Riggs's  long  residence  among  the  Indians,  his  full  knowl- 
edge of  their  habits  and  characteristics,  and  his  thorough  acquaint- 
ance with  the  accused  made  his  help  invaluable  in  fixing  the  guilt 
upon  the  right  parties. 

As  an  example  of  the  manner  in  which  this  famous  trial  was 
conducted,  we  give  Mr.  Heard's  account  of  the  proceedings  in  the 
case  of  the  first  person  tried.    He  was  Godfrey,  a  negro. 

"Charge  and  Specifications  Against  0-ta-kle,  or  Godfrey,  a  Col- 
ored Man  Conected  with  the  Sioux  Tribe  of  Indians. 

"Charge— MURDER. 
"Specification  1. — In  this,  that  the  said  0-ta-kle,  or  Godfrey,  a 
colored  man,  did,  at  or  near  New  Ulm,  Minnesota,  on  or  about  the 
19th  day  of  August,  1862,  join  a  war  party  of  the  Sioux  tribe  of  In- 
dians against  the  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  did  with  his 
own  hand  murder  seven  white  men,  women,  and  children  (more  or 
less),  peaceable  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

"Specification  2. — In  this,  that  the  said  0-ta-kle,  or  Godfrey,  a 
colored  man,  did,  at  various  times  and  places  between  the  19th  of 
August,  1862,  and  the  28th  day  of  September,  1862,  join  and  partici- 
pate in  the  murders  and  massacre  committed  by  the  Sioux  Indians 
on   the    Minnesota   frontier.     By   order  of 

"Col.  H.  H.  Sibley,  Com.  Mil.  Expedition. 
"S.  H.  Fowler,  Lt.  Col.,  State  Militia,  A.  A.  A.  G. 


138  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"Mary    Woodbury,  ^ 

"David    Faribalt,    Sr.,     | 

"Mary    Swan,  (.     Witnesses. 

"Bernard  La  Batte,  | 

J 

"Godfrey  denied  the  grave  accusation,  insisting  that  tie  had  been 
forced  into  the  fight  on  the  side  of  the  Indians,  and  had  done  noth- 
ing which  was  not  justified  by  the  situation  and  circumstances. 

"Mary  Woodbury  testified  that  she  saw  him  two  or  three  days 
after  the  outbreak  at  Little  Crow's  village  with  a  breecn  clout  on 
and  his  legs  and  face  painted  for  a  war  party,  and  that  he  started 
with  one  for  New  Ulm;  that  he  appeared  very  happy  and  contented 
with  the  Indians;  was  whooping  around  and  yelling,  and  apparently 
as  fierce  as  any  of  them.  When  they  came  back,  there  was  a 
Wahpeton,  named  Hunka,  who  told  witness  that  the  negro  was  the 
bravest  of  all;  that  he  led  them  into  a  house  and  clubbed  the  in- 
mates with  a  hatchet;  and  that  she  was  standing  in  the  prisoner's 
tent  door  and  heard  the  Indians  asking  him  how  many  he  had  killed, 
and  he  said  only  seven;  and  that  she  saw  him  once,  when  he  started 
off,  have  a  gun,  a  knife,  and  a  hatchet. 

"Mary  Swan  and  Mattie  Williams  testified  that  when  the  war 
party  took  them  captive,  though  the  prisoner  was  not  armed,  he 
appeared  to  be  as  much  in  favor  of  the  outrages  as  any  of  the  In- 
dians, and  made  no  intimation  to  the  contrary  in  a  conversation  the 
witnesses  had  with  him. 

"La  Batte  knew  nothing  about  him. 

David  Faribault,  Sr.,  a  half-breed,  testified  as  to  his  boasting  of 
killing  seven  with  a  tomahawk,  and  some  more  children;  but  these, 
he  said,  didn't  amount  to  anything,  and  he  wouldn't  count  them. 
Witness  saw  him  at  the  fort  and  at  New  Ulm,  fighting  and  acting 
like  the  Indians,  and  he  never  told  him  (Faribault)  that  he  was 
forced  into  the  outbreak. 

"Godfrey's  looks  and  honest  manner  led  the  court  to  think  that 
possibly  he  was  not  as  'black'  as  painted.  His  voice  was  soft,  his 
face  pleasing,  and  he  created  much  sympathy  for  himself.  It  was 
impossible  to  find  anyone  who  had  actually  seen  him  kill  a  white 
person.  His  case  puzzled  the  court,  but  he  was  finally  found  not 
guilty  of  the  first  specification,  but  guilty  of  the  charge  and  second 
specification,  and  sentenced  to  be  hanged.  Accompanymg  the  sen- 
tence was  a  recommendation  of  a  commutation  of  punishment  to 
imprisonment  for  ten  years.  This  was  granted  by  the  President  of 
the  United  States. 

"Godfrey  possessed  an  extraordinary  memory  and  gave  great  aid 
in  the  trial  of  the  other  prisoners.  Most  of  these  virtually  admitted 
their  guilt,  though  they  tried  to  extenuate  what  they  had  done. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  139 

"The  most  terrible  murderer  among  the  lot  was  Cut  Nose.  He 
was  the  leader  in  most  of  the  massacres  and  foremost  in  outrages. 
At  Beaver  Creek  settlement,  a  party  of  settlers  hurriedly  prepared  for 
flight.  In  the  wagon  huddled  a  number  of  helpless  women  and  chil- 
dren, who  gathered  their  shawls  about  them  and  covered  their  heads 
on  the  approach  of  the  Indians.  Two  of  these  held  the  horses,  while 
Cut  Nose  leaped  into  the  wagon  and  tomahawked  eleven,  most  of 
them  children.  An  infant  was  then  snatched  from  its  mother's  arms 
and  riveted  to  the  fence  with  a  bolt  taken  from  the  wagon.  When 
the  infant  had   expired  the  mother  was  mutilated  and  killed." 

More  than  four  hundred  prisoners  were  tried,  of  which  three  hun- 
dred and  three  were  sentenced  to  death  and  eighteen  to  imprison- 
ment. The  records  of  the  testimony  and  sentences  of  the  Indians 
were  sent  to  President  Lincoln,  who  ordered  that  thirty-eight  should 
be  executed  on  the  26th  of  February,  1863. 

CHAPTER  XLVI. 

The  condemned  were  treated  with  the  utmost  consideration. 
They  were  allowed  to  select  their  spiritual  advisers,  to  bid  good-bye 
to  their  families,  and  every  possible  indulgence  was  shown  to  them. 
Some  displayed  a  stoical  indifference  to  their  awful  situation,  while 
others  were  affected  to  tears. 

The  following  details  of  the  last  scenes  are  from  the  St.  Paul 
Press: 

"Late  on  Thursday  night,  in  company  with  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Marshall,  the  reporter  visited  the  building  occupied  by  the  doomed 
Indians.  They  were  quartered  on  the  ground  floor  of  the  three-story 
stone  building  erected  by  the  late  General  Leech. 

"They  were  all  fastened  to  the  floor  by  chains,  two  by  two. 
Some  were  sitting  up,  smoking  and  conversing,  while  others  were 
reclining,  covered  with  blankets  and  apparently  asleep.  The  half- 
breeds  and  one  or  two  others  only  were  dressed  in  citizens'  clothes. 
The  rest  wore  the  breech  clout,  leggings,  and  blankets,  and  not  a  few 
were  adorned  with  paint.  The  majority  of  them  were  young  men, 
though  several  were  quite  old  and  gray-headed,  ranging  perhaps 
toward  seventy.  One  was  quite  a  youth,  not  over  sixteen.  They  all 
appeared  cheerful  and  contented,  and  scarcely  to  reflect  on  the  cer- 
tain doom  which  awaited  them.  To  the  gazers,  the  recollection  of 
how  short  a  time  since  they  had  been  engaged  in  the  diabolical  work 
of  murdering  indiscriminately  both  old  and  young,  sparing  neither 
sex  nor  condition,  sent  a  thrill  of  horror  through  the  veins.  Now 
they  were  perfectly  harmless,  and  looked  as  innocent  as  children. 
They  smiled  at  your  entrance,  and  held  out  their  hands  to  be  shaken, 
which  yet  appeared  to  be  gory  with  the  blood  of  babes.  Oh,  Treach- 
ery, thy  name  is  Dakota! 


140  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"Father  Ravoux  spent  the  whole  night  among  the  doomed  ones, 
talking  with  them  concerning  their  fate,  and  endeavoring  to  impress 
upon  them  a  serious  view  of  the  subject.  He  met  with  some  suc- 
cess, and  during  the  night  several  were  baptized  and  received  the 
communion  of  the  church. 

"At  daylight  the  reporter  was  there  again.  That  good  man, 
Father  Ravoux,  was  still  with  them,  also  Rev.  Dr.  Williamson,  and 
whenever  either  of  these  worthy  men  addressed  them  they  were 
listened  to  with  marked  attention.  The  doomed  ones  wished  it  to 
he  known  to  their  friends,  and  particularly  their  wives  and  children, 
how  cheerful  and  happy  they  all  had  died,  exhibiting  no  fear  of  this 
dread  event.  To  the  skeptical,  it  appeared  not  as  an  evidence  of 
Christian  faith,  but  a  steadfast  adherence  to  their  heathen  super- 
stitions. 

"They  shook  hands  with  the  officers  who  came  in  among  them, 
bidding  them  good-bye  as  if  they  were  going  on  a  long  and  pleasant 
journey.  They  had  added  some  fresh  streaks  of  vermilllon  and  ultra- 
marine to  their  countenances  as  their  fancy  suggested,  evidently 
intending  to  fix  themselves  off  as  gayly  as  possible  for  the  coming 
exhibition.  They  commenced  singing  their  death  song,  Tazoo  lead- 
ing, and  nearly  all  joining.     It  was  wonderfully  exciting. 

"At  half  past  seven  all  persons  were  excluded  from  the  room 
except  those  necessary  to  help  prepare  the  prisoners  for  their  doom. 
Under  the  superintendence  of  Major  Brown  and  Captain  Redfield 
their  irons  were  knocked  off,  and  one  by  one  they  were  tied  by 
cords,  their  elbows  being  pinioned  behind  and  the  wrists  in  front,  but 
about  six  inches  apart.  This  operation  occupied  until  about  nine 
o'clock.  In  the  meantime,  the  scene  was  much  enlivened  by  their 
songs  and  conversation,  keeping  up  the  most  cheerful  appearance. 
As  they  were  being  pinioned,  they  went  around  the  room  shaking 
hands  with  the  soldiers  and  reporters,  bidding  them  'good-bye,'  etc. 
White  Dog  requested  not  to  be  tied,  and  said  that  he  could  keep 
his  hands  down;  but,  of  course,  his  request  could  not  be  complied 
with.  He  said  that  Little  Crow,  Young  Six,  and  Big  Eagle's  brother 
got  them  into  the  war,  and  now  he  and  others  are  to  die  for  it. 
After  all  were  properly  fastened,  they  stood  up  in  a  row  around  the 
room,  and  another  exciting  death  song  was  sung.  They  then  sat 
down  very  quietly,  and  commenced  smoking  again.  Father  Ravoux 
came  in,  and  after  addressing  them  a  few  moments,  knelt  in  prayer, 
reading  from  a  prayer  book  in  the  Dakota  language,  which  a  portion 
of  the  coidemned  repeated  after  him.  During  this  ceremony  nearly 
all  paid  the  most  strict  attention,  and  several  were  affected  even  to 
tears.  •  He  then  addressed  them  again,  first  in  Dakota,  then  in 
French,  which  was  interpreted  by  Baptiste  Campbell,  one  of  the  con- 
demned half-breeds.     The  caps  were  then  put  on  their  heads.     These 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  141 

were  made  of  white  muslin,  taken  from  the  Indians  when  their 
camps  were  captured,  and  which  had  formed  part  of  the  spoils  they 
had  taken  from  the  murdered  traders.  They  were  made  long,  and 
looked  like  a  meal  sack,  but,  being  rolled  up,  only  came  down  to  the 
forehead,  and  allowed  their  painted  faces  yet  to  be  seen. 

"They  received  these  evidences  of  their  near  approach  to  death 
with  evident  dislike.  When  they  had  been  adjusted  on  one  or  two, 
they  looked  around  on  the  others  who  had  not  yet  received  them 
with  an  appearance  of  shame.  Chains  and  cords  had  not  moved 
them — their  wear  was  not  considered  dishonorable — but  this  covering 
of  the  head  with  a  white  cap  was  humiliating.  There  was  no  more 
singing  and  but  little  conversation  now.  All  sat  around  the  room, 
most  of  them  in  a  crouched  position,  awaiting  their  doom  in  silence, 
or  listening  to  the  remarks  of  Father  Ravoux,  who  still  addressed 
them.  Once  in  a  while  they  brought  their  small  looking  glasses  be- 
fore their  faces  to  see  that  their  countenances  yet  preserved  the 
proper  modicum  of  paint.  The  three  half-breeds  were  the  most 
affected  of  all,  and  their  dejection  of  countenance  was  truly  pitiful 
to  behold. 

"At  precisely  ten  o'clock  the  condemned  were  marshaled  in  a 
procession,  and,  headed  by  Captain  Redfield,  marched  out  into  the 
street  and  directly  across  through  files  of  soldiers  to  the  scaffold 
which  had  been  erected  in  front,  and  were  delivered  to  the  oflicer 
of  the  day,  Captain  Burt.  They  went  eagerly  and  cheerfully,  even 
crowding  and  jostling  each  other  to  be  ahead,  just  like  a  lot  of 
hungry  boarders  rushing  to  dinner  in  a  hotel.  The  soldiers  who  were 
on  guard  in  their  quarters  stacked  arms  and  followed  them,  and  they, 
in  turn,  were   followed  by  the  clergy,  reporters,   etc. 

"As  they  commenced  the  ascent  of  the  scaffold,  the  death  song 
was  again  started,  and  when  they  had  all  got  up,  the  noise  they 
made  was  truly  hideous.  It  seemed  as  if  pandemonium  had  broken 
loose.  It  had  a  wonderful  effect  in  keeping  up  their  courage.  One 
young  fellow,  who  had  been  given  a  cigar  by  one  of  the  reporters 
just  before  marching  from  their  quarters,  was  smoking  it  on  the 
stand,  puffing  away  very  coolly  during  the  intervals  of  the  hideous 
'Hi-yi-yi,  hi-yi-yi,'  and  even  after  the  cap  was  drawn  over  his  face 
he  managed  to  get  it  over  his  mouth  and  smoked.  Another  was 
smoking  his  pipe.  The  noose  having  been  promptly  adjusted  over 
the  necks  of  each  by  Captain  Libby,  all  was  ready  for  the  fatal  signal. 
"The  scene  at  this  juncture  was  one  of  awful  interest,  A  painful 
and  breathless  suspense  held  the  vast  crowd,  which  had  assembled 
from  all  quarters  to  witness  the  execution. 

"Three  slow,  measured,  and  distinct  beats  on  the  drum  by  Major 
Brown,  who  had  been  announced  as  signal  officer,  and  the  rope  was 
cut  by  Mr.  Duly  (the  same  who  killed  Lean  Bear,  and  whose  family 


142  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

were  attacked),  the  scoffald  fell,  and  thirty-seven  lifeless  bodies  were 
left  dangling  between  heaven  and  earth.  One  of  the  ropes  was 
broken,  and  the  body  of  Rattling  Runner  fell  to  the  ground.  The 
neck  had  probably  been  broken,  as  but  little  signs  of  life  were  ob- 
served; but  he  was  immediately  hung  up  again.  While  the  signal  beat 
was  being  given,  numbers  were  seen  to  clasp  the  hands  of  their  neigh- 
bors, which,  in  several  instances,  continued  to  be  clasped  till  the 
bodies  were  cut  down. 

"As  the  platform  fell,  there  was  one  not  loud  but  prolonged  cheer 
from  the  soldiery  and  citizens  who  were  spectators,  and  then  all 
were  quiet  and  earnest  witnesses  of  the  scene.  For  so  many,  there 
was  little  suffering;  the  necks  of  all,  or  nearly  all,  were  evidently 
dislocated  by  the  fall  and  the  after-struggling  was  slight.  The  scaf- 
fold fell  at  a  quarter  past  ten  o'clock,  and  in  twenty  minutes  the 
bodies  had  all  been  examined  by  Surgeons  Le  Boutillier,  Sheardown, 
Finch,  Clark,  and  others,  and  life  pronounced  extinct. 

"The  bodies  were  then  cut  down,  placed  in  four  army  wagons,  and, 
attended  by  Company  K  as  a  burial  party,  and  under  the  command 
of  Lieutenant  Colonel  Marshall,  were  taken  to  the  grave  prepared 
for  them  among  the  willows  on  the  sand  bar  nearly  in  front  of  the 
town.  They  were  all  deposited  in  one  grave  thirty  feet  in  length  by 
twelve  in  width,  and  four  feet  deep,  being  laid  on  the  bottom  in  two 
rows,  with  their  feet  together  and  their  heads  to  the  outside.  They 
were  simply  covered  with  their  blankets  and  the  earth  thrown  over 
them.  The  other  condemned  Indians  were  kept  close  in  their  quar- 
ters, where  they  were  chained  and  not  permitted  to  witness  the  exe- 
cution." 

CHAPTER  XLVII. 

On  the  28th  day  of  June,  1877,  the  Republican  State  convention 
met  at  Des  Moines  and  nominated  John  H.  Gear  for  Governor. 

A  resolution  expressing  confidence  in  the  ability  and  integrity  of 
President  Hayes  and  approving  of  his  southern  policy  was  defeated. 

The  Greenback  party  held  its  State  convention  at  Des  Moines 
uly  12,  nominating  for  Governor,  D.  P.  Stubbs.  Its  platform  re- 
affirmed previous  platforms,  and  also  the  prohibitory  liquor  law. 

The  Democratic  party  held  its  State  convention  at  Marshalltown 
on  the  20th  of  August,  and  placed  in  nomination  for  Governor  John 
P.  Irish. 

The  two  declarations  were  in  favor  of  greenbacks  in  place  of 
National  Bank  bills,  indorsement  of  the  policy  of  the  President  in- 
the  Southern  States,  the  equal  taxation  of  every  species  of  property 
according  to  its  value  and  equal  protection  to  labor  and  capital. 

The  State  Temperance  convention  met  at  Oskaloosa  on  the  30th 
of  August  and  nominated  Elias  Jessup  for  Governor,  making  no 
other  nominations.    It  passed  a  large  number  of  resolutions  in  favor 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  143 

of  promoting  temperance  by  State  and  National  legislation  and  in- 
dorsed woman  suffrage. 

The  election  resulted  in  the  choice  of  the  entire  Republican 
ticket,  by  a  plurality  of  about  42,000. 

The  annual  convention  of  the  Woman's  Suffrage  Society  was 
held  in  Des  Moines  on  the  24th  of  October.  Among  the  resolutions 
adopted  were  the  following: 

"Whereas,  the  ballot  is  necessary  to  uphoot  many  evils  which 
afflict  society;  and,  whereas,  women  are  deprived  of  this  potent, 
silent  power;  therefore.  Resolved,  That  it  is  not  the  duty  of  women 
to  contribute  to  the  support  of  the  clergy  who  oppose  their  enfran- 
chisement. 

Whereas,  Congress  has  enfranchised  the  negro,  alien  and  ex- 
rebel;  and.  Whereas,  Women  are  as  intelligent  as  the  aforesaid 
classes;  therefore,  Resolved,  That  the  citizens  of  the  State  unite  in 
a  petition  to  Congress  for  a  sixteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States,  giving  women  also  the  ballot  upon  equal  terms 
with  men." 

The  annual  session  of  the  State  Grange  was  held  at  Des  Moines, 
beginning  on  the  11th  of  October,  and  continuing  four  days.  Among 
the  resolutions  passed  were  the  following: 

Resolved,  That  the  State  Grange  favors  the  repeal  of  the  re- 
sumption act  and  the  remonetization  of  silver  and  the  repeal  of  the 
National  Bank  act,  and  asks  the  General  Assembly  to  memorialize 
Congress  to  shape  the  financial  policy  of  the  country  in  accordance 
with  this  resolution.  We  are  in  favor  of  the  following  changes  in  our 
laws:  To  abolish  the  grand  jury,  to  compel  litigants  to  give  security 
for  cost,  to  tax  the  whole  cost  of  jury  to  the  losing  party,  to  fix  by 
law  the  fee  of  attorneys  appointed  by  the  court  to  defend  criminals, 
to  regulate  the  compensation  of  shorthand  reporters,  to  abolish  the 
office  of  county  superintendent,  to  compel  sheriffs  to  report  their 
fees  as  other  county  officers. 

On  the  28th  of  August,  1877,  the  country  in  the  vicinity  of  Des 
Moines  was  visited  by  one  of  the  heaviest  rainfalls  ever  experienced 
in  Iowa.  It  commenced  about  3  o'clock  in  the  morning.  The  dark- 
ness was  intense  and  the  rain  came  down  in  torrents.  Nine  miles 
east  of  Des  Moines  the  Rock  Island  railroad  crosses  Little  Four  Mile 
Creek,  ordinarily  a  small  stream.  At  the  railroad  bridge  the  banks 
are  some  thirty  feet  above  the  bed  of  the  creek.  In  this  vicinity 
there  seemed  to  have  been  a  cloudburst.  The  entire  surface  of  the 
prairie  was  covered  by  the  flood.  Every  ravine  was  filled  with  a  tor- 
rent. The  continuous  roar  of  thunder,  blinding  flashes  of  lightning, 
the  dense  darkness  and  the  rushing  water  combined  to  make  the 
night  hideous.  The  mail  and  passenger  train  from  Chicago  which 
was  due  at  Des  Moines  at  half  past  three  in  the  morning  was  coming 


144  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

at  a  speed  of  thirty  miles  an  hour.  It  consisted  of  a  baggage  car, 
a  mail  car,  one  of  Bamum's  advertising  cars,  a  smoker,  two  pas- 
senger coaches  and  a  sleeper.  The  engineer,  Jack  Rakestraw,  was  a 
veteran  in  the  service  familiar  with  the  route,  but  evidently  had  no 
thought  of  danger  on  this  part  of  the  line.  Suddenly  the  headlight 
flashed  upon  a  wild,  roaring  torrent  carrying  trees  and  floodwood 
on  its  angry  current.  There  was  no  time  for  thought.  The  train  was 
on  the  very  brink  of  the  flood  and  instantly  took  a  leap  into  the 
chasm.  The  engineer  was  crushed  beneath  the  locomotive  as  it 
struck  the  opposite  shore  and  turned  over,  sinking  deep  into  the  mud 
and  water.  Abran  Trucks,  the  fireman,  was  thrown  into  the  flood 
on  the  west  shore.  When  he  recovered  consciousness  he  saw  the 
train  crushed  and  piled  in  an  awful  wreck.  Dazed  and  helpless  the 
fireman  stood  for  a  moment;  then  realizing  that  he  was  alone  on  the 
west  shore  and  could  not  cross  and  help  the  wounded  and  drowning, 
or  to  give  the  alarm  to  any  of  the  inhabitants  in  the  vicinity,  he 
started  in  the  darkness  and  through  the  flooded  country  for  Des 
Moines  to  procure  help.  In  the  meantime  the  passengers  in  the 
sleepers  had  been  rudely  thrown  from  their  berths  by  the  shock  of 
the  wreck,  and  happily  found  their  car  standing  safely  on  the  track, 
on  the  very  brink  of  the  chasm.  Some  ran  back  to  Altoona,  about  two 
miles  distant,  while  others  made  desperate  and  heroic  efforts  to  drag 
the  crushed  and  drowning  passengers  from  the  wreck. 

Every  effort  possible  was  made  to  extricate  groaning  and  shriek- 
ing women,  children  and  men  from  where  they  were  held  in  the  vice- 
like grip  of  broken  and  twisted  iron  and  timbers  of  the  telescoped 
wrecks  of  the  cars.  But  it  was  not  until  a  wrecking  train  arrived  two 
hours  after  the  ruin  was  wrought  that  all  of  the  victims  were  extri- 
cated from  the  piles  of  ruins.  Seventeen  lifeless  forms  were  placed 
on  the  banks  of  the  creek.  Thirty-eight  other  passengers  of  the  ill- 
fated  train  were  crushed,  bruised  or  mangled  in  various  degrees, 
three  of  whom  died.  Many  were  maimed  or  crippled  for  life.  The 
bridge  had  gone  down  in  the  flood  before  the  train  reached  the  creek 
and  two  other  railroad  bridges  between  that  and  Des  Moines  were 
swept  away  by  the  same  flood,  so  that  the  train  was  doomed  to  de- 
struction in  any  event. 

"^  The  amount  of  public  lands  granted  and  certified  to  the  State, 
for  various  puropses,  up  to  1878,  was  more  than  8,000,000  acres,  or 
nearly  one-fourth  of  the  entire  area  of  the  State.  Of  this  amount 
4,400,000  acres  were  granted  to  aid  in  building  railroads  and  in  im- 
proving the  navigation  of  the  Des  Moines  River.  One  million  five 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  had  been  granted  for  the  support 
of  the  public  schools;  204,000  acres  for  the  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege;  1,570,000  acres  of  swamp  land. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  145 

The  report  of  the  Auditor  of  State  for  the  year  ending  Nov.  1, 

1877,  shows  some  interesting  facts: 

The  number  of  cattle  assessed  wos  1,452,546,  valued  at  $14,898,- 
841;  number  of  swine  over  six  months,  1,645,708,  value,  $3,899,301. 
The  number  of  horses  was  659,385,  valued  at  $20,100,263;  mules,  42,- 
877,  value,  $1,670,154.  The  loss  to  farmers  of  swine  from  cholera 
this  year  was  reported  at  3,500,000,  or  nearly  as  much  as  the  total 
value  of  thise  remaining.  The  number  of  sheep  in  the  State  in  1877 
was  but  318,439,  showing  a  decrease  in  the  ten  years  from  1867  of 
1,197,787,  which  was  claimed  to  arise  largely  from  the  severe  losses 
by  dogs,  rendering  sheep  raising  so  hazardous  as  to  be  unprofitable. 

In  1881  ther  was  living  on  the  East  side  of  the  Des  Moines 
River  in  Boone  County,  near  the  track  of  the  Northwestern  railway, 
the  widow  of  Mr.  Shelly,  who  had  been  killed  in  a  railway  wreck. 
Her  eldest  daughter,  Kate,  was  about  fifteen  years  of  age.  On  the 
night  of  the  6th  of  July  a  terrific  storm  of  wind  and  rain  swept 
over  that  region.  Honey  Creek,  ordinarily  a  small  stream  coming 
from  the  prairie  south  and  west  of  the  town  of  Boone,  winds  its 
way  through  the  forest  in  a  westerly  direction,  emptying  into  the  Des 
Moines  River  not  far  from  the  railroad  bridge  which  was  first  built 
across  the  river  near  the  coal  town  of  Moingona.  The  banks  of  the 
river  are  quite  high.  The  grade  of  the  railroad,  down  the  valley  of 
Honey  Creek,  descends  rapidly  and  not  far  from  the  Shelly  cabin 
the  track  crosses  the  creek. 

On  this  night  the  members  of  the  Shelly  family  were  aroused 
from  their  sleep  by  the  roaring  torrent  of  Honey  Creek,  which  was 
rushing  by  the  cabin  with  the  force  and  volume  of  a  small  river. 
U^on  striking  a  light  they  saw  that  it  was  about  time  for  a  freight 
train  to  pass.  Suddenly  they  heard  the  rumble  of  the  train  and  then 
a  fearful  crash  of  timbers  and  a  wild  cry  for  help.  They  realized  at 
once  that  the  train  had  gone  down  into  the  flood  with  the  wreck  of 
the  bridge  spanning  the  creek  near  the  cabin.  Lighting  a  lantern 
Kate  started  in  the  direction  of  the  bridge  with  the  fierce  storm 
beating  in  her  face.  The  darkness  was  so  great  that  she  could  see 
nothing,  but  guided  by  the  noise  of  the  roaring  torrent  she  reached 
the  bridge.  Where  the  flood  was  roaring  by  she  soon  discovered  the 
wreck  of  the  train  which  had  gone  down  with  the  bridge,  and  heard 
the  shout  of  the  engineer  who  was  clinging  to  the  limb  of  a  project- 
ing tree  which  had  been  partly  uprooted  by  the  flood.  He  was  the 
sole  survivor  and  it  was  impossible  for  Kate  to  cross  to  his  aid, 
but  he  assured  her  that  he  was  out  of  danger.  Both  knew  that  the 
night  express  from  the  west  would  soon  be  due  and  realized  the  ter- 
rible fate  that  awaited  it,  unless  warned  of  the  fallen  bridge.  The 
engineer  could  not  cross  the  raging  flood  to  go  on  his  mission,  and  so 
brave  Kate  Shelly  hesitated  not  a  moment  but  turned  her  face  to- 


146  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

wards  the  river.  The  fierce  wind  and  driving  rain  beat  in  her  face 
and  nearly  carried  her  off  her  feet.  The  lantern  was  soon  extinguish- 
ed. It  was  a  mile  through  the  dense  forest  to  the  river  with  a  long, 
high  lailroad  bridge  to  cross  before  she  could  reach  the  Moingona 
I  ;egraph  office  where  warning  could  be  sent  to  the  approaching  train. 
Hun y lug  on  with  all  the  strength  she  could  summon,  she  at  last 
reached  the  railroad  brodge,  four  hundred  feet  in  length  and  fifty 
feet  above  the  river.  The  tempest  was  now  at  its  worst;  there  was 
no  floor  on  the  bridge,  the  rails  resting  on  the  cross  ties.  It  was  im- 
possible for  the  girl  to  stand  at  that  height  against  the  fierce  gale 
that  swept  over  it,  and  on  her  hands  and  knees  and  with  the  wild 
gale  beating  in  her  face  she  slowly  made  her  way  over  the  ties  until 
the  farther  shore  was  reached.  Lacerated  and  exhausted  as  she 
was,  sufficient  strength  remained  to  enable  her  to  reach  the  telegraph 
office,  half  a  mile  farther  and  give  the  alarm.  Almost  overcome  by 
the  unparalleled  exertions,  she  had  scarcely  strength  to  rouse  the 
agent  and  tell  him  of  the  impending  danger  before  she  sank  helpless 
and  fainting.  Instantly  a  message  flashed  over  the  wire  carrying 
warning  to  the  rpproaching  train  which  was  fortunately  reached 
barely  in  time  to  avert  a  greater  horror  than  has  ever  yet  overtaken 
an  Iowa  railroad.  As  the  train  halted  at  the  little  station,  the  last 
before  the  wrecked  bridge,  the  passengers  learning  of  their  narrow 
escape  from  destruction  hastily  gathered  about  the  brave  little  Irish 
girl  attempting  to  express  some  measure  of  their  gratitude  to  her 
for  saving  them  from  a  fate  too  awful  to  contemplate.  As  her  heroic 
deed  became  known  through  the  press,  the  storj  of  that  fearful  night 
adventure  was  told  in  every  portion  of  the  country  and  the  name  of 
Kate  Shelly  became  as  widely  known  as  that  of  any  famous  woman 
of  modern  times.  The  Northwestern  railroad  made  her  a  small  gift 
in  acknowledgment  of  her  action.  The  Iowa  Legislature,  at  the  ses- 
sion in  1882,  made  an  appropriate  recognition  of  the  self-sacrificing 
efforts  of  the  obscure  little  heroine,  by  authorizing  the  Senator  and 
Representative  from  Boone  County,  together  with  the  Governor  of 
the  State,  to  procure  and  present  to  the  brave  girl  a  gold  medal 
with  an  inscription  commemorating  the  act,  with  two  hundred  dollars 
in  money.  The  Legislature  also  placed  on  record  a  vote  of  thanks 
for  her  heroic  and  humane  deed. 

CHAPTER  XLVIII. 

A  contest  had,  for  many  years,  been  going  on  between  the  farm- 
ers of  the  West  and  one  Greene,  who  had  procured  a  patent  on  a 
method  of  making  wells  by  driving  an  iron  tube  into  the  earth.  By 
virtue  of  this  patent  he  and  his  associates  claimed  the  right  to  col- 
lect a  royalty  of  ten  dollars  from  every  person  in  the  United  States 
who  used  a  well  made  by  driving  a  tube  into  the  ground.    This  kind 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  147 

of  well  had  been  in  use  in  various  parts  of  the  country  for  a  gen- 
eration. Encouraged  by  some  of  the  early  decisions  of  the  court,  in 
granting  the  broad  claims  to  the  first  patentees  of  barbed  wire,  the 
Greene  combination  saw  an  immense  fortune  for  them  if  a  similar 
decision  could  be  obtained  for  the  drive  well  patents.  With  the  aid 
of  good  lawyers  such  a  decision  was  obtained  and  the  crusade  against 
the  users  of  drive  wells  was  inaugurated.  Many  well  owners  paid 
the  demand  rather  than  be  forced  into  expensive  litigation.  Others 
took  counsel  and  formed  associations  similar  to  the  one  which  in 
Iowa  was  fighting  the  barbed  wire  battles.  Then  began  one  of  the 
most  determined  conflicts  in  the  courts  known  in  the  history  of  litiga- 
tion in  the  State.  An  association  of  farmers  in  Buchanan,  Black 
Hawk,  Butler  and  Fayette  counties  was  organized  to  carry  on  the 
litigation  and  meet  the  expenses.  A  similar  one  had  been  organized 
in  New  Jersey  which  was  making  a  vigorous  fight.  The  Iowa  farm- 
ers employed  Jed  Lake,  a  talented  lawyer  and  vigorous  fighter,  to 
defend  them  against  the  Greene  combination. 

In  May,  1883,  in  a  case  tried  in  the  United  States  District  Court 
of  Iowa,  before  Judges  Shiras  and  Love,  the  court  held  that  the 
patent  of  Greene  was  void  on  two  grounds.  First,  that  Greene  had 
slept  upon  his  rights  in  that  he  did  not  apply  for  a  patent  until  the 
device  had  for  a  long  time  been  before  the  public.  Second,  that  a 
fatal  defect  in  his  patent  was  found  in  the  fact  that  the  reissue  em- 
braced an  important  principle  not  found  in  the  original  application 
for  a  patent  and  was  consequently  void.  This  was  a  most  sweepign 
decision  and  left  the  patent  combination  no  ground  to  stand  upon. 
The  well  owners  over  the  entire  country  at  once  refused  to  pay 
claims  and  the  Greene  combination  had  but  one  hope  of  continuing 
the  extortions  so  long  practiced  by  threats  and  intimidation.  The 
case  was  taken  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  the  hope 
that  this  decision  would  be  reversed  or  that  the  farmers  would  be 
unable  to  continue  the  expensive  litigation.  One  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-five suits  had  been  brought  against  the  farmers  in  the  four 
counties  mentioned,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  of  them  were 
defended  by  Lake  and  Harmon  for  the  Association.  The  money 
was  raised  and  the  cases  were  ably  presented  in  the  Supreme  Court. 
In  1887  the  final  decision  was  rendered  in  which  the  decision  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  was  affirmed  and  the  so-called  patents 
declared  invalid. 

It  was  estimated  thta  this  decision  saved  to  the  farmers  of  Iowa, 
who  were  owners  of  drive  wells,  not  less  than  $2,000,000;  while  the 
heavy  expense  for  carrying  on  the  litigation  for  nine  years  had  been 
borne  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  farmers  of  moderate  means.  Too 
much  credit  cannot  be  awarded  the  courageous  and  public  spirited 
citizens  who  fought  this  great  battle  against  an  extortion  of  such 


148  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

magnitude  in  which  the  farmers  of  the  entire  country  were  deeply 
interested.  In  Minnesota  the  Legislature  made  an  appropriation  of 
$7,500  to  enable  the  farmers  of  that  State  to  resist  the  claim,  but  in 
Iowa  the  entire  expense  fell  upon  a  few  private  citizens. 

The  legal  questions  involved  in  the  drive  well  suits  were  in  many 
respects  similar  to  those  raised  in  the  barbed  wire  contests.  The 
final  triumph  of  the  people  in  both  cases  was  far  reaching,  as  an  ad- 
verse decision  would  have  enabled  the  combinations  to  have  extorted 
for  many  years  an  annual  tax  upon  the  farmers  of  the  entire  country 
that  would  have  reached  high  up  into  the  millions  and  gone  to  en- 
rich a  few  eastern  capitalists. 

CHAPTER  XLIX. 

The  last  message  of  Governor  Larrabee  showed  a  better  financial 
condition  for  the  State  than  had  existed  for  several  years.  The 
public  debt,  which  in  January,  1886,  had  amounted  to  $817,857.35, 
had  been  reduced  to  $39,388.33  The  assessed  value  of  property  of  the 
State  was  now  $516,509,409.  The  Governor  strongly  recommended  the 
abolition  of  corporal  punishment  in  the  public  schools  as  a  relic  of 
barbarism.  The  permanent  fund  of  the  State  University  at  this 
time  was  $226,899;  and  the  annual  income  derived  from  it  the  past 
two  years,  $31,119.  The  receipts  from  the  Agricultural  College  from 
the  endowment  fund  for  the  same  period  were  $94,130.  The  endow- 
ment fund  at  this  time  amounted  to  $649,306,  most  of  which  was  in- 
vested in  mortgages  drawing  interest  from  seven  to  eight  per  cent. 
The  total  agricultural  products  of  the  State  for  1889  were  stated  to 
be  worth  $134,060,725. 

Governor  Larrabee  reviewed  the  working  of  the  new  railroad 
laws  enacted  by  the  last  Legislature  in  which  he  said: 

"Experience  has  now  demonstrated  the  wisdom  and  justice  of 
the  measure.  The  commissioners  proceeded  under  the  law  to  prepare 
a  schedule  of  rates  for  the  roads,  having  in  view  the  general  pros- 
perity of  the  State.  The  roads  have  never  been  so  crowded  with 
business  as  at  present,  nor  has  the  service  over  been  more  satisfac- 
tory to  the  people.  It  is  now  admitted  that  our  present  local  freight 
rates  are  more  equitable  than  any  previously  in  force  in  the  State 
and  it  offords  me  pleasure  to  say  that  there  is  at  present  but  little 
friction  between  the  railroad  companies  and  the  people.  The  gross 
earnings  of  the  railroads  of  the  State  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1889,  were  $37,469,276,  being  an  increase  of  $193,689  over  the  preced- 
ing year.  It  must  be  evident  to  the  impartial  observer  that  the  legis- 
lation of  the  Twenty-second  General  Assembly  has  had  most  gratify- 
ing results. 

"Railroads  have  been  called  into  being  by  the  people  to  pro- 
mote the  common  welfare  and  the  State  can  tolerate  neither  usurpa- 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  149 

tion  of  power  nor  conspiracy  on  the  part  of  its  creatures.  We  are 
building  for  the  future  and  the  importance  of  keeping  intact  those 
principles  which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  every  government  of,  for 
and  by  the  people  cannot  be  overestimated." 

Governor  Larrabee's  message  clearly  reviewed  the  lengthened 
conflict  which  had  been  going  on  between  the  railroad  managers  and 
the  people  for  more  than  twenty  years.  Numerous  attempts  had  been 
made  during  this  period  to  bring  the  corporations  directly  under  legis- 
lative control  but  without  success.  The  co-operation  of  the  Governor 
and  the  Twenty-second  General  Assembly  had  at  last  brought  a  rem- 
edy for  most  of  the  extortions  of  the  railroads  which  had  long  op- 
pressed the  people.  The  legislation  of  that  General  Assembly,  which 
had  been  strongly  urged  by  the  Governor  in  devising  and  applying 
the  control  by  law  to  these  corporations,  has  stood  the  test  of  time 
and  the  courts.  It  has  become  the  settled  policy  of  the  State,  has  in- 
flicted no  wrong  upon  the  railroads  and  has  been  of  inestimable 
benefit  to  the  people.  The  evil  effects  of  attempts  to  influence  public 
officials  with  free  passes  still  remains  so  strongly  intrenched  that  all 
attempts  to  eradicate  that  dangerous  form  of  bribery  have  failed. 

The  Governor  made  a  powerful  argument  in  his  retiring  message 
for  the  maintenance  and  enforcement  of  the  prohibitory  laws  and 
against  the  estamlishment  of  legalized  saloons  in  Iowa  by  any  kind 
of  license.    He  states  the  following  facts  in  support  of  his  position: 

"While  the  number  of  convicts  in  the  country  at  large  rose  from 
one  in  every  3,442  of  population  in  1850  to  one  in  every  860  in  1880, 
the  ratio  in  Iowa  at  the  present  time  is  only  one  to  every  3,130.  The 
jails  of  many  counties  are  now  empty  a  good  portion  of  the  year 
and  the  number  of  convicts  in  our  penitentiaries  has  been  reduced 
from  750  in  March,  1886,  to  604  July  1,  1889.  It  is  the  testimony  of 
the  judges  of  our  courts  that  criminal  expenses  have  diminished 
in  liEe  proportion.  We  have  fewer  paupers  and  tramps  in  our  State 
in  proportion  to  its  population  than  ever  before.  The  poorer  classes 
have  better  fare,  better  clothing,  better  schooling  and  better  houses. 
.  .  .  .  It  is  safe  to  say  that  not  one-tenth  and  probably  not  one- 
twentieth  as  much  liquor  is  consumed  in  the  State  as  was  five  years 
ago.  The  standard  of  temperance  has  been  greatly  raised,  even  in 
those  cities  where  the  law  has  not  yet  been  enforced.  The  present 
law  was  enacted  in  response  to  a  popular  demand,  as  evidenced  by  a 
majority  of  nearly  30,000  votes  cast  in  favor  of  the  prohibitory 
amendment.  Had  the  women  of  lawful  age  been  permitted  to  vote, 
the  majority  would  probably  have  been  more  than  200,000.  It  is  the 
duty  of  the  legislative  power  to  respect  the  rights  of  all  citizens  of 
the  commonwealth,  of  non-voters  as  well  as  of  voters.  If  provision 
were  made  for  suspending  for  gross  negligence  such  officers  as  are 
charged   with   the   enforcement   of  the   law   and   ample   funds   were 


150  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

placed  at  the  command  of  the  Governor  to  aid  prosecutions,  the 
saloon  would  soon  be  a  thing  of  the  past  in  Iowa." 

In  his  inaugural  address.  Governor  Boies  made  a  strong  plea  for 
a  license  law  to  be  adopted  by  such  localities  as  preferred  it  to  pro- 
hibition. He  believed  that  the  people  in  the  recent  election  had  by 
a  considerable  majority  declared  for  such  a  change  in  the  liquor  laws 
and  that  the  Legislature  was  bound  to  respect  this  verdict.  The 
Governor  said: 

"The  people  have  not  undertaken  to  deprive  any  locality  in  the 
State  where  public  sentiment  upholds  it,  of  our  present  prohibitory 
law  or  its  equivalent.  They  have  simply  declared  that  each  city, 
town  or  township  shall  have  the  right  to  determine  for  itself  whether 
it  will  be  governed  by  the  prohibitory  law  or  by  a  carefully  guarded 
license  law.  Those  who  believe  in  this  decision  and  feel  it  their 
duty  to  respect  it  cannot  rightfully  aepart  from  the  letter  of  that  de- 
cision as  it  was  made.  .  .  .  The  license  law  which  is  to  supercede 
prohibition  must  be  all  that  has  been  promised.  We  are  bound  in 
honor  to  furnish  for  localities  adopting  it  a  most  carefully  guarded 
license  law.  .  .  .  The  greatest  care  should  be  exercised  to  take 
the  traflac  out  of  the  hands  of  immoral  and  irresponsible  parties.  Ev- 
ery safeguard  should  be  thrown  about  those  who  are  in  this  respect 
legitimate  subjects  of  legal  control.  A  wilful  sale  to  a  minor  or 
drunkard  should  be  cause  for  revoking  a  license.  What  Iowa  needs 
is  practical  legislation  on  this  subject,  legislation  that  is  broad 
enough  to  meet  the  views  of  more  than  a  single  class,  that  is  liberal 
enough  to  command  the  respect  of  all  her  people,  that  is  generous 
enough  to  invite  to  her  borders  every  class  of  respectable  persons, 
that  is  just  enough  to  protect  the  person  and  property  of  every  one 
of  her  citizens  and  wise  enough  to  exercise  a  practical  control  over  a 
traflac  that  today  is  unrestrained  in  most  of  her  centers  of  popula- 
tion." 

All  efforts  to  enact  a  local  option  license  law  in  accord  with  the 
recommendation  of  Governor  Boies  failed. 

CHAPTER    L. 

On  the  afternoon  of  July  6,  1893,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Little 
Sioux  River,  Cherokee  County,  the  people  observed  a  dark  cloud 
lying  low  in  the  western  horizon.  When  first  seen  it  presented  no 
unusual  appearance,  but  as  it  slowly  arose,  with  varying  currents  ot 
air  frequently  shifting  sudenly,  angry  clouds  were  seen  in  the  south- 
west approaching  another  swiftly  moving  cloud  from  the  northwest 
which  seemed  to  be  driven  by  a  strong  wind.  The  distant  roar  of 
thunder  and  sharp  flashes  of  lightning  indicated  the  gathering  of  a 
severe  storm.  Tht  two  light-colored  swiftly  moving  clouds  soon 
came  together  and  a  great  commotion  was  observed.     Soon  the  fuu- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  151 

nel  shape  indicating  a  tornado  descended  towards  the  earth  and  a 
distant  roar  was  heard.  In  Rock  township,  where  two  women  were 
killed,  the  iron  bridge  over  the  Sioux,  a  120-foot  span,  was  hurled 
from  its  piers  into  the  river.  As  the  storm  neared  the  Buena  Vista 
County  line  the  cloud  lifted  for  several  miles  and  no  damage  was 
done,  when  it  again  descended  to  the  earth  and  destruction  again 
began.  It  crossed  the  county  about  half  a  mile  south  of  the  town 
of  Storm  Lake,  plowing  through  the  waters  of  the  lake,  raising  a 
waterspout  nearly  a  hundred  feet  in  height  and  wrecking  a  steam- 
boat. The  tornado  kept  nearly  parallel  with  the  Illinois  Central  rail- 
road and  far  enough  south  of  it  to  miss  the  villages  along  its  line 
until  Pomeroy,  in  Calhoun  County,  was  reached.  Several  miles  west 
of  the  town  it  is  described  as  presenting  an  appearance  quite  similar 
to  that  observed  when  first  discovered  in  Cherokee  County.  A  steady 
roar  was  heard  and  great  masses  of  white  clouds  were  rushing 
swiftly  together  from  the  northwest  and  southwest.  Where  they 
seemed  to  come  in  violent  collision,  a  dense  mass  of  inky  black  vapor 
in  violent  commotion  was  forming  into  elongated  trunks  dropping 
down  towards  the  earth,  one  of  which  reached  and  trailed  upon  the 
ground,  swaying  back  and  forth,  while  the  others  bounded  up  and 
down  as  they  swung  along  like  the  trunk  of  an  elephant.  The  one 
reaching  the  ground  seemed  to  be  sweeping  everything  in  its  path — 
trees,  fences,  buildings  and  animals  were  raised  into  the  vortex,  then 
hurled  with  terrific  force  back  to  the  earth.  Cattle  and  horses 
crouched  to  the  ground  in  terror  and  the  hogs  tried  to  bury  them- 
selves in  strawstacks.  Within  and  along  the  surface  of  the  storm 
cloud  there  was  an  incessant  play  of  electricity  and  fearful  jagged 
bolts  shot  out  of  the  white  clouds  on  either  side  of  the  black  mass 
from  which  the  tongues  depended.  As  seen  from  Pomeroy  the  sky 
was  a  fearful  sight  to  behold.  Clouds  of  inky  blackness  filled  the 
entire  west,  rolling  and  swaying  in  wild  commotion.  One  cloud  came 
from  the  northwest  and  united  with  another  moving  from  the  south- 
west and  trailing  beneath  the  place  of  collision  was  the  black,  whirl- 
ing column  dragging  upon  the  earth,  from  which  came  a  continuous 
discharge  of  electricity. 

The  heavy  and  incessant  roar  of  the  approaching  storm  seemed 
to  make  the  earth  tremble.  Persons  just  outside  of  its  track  de- 
scribed the  tornado  as  it  struck  the  town  as  a  rolling,  writhing  mass 
of  a  greenish  blackness  through  which  thousands  of  tongues  of 
electric  flame  were  darting.  There  was  one  wild  crash  and  all  was 
blackness  and  desolation  where  but  a  moment  before  Pomeroy  stood. 
For  a  few  moments  every  survivor  seemed  dazed  and  not  a  living 
form  or  a  building  could  be  seen  in  the  ruins.  The  shrieks  of  the 
wounded  and  cries  for  help  were  heard  on  every  side.  Roused  to  a 
realization  of  the  calamity  that  had  suddenly  come  upon  the  town, 


152  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

the  survivors  hastened  to  rescue  the  wounded  from  the  wrecks  of 
their  homes.  For  four  hours  they  worked  with  the  energy  of  despair 
amid  rain,  hail  and  gathering  darkness,  guided  by  the  cries  and 
groans  of  the  sufferers  imprisoned  by  falling  timbers  and  crippled 
by  ghastly  wounds,  not  ceasing  until  all  were  cared  for.  All  through 
the  night  search  among  the  ruins  for  the  dead  went  on  as  assistance 
from  the  surrounding  country  and  neighboring  towns  came. 

Dr.  D.  J.  Townsend,  one  of  the  physicians  who  was  prominent 
upon  attending  the  wounded,  gives  a  vivid  description  of  the  peculiar 
character  of  the  injuries  that  came  under  his  observation.    He  says: 

"The  wounds  were  not  of  a  class  that  were  met  with  in  any 
other  calamity  than  a  tornado.  The  tissues  were  bruised,  punctured, 
incised,  lacerated,  with  the  addition  of  having  foreign  matter  of 
every  conceivable  kind  literally  ground  into  the  flesh  and  broken  off 
in  such  a  manner  that  no  matter  how  proficient  the  surgeon,  they 
would  escape  his  notice.  Inflammation  and  pain  in  a  certain  region 
did  not  always  justify  exploratory  incisions,  as  many  were  contused 
from  one  end  of  the  body  to  the  other.  The  dirt  and  sand  were 
plastered  upon  and  into  the  skin  in  such  a  manner  that  it  was  ex- 
tremely difficult  to  remove  them." 

Such  was  the  terrible  nature  of  the  injuries  that  had  suddenly 
come  upon  more  than  a  hundred  people.  From  a  population  of  more 
than  a  thousand  but  twenty-one  families  were  left  with  no  dead  or 
wounded  of  their  own  to  care  for.  The  dead  in  the  village  numbered 
forty-two  the  day  after  the  tornado. 

Governor  Boies  issued  an  appeal  for  aid  and  the  people  of  the 
State  responded  generously,  not  only  furnishing  all  the  temporary  as- 
sistance needed  but  sufficient  to  rebuild  the  homes  destroyed  and  to 
supply  furniture,  clothing  and  food.  Besides  providing  a  large  amount 
of  lumber,  provisions  and  clothing,  nearly  $70,000  in  money  was  con- 
tributed for  relief  of  the  sufferers.  The  total  number  of  deaths  from 
the  tornado  along  its  entire  path  of  about  one  hundred  miles  was 
seventy-one  in  all,  of  which  there  were  in  Cherokee  County  twelve, 
in  Buena  Vista  six,  in  Pocahontas  four,  in  and  around  Pomeroy  in 
Calhoun  County,  forty-nine. 

On  the  11th  of  July,  1896,  there  occurred  a  collision  of  trains  on 
the  main  line  of  the  Chicago  &  Northwestern  railway  near  Logan,  in 
Harrison  County,  the  most  destructive  to  human  life  that  has  ever 
been  known  within  the  State. 

From  an  investigation  made  by  the  Railway  Commissioners,  the 
following  facts  were  gathered:  The  Society  of  Union  Pacific  Pio- 
neers of  Nebraska  had  arranged  for  a  special  train  to  carry  the 
members  and  their  families  to  the  number  of  1,200  on  an  excursion 
to  Logan.  There  were  sixteen  passenger  coaches  filled  with  men, 
women  and  children.    When  the  party  was  ready  to  return  the  train 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  153 

was  on  a  side  track  at  Logan  about  6:40  p.  m.,  awaiting  the  regular 
east-bound  passenger  train  to  pass  that  point,  as  it  does  not  stop  at 
Logan.  This  train  came  on  time  and  carried  a  signal  that  another 
train  was  following  it.  Disregarding  this  danger  signal  the  engineer 
and  conductor  of  the  excursion  train  started  out  on  the  main  track 
and  at  a  curve  at  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  west  of  Logan  collided 
with  the  east-bound  fast  mail  train  running  at  a  speed  of  thirty-five 
miles  an  hour.  The  shock  was  terrible  as  the  heavy  engines  struck 
each  other  and  a  moment  later  cries  and  groans  of  the  mutilated  pas- 
sengers arose  from  the  wreck  of  the  crowded  cars  of  the  excursion 
train.  Men,  women  and  children  were  crushed  and  mangled  beneath 
the  broken  and  twisted  fragments  of  wood  and  iron  in  an  awful  scene 
of  confusion,  terror  and  agony  that  defies  description.  Twenty-seven 
persons  were  killed  and  thirty-two  injured,  some  of  them  fatally. 
The  citizens  of  Logan  rendered  every  assistance  in  their  power  and 
were  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  relieve  the  suffering.  The  Railway 
Commissioners  made  an  investigation  of  the  affair  and  found  the 
facts  as  here  stated. 

At  the  state  election  November  S,  1904, 

Theodore  Roosevelt,  the  Republican  candidate  for  President,  re- 
ceived  307,907  votes; 

Alton  B.  Parker,  the  Democratic  candidate  received  149,141  votes; 

Silas  C.  Swallow,  Prohibition  candidate  received  11,601  votes; 

Eugene  V.  Debs,  Socialist  candidate  received  14,837  votes;   and 

Thomas  E.  Watson,  the  People's  candidate   received    2,207  votes. 

On  the  question  of  biennial  elections  and  redistricting  the  state 
the  vote  was  in  the  affirmative. 


CHAPTER  LI. 


Parliamentary  Rules  and  Usages. 


The  following  are  the  complete  rules,  in  a  plain  and  compact 
form,  for  conducting  a  public  meeting: 

Quorum. — A  quorum  is  a  sufficient  number  of  the  members  of  an 
association  to  legally  transact  business.  Unless  a  quorum  is  present 
no  business  is  in  order,  except  to  adjourn.  A  majority  of  the  mem- 
bers constitutes  a  natural  quorum,  but  the  by-laws  of  the  association 
may  prescribe  a  smaller  number. 

The  Chairman. — It  is  the  duty  of  the  chairman  to  open  the  meet- 
ing at  the  time  fixed  upon,  by  taking  the  chair,  calling  the  house  to 
order,  to  announce  the  business  before  the  house  in  the  order  in 
which  it  is  to  be  acted  upon;  to  receive  and  submit  all  motions;  to 
put  to  vote  all  questions  which  are  regularly  moved,  or  which  neces- 
sarily arise  in  the  course  of  proceedings,  and  to  announce  the  result; 
to  restrain  every  one,  when  engaged  in  a  debate,  within  the  rules  of 
order;  to  enforce  the  observance  of  order  and  decorum;  to  appoint 
committees;  to  authenticate  by  his  signature,  when  necessary,  all 
the  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  house,  and  generally  to  declare  its 
will. 

He  may  speak  to  points  of  order  in  preference  to  others;  shall 
decide  all  questions  of  order,  and  if  the  house  is  evenly  divided  he 
may  give  the  casting  vote,  in  doing  which  he  may,  if  he  pleases,  give 
his  reasons. 

The  Clerk. — It  is  the  duty  of  the  clerk  or  secretary  to  keep  cor- 
rect minutes  of  the  proceedings  of  the  house;  to  read  all  papers  when 
ordered,  and  for  this  purpose  he  should  always  rise;  to  call  the  roll, 
and  state  the  answer  when  a  vote  is  taken  by  yeas  and  nays;  to  have 
the  custody  of  all  papers  and  documents,  and  to  authenticate  the  acts 
and  proceedings  of  the  house  by  his  signature. 

Committees. — Standing  committees  sit  permanently;  special  com- 
mittees perform  only  some  particular  duty,  when  they  are  discharged. 
The  person  first  named  is  usually  regarded  as  chairman,  but  this  i& 
only  a  matter  of  courtesy;  every  committee  has  a  right  to  select  its 
own  chairman.  Custom,  however,  has  practically  taken  away  this 
right,  and  it  is  considered  bad  form  to  elect  any  other  person  than  the 
first  named  as  chairman.  The  mover  of  a  motion  to  commit,  should 
be  placed  on  the  committee  and  first  named,  except  where  the  matter 
committed  concern  him  personally.  In  the  appointment  of  the  com- 
mittee no  person  directly  opposed  to  the  measure  committed  should  be 


PARLIAMENTARY  RULES  AND  USAGES.  155 

named,   and  when  any  person  who  is  thus   opposed  to  same,  hears 
himself  named  of  its  committee  he  should  ask  to  be  excused. 

The  chair  appoints  all  committees.  Committees  do  not  adjourn, 
but,  when  they  have  concluded  their  deliberations,  should  rise  and 
report.  The  report  should  be  presented  by  the  chairman.  When  the 
report  is  received  the  committee  is  dissolved  and  cannot  act  further 
without  new  power. 

Any  committee  required  or  entitled  to  report  upon  a  subject  re- 
ferred to  them  may  make  a  majority  and  minority  report,  while  any 
member  of  such  committee  dissenting  in  whole  or  in  part,  from  either 
the  conclusion  or  the  reasoning  of  both  the  majority  and  minority, 
may  also  present  a  statement  of  his  reasons  for  such  dissent,  which 
should  be  received  in  connection  with  the  reports. 

The  committee  of  the  whole  is  an  expedient  to  simplify  the 
business  of  legislative  bodies.  No  record  is  made  of  its  proceedings. 
The  presiding  officer  puts  the  question,  and,  if  same  is  carried,  ap- 
points some  person  as  chairman  and  then  vacates  the  chair. 

Motions. — Propositions  made  to  a  deliberative  assembly  are  called 
motions;  when  the  proposition  is  put  to  vote  it  is  called  the  question. 
A  motion  cannot  be  entertained  or  the  motion  put,  until  the  same  has 
been  seconded.  After  this  it  becomes  the  property  of  the  house,  and 
cannot  be  withdrawn  except  by  leave.  It  must  be  in  writing  when- 
ever the  house  or  presiding  officer  requires  it,  and  must  be  read  when 
any  person  demands  it  for  information. 

An  exception  to  the  rule  requiring  a  second  to  a  motion  is  made 
in  cases^  when  the  proposition  is  to  proceed  with  or  to  execute  an 
order  of  the  house;  as  where  it  is  moved  to  proceed  with  an  order 
of  the  day,  or  where  a  call  is  made  for  the  enforcement  of  some  order 
relating  to  the  observance  of  decorum. 

No  motion  can  be  made  while  a  speaker  has  the  floor,  nor  while 
another  motion  is  pending,  except  it  be  a  question  of  privilege. 

Amendments. — A  motion  may  be  amended  by  inserting  or  adding 
words,  or  by  striking  out  and  inserting  words.  An  amendment  takes 
precedence  of  the  original  question  and  must  be  first  decided.  So, 
too,  an  amendment  to  an  amendment  must  be  decided  before  the 
amendment.  A  motion  may  be  made  to  amend,  after  which  a  mo- 
tion will  be  to  amend  the  amendment,  but  this  is  the  full  limit  of  the 
rule  by  which  one  motion  may  be  put  upon  another.  A  motion  to 
amend  the  second  amendment  is  not  in  order. 

Questions  of  privilege  cannot  be  amended,  except  that  a  motion 
to  postpone  can  be  amended  as  to  time. 

The  Question. — The  question  is  first  to  be  put  on  the  aflarmative 
and  then  on  the  negative  side,  the  vote  in  most  cases  being  by  oral 
response.  If  there  are  doubts  as  to  the  voice  of  the  majority,  any 
one  may  call  for  a  division.    In  all  cases  where  the  house  is  equally 


156  THE   DAILY    TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

divided  the  question  is  lost,  unless  the  presiding  officer  affirms  it  by 
a  casting  vote. 

When  a  division  is  had,  those  in  the  affirmative  on  the  question 
should  first  rise  and  be  counted,  or,  if  there  still  be  a  doubt,  or  a 
count  be  called  for,  the  chairman  should  appoint  two  tellers,  one  from 
each  side,  to  make  the  count  and  report  the  same  to  the  chairman, 
who  should  then  declare  the  same  to  the  house. 

In  small  matters  of  routine  business  of  trifling  importance  such 
as  receiving  reports,  withdrawing  motions,  etc.,  the  presiding  officer 
may  suppose  the  consent  of  the  house  where  no  objection  is  express- 
ed, and  need  not  give  them  the  trouble  of  putting  the  question  for- 
mally. 

A  question  should  always  be  stated  by  the  chair  before  it  is  put, 
after  which  it  is  open  to  debate.  Questions  may  be  stated  by  the 
chair  while  sitting,  but  he  should  always  rise  to  put  a  question,  and 
should  use  substanitally  this  form:  "As  many  as  are  of  the  opinion 
that  (as  the  question  may  be)  will  say  aye;"  and,  after  the  affirmative 
voice  is  expressed,  "As  many  as  are  of  a  contrary  opinion,  will  say 
no." 

After  a  question  has  been  put  it  is  not  debatable,  but  after  the 
affirmative  -has  been  put  any  person  who  has  not  spoken  before  to 
the  question  may  rise  and  speak  before  the  negative  is  put. 

Division  of  Question. — Any  person  may  call  for  the  division  of 
a  question  if  it  comprehend  propositions,  in  substance  so  distinct, 
that,  one  being  taken  away,  a  substantive  proposition  shall  remain  for 
decision. 

When  a  question  is  divided,  after  the  question  on  the  first  part, 
the  second  is  open  to  debate  and  amendment. 

Privileged  Questions. — When  a  question  is  under  debate,  no  mo- 
tion shall  be  received,  except  to  adjourn;  to  lay  on  the  table;  for  the 
previous  question;  to  postpone  to  a  day  certain;  to  commit;  to 
amend;  to  postpone  indefinitely.  These  motions  have  precedence  in 
the  order  in  which  they  stand  arranged,  and  are  called  privileged 
questions. 

A  motion  to  adjourn  is  always  in  order  and  takes  precedence 
of  all  other  motions,  and  an  order  of  the  day  takes  the  place  of  all 
questions  except  adjournment. 

When  a  matter  has  been  laid  on  the  table  it  may  be  taken  up 
at  any  time  afterward  and  considered,  but  not  at  the  same  meeting 
or  session  at  which  it  was  tabled.  Frequently  this  motion  is  made 
to  finally  dispose  of  the  matter,  and  it  always  has  this  effect  when  no 
motion  is  made  to  take  it  up.  The  proper  motion  for  proceeding  with 
a  matter  that  has  been  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table,  is,  that  the 
house  do  now  proceed  to  consider  that  matter,  although  it  would  be 
proper  to  move  that  the  matter  be  taken  up  for  consideration. 


PARLIAMENTARY  RULES  AND  USAGES.        157 

There  are  several  questions  which,  being  incidental  to  every  one, 
will  take  the  place  of  every  one,  privileged  or  not;  as,  a  question  of 
order  arising  out  of  anj-  other  question  must  be  decided  before  that 
question. 

A  motion  for  indefinite  postponement  is  generally  resorted  to  in 
order  to  suppress  a  question  or  prevent  its  coming  to  vote. 

Previous  Question. — When  any  question  is  before  the  house  any 
member  may  move  that  the  question  (called  the  main  question)  be 
now  put,  or,  as  it  is  usually  termed,  may  move  the  previous  question. 
If  it  pass  in  the  affirmative,  then  the  main  question  is  to  be  put  im- 
mediately, and  no  further  debate  is  in  order. 

The  previous  question  being  moved  and  seconded,  the  question 
from  the  chair  should  be,  "Shall  the  main  question  be  now  put?"  If 
the  nays  prevail  the  main  question  remains  as  the  question  before 
the  house,  in  the  same  stage  of  proceedings  as  before  the  previous 
question  was  moved. 

Equivalent  Questions. — Where  questions  are  perfectly  equivalent, 
so  that  the  negative  of  the  one  amounts  to  the  affirmative  of  the 
other,  and  leaves  no  other  alternative,  the  decision  of  the  one  neces- 
sarily concludes  the  other.  Thus  the  negative  of  striking  out  amounts 
to  the  affirmative  of  agreeing,  and,  therefore,  to  put  a  question  on 
agreeing  after  that  of  striking  out,  would  be  to  put  the  same  question 
in  effect  twice  over. 

Questions  of  Order. — It  is  the  duty  of  the  chairman  to  decide  all 
questions  of  order  whenever  raised.  Upon  such  questions  no  debate 
or  discussion  is  in  order,  but  if  the  decision  is  not  satisfactory  any 
one  may  object  to  it  and  appeal  to  the  house.  On  appeal  being  taken, 
the  question  should  be,  "Shall  the  decision  of  the  chair  stand  as  the 
judgment  of  the  house?"  Whereupon  the  question  may  be  debated 
and  discussed  the  same  as  any  other  question. 

Commitment. — Any  measure  may  be  referred  to  a  committee,  on 
motion.  This  motion  stands  in  the  same  degree  with  the  previous 
question  and  postponement,  and,  if  first  made,  takes  precedence  of 
them.  A  motion  to  commit  may  be  amended  by  the  substitution  of 
one  kind  of  committee  for  another,  or  by  enlarging  or  diminishing 
the  number  of  members  of  the  committee,  as  originally  proposed,  or 
by  instructions  to  the  committee. 

After  a  measure  has  been  committed  and  reported,  it  should  not, 
in  an  ordinary  course,  be  recommitted,  but  in  cases  of  importance, 
and  for  special  reasons,  it  is  sometimes  recommitted,  and  usually  to 
the  same  committee. 

Reconsideration. — When  a  motion  or  question  shall  have  been  de- 
termined, either  in  the  affirmative  or  negative,  it  is  always  in  order 
for  any  one  who  voted  with  the  majority,  or  in  case  the  vote  was 
equally  divided,  for  one  who  voted  in  the  negative,  to  move  for  a 


158  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD  ' 

reconsideration  thereof.  Such  motion  must  be  made  at  the  same 
meeting  at  which  the  former  vote  was  taken.  A  motion  to  reconsider, 
being  put  and  lost,  cannot  be  renewed. 

Undebatable  Motions. — A  motion  to  adjourn;  to  lay  on  the  table, 
and  a  call  for  the  previous  question,  must  be  decided  without  debate. 
And  all  incidental  questions  of  order,  arising'  after  a  motion  is  made 
for  either  of  the  foregoing  questions,  must  be  decided,  whether  to 
appeal  or  otherwise,  without  debate. 

Order  in  Debate. — When  a  person  means  to  speak,  he  is  to  stand 
up  in  his  place,  uncovered,  and  address  himself  to  the  chair  who 
calls  him  by  name,  that  all  may  take  notice  who  it  is  that  speaks.  A 
person  who  is  indisposed  may  be  indulged  to  speak  sitting. 

When  a  person  rises  to  speak,  no  question  is  to  be  put,  but  he  is 
to  be  heard  undisturbed,  unless  overruled. 

If  two  or  more  rise  to  speak  nearly  together,  the  chair  deter- 
mines who  was  first  up  and  calls  him  by  name,  whereupon  he  pro- 
ceeds, unless  he  voluntarily  sits  down  and  yields  the  floor  to  the  other. 

No  one  may  speak  more  than  twice  to  the  same  question  without 
the  consent  of  the  house,  except  merely  to  explain  himself  in  some 
material  part  of  his  speech,  or  to  the  manner  of  the  words  in  ques- 
tion, keeping  himself  to  that  only  and  not  going  into  the  merits  of  it. 

If  the  chairman  rises  to  speak,  the  person  standing  must  sit 
down,  that  the  chair  may  be  first  heard. 

No  one  is  to  speak  impertinently,  or  beside  the  question,  or  to 
use  indecent  language  against  the  proceedings  of  the  house;  Nor 
should  a  person  in  speaking,  mention  another  then  present,  by  his 
name,  but  should  describe  by  his  seat,  or  as  "the  gentleman  that 
spoke  last,"  or,  "on  the  other  side  of  the  question,"  etc. 

Any  one  when  called  to  order  by  another  or  by  the  chair,  must 
sit  down,  and  not  proceed  without  leave  until  the  question  of  order 
shall  have  been  decided  by  the  chair. 

While  the  presiding  officer  is  addressing  the  house  or  putting  a 
question,  no  one  should  cross  the  floor  or  leave  the  room;  nor  while 
another  is  speaking,  walk  between  him  and  the  chair. 

Adjournment. — A  motion  to  adjourn  is  not  susceptible  of  amend- 
ment. If  it  is  desirable  to  adjourn  to  any  particular  place  or  time, 
this  may  be  accomplished  by  a  previous  resolution  to  that  effect. 

CHAPTER  LII. 

WHAT  CAUSED  OUR  PRESIDENTS'  DEATHS. 
George  Washington. — His  death  was  the  result  of  a  severe  cold 
which  brought  on  acute  laryngitis.  His  death  occurred  on  Dec.  14, 
1799.  He  was  68  years  of  age.  In  accord  with  the  custom  then  pre- 
vailing the  physicians  in  attendance  held  a  consultation,  which  re- 
sulted  in  the   decision   that  bleeding  was   the  proper  remedy.       The 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  159 

quantity  of  blood  to  be  drawn  was  fixed  at  one  quart.  The  vein  was 
opened,  but  as  the  blood  did  not  run  freely  the  arm  was  manipulated 
to  get  the  required  amount.  This  was  too  much  for  the  great  man 
and  he  exclaimed,  "For  God's  sake  let  me  die  in  peace."  These  were 
his  last  words.  He  was  bled  to  death  by  physicians  who  would  not 
injure  a  single  hair  of  his  head  for  worlds. 

John  Adams. — He  died  from  old  age.  He  passed  away  without 
pain  on  July  4,  1826,  aged  91  years. 

Thomas  Jefferson — Died  at  the  age  of  83,  a  few  hours  before 
Adams,  on  July  4,  1826.    His  disease  was  chronic  diarrhoea. 

James  Madison. — He,  too,  died  of  old  age,  and  peacefully,  on 
June   28,   1836.     He  was  85. 

James  Monroe  at  the  time  of  his  death,  which  occurred  in  the 
73rd  year  of  his  age,  on  July  4,  1831,  it  was  assigned  to  no  other 
cause  than   enfeebled  health. 

John  Quincy  Adams. — He  was  stricken  with  paralysis  on  Feb. 
11,  1848,  while  addressing  the  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives, being  at  the  time  a  member  of  Congress.  He  died  in  the 
rotunda  of  the  Capitol.    He  was  81  years  of  age. 

Andrew  Jackson. — He  died  on  June  8,  1845,  78  years  old.  He 
suffered  from  consumption  and  finally  dropsy,  which  made  its  ap- 
pearance about  six  months  before  his  death. 

Martin  Van  Buren. — He  died  on  July  24,  1862,  from  a  violent  at- 
tack of  asthma.     He  was  80. 

William  Henry  Harrison. — The  result  of  a  cold,  caught  on  the 
day  of  his  inauguration.  His  death  occurred  on  April  4,  1841,  a  month 
after.     He  was  68  years  of  age. 

John  Tyler.— He  died  on  Jan.  17,  1862,  at  the  age  of  72.  We  have 
been  unable  to  ascertain  the  cause  of  his   death. 

James  K.  Polk. — In  the  spring  of  1849  he  was  stricken  with  a 
slight  attack  of  cholera  while  on  a  boat  going  up  the  Mississippi 
river.  Though  temporarily  relieved,  he  had  a  relapse  on  his  return 
home  and  died  on  June  15,  1849,  aged  54  years. 

Zachary  Taylor. — The  second  President  to  die  in  office,  is  said 
to  have  partaken  immoderately  of  ice  water  and  iced  milk,  and  cher- 
ries. The  result  v>''as  an  attack  of  cholera  morbus.  He  was  66  years 
old. 

Millard  Fillmore. — He  died  from  a  stroke  of  paralysis  on  March 
8,  1874,  in  his  74th  year. 

Franklin  Pierce. — His  death  was  due  to  abdominal  dropsy,  and 
occurred  on  Oct.  8,  1869,  in  the  65th  year  of  his  life. 

James  Buchanan. — His  death  occurred  on  June  1,  1868,  and  was 
caused  by  rheumatic  gout.     He  was  77  years  of  age. 

Abraham  Lincoln. — He  was  shot  by  J.  Wilkes  Booth  at  Ford's 


160  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

Theater,  Washington,  D.  C,  on  April  14,  1865,  and  died  the  following 
day,  aged  56. 

Andrew  Johnson. — He  died  from  a  stroke  of  paralysis  July  31, 
1875,   aged    67. 

U.  S.  Grant. — He  died  of  cancer  of  the  tongue,  at  Mount  Mc- 
Gregor, N.   Y.,  July  23,  1885. 

James  A  Garfield. — Was  shot  by  Charles  J.  Giteau  on  July  2,  1881. 
Died  Sept.  19,  1881. 

Chester  A.  Arthur. — Who  succeeded  Garfield,  died  suddenly  of  ap-. 
poplexy  in  New  York  City,  Nov.   18,  1886. 

Rutherford  B.  Hayes. — Died  Jan.  17,  1893,  the  result  of  a  severe 
cold  contracted  in  Cleveland,  Ohio. 

William  McKinley — Was  shot  by  Leon  Czolgosz  Sept.  4;  died  Sept. 
14,  1901. 

WEALTH   OF  OUR   PRESIDENTS. 

Washington  left  an  estate  valued  at  over  $800,000;  John  Adams 
died  moderately  well  off.  Laving  about  $75,000;  Jefferson  died  so 
poor  that  if  Congress  had  not  purchased  his  library  at  $20,000,  he 
would  have  been  a  patiper;  Madisoa  was  frugal,  and  left  about 
$150,000;  Monroe  died  so  poor  that  he  was  buried  at  the  expense 
of  his  relatives;  John  Quincy  Adams  left  about  $55,000;  Jackson 
died  worth  about  $80,000;  Van  Buren  left  some  $400,000.  It  is  said 
he  did  not  draw  his  salary  while  in  office,  but  at  the  expiration  of 
his  term  of  service  drew  the  whole  $100,000;  Polk  left  an  estate  Valued 
at  $150,000;  Taylor  had  saved  something  from  his  pay  while  in  the 
army,  and  died  worth  $150,000;  Tyler  married  a  lady  of  wealth;  Fill- 
more was  always  frugal,  and  added  to  his  savings  by  marrying  a 
lady  of  wealth,  and  was  worth  about  $200,000;  Pierce's  estate  was 
valued  at  $50,000;  Buchanan  left  $200,000;  Lincoln  about  $75,000;  and 
Johnston  $50,000;  Grant  was  wealthy,  but  lost  his  fortune  in  the 
Grant  &  Ward  failure;  Hayes  was  always  frugal  and  added  to  his 
fortune  while  President;  Garfield  was  only  moderately  well  off,  as 
was  also  Harrison,  while  Cleveland's  fortune  is  larger  than  that  of 
any  of  his  predecessors;  William  MoKinley,  moderate. 

HOW  DEEP  TO  PLANT  CORN. 

The  following   is  the   result  of  an  experiment  with  Indian   Corn. 
That  which   was   planted   at   the   depth  of 
%  inch,  sprout  appeared  in 8       days 

1  inch,  sprout  appeared  in  8i/^  days 

iy2  inches,  sprout  appeared  in 91/^  days 

2  inches,  sprout  appeared  in 10       days 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  161 

2l^  inches,  sprout  appeared  in lli^  days 

3  inches,  sprout  appeared  in 12       days 

31/^  inches,  sprout  appeared  in 13       days 

4  inches,  sprout  appeared  in 13 1/^  days 

The  more  shallow  the  seed  was  covered  with  earth,  the  more 
rapidly  the  sprout  made  its  appearance,  and  the  stronger  afterward 
was  the  stalk.  The  deeper  the  seed  lay,  the  longer  it  remained  be- 
fore it  came  to  the  surface. 

CHAPTER  LIII. 

THE  FAMOUS  CONNECTICUT   BLUE   LAWS. 

No  quaker  or  dissenter  from  the  established  worship  of  the 
dominion  shall  be  allowed  to  give  a  vote  for  the  election  of  magis- 
trates or  any  officer. 

No  food  or  lodging  shall  be  afforded  to  a  quaker,  adamite  or  other 
heretic. 

If  any  person  turns  quaker,  he  shall  be  banished  and  not  suffered 
to  return,  but  upon  pain  of  death. 

No  priest  shall  abide  in  the  dominion;  he  shall  be  banished  and 
suffer  death  on  his  return.  Priests  may  be  seized  by  any  one  with- 
out a  warrant. 

No  man  to  cross  a  river  but  with  an  authorized  ferry  man. 

No  man  shall  run  on  the  Sabbath-day  or  walk  in  his  garden  or 
elsewhere,  except  reverently  to  and  from  meeting. 

No  one  shall  travel,  cook  victuals,  make  beds,  sweep  house,  cut 
hair  or  shave,  on  the  Sabbath-day. 

No  woman   shall  kiss  her  child  on  the   Sabbath  or  fasting  day. 

The  Sabbath  shall  begin  at  sunset  on  Saturday, 

To  pick  an  ear  of  corn  growing  on  a  neighbor's  garden  shall  be 
deemed  theft. 

A  person  accused  of  trespass  in  the  night  shall  be  judged  guilty 
unless  he  clear  himself  by  oath. 

When  it  appears  that  an  accused  has  confederates,  and  he  re- 
fuses  to  discover  them,  he  may  be  racked. 

No  one  shall  buy  or  sell  lands  without  permission  of  the  select- 
men. 

A  drunkard  shall  have  a  master  appointed  by  the  selectmen, 
who  are  to  debar  him  the  liberty  of  buying  and  selling. 

Whoever  publishes  a  lie  to  the  prejudice  of  his  neighbor  shall 
sit  in  the  stocks  or  be  whipped  fifteen  stripes. 

No  minister  shall  keep  a  school. 

Men   stealers   shall   suffer   death. 

Whoever  wears  cloths  trimmed  with  gold,  silver  or  bone  lace, 
above  two  shillings  a  yard,  shall  be  presented  by  the  grand  jurors,  and 
the  selectmen  shall  tax  the  offender  at  £300  estate.  • 


162  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

A  debtor  in  prison,  swearing  he  has  no  estate  shall  be  let  out 
and  sold  to  make   satisfaction. 

Whoever  sets  a  fire  in  the  woods,  and  it  burns  a  house,  shall 
suffer  death;  and  persons  suspected  of  this  crime  shall  be  imprisoned 
without  benefit  of  bail. 

Whoever  brings  cards  or  dice  into  this  dominion  shall  pay  a 
fine  of    £5. 

No  gospel  minister  shall  join  people  in  marriage;  the  magistrate 
only  can  join  in  marriage,  as  they  do  it  with  less  scandal  to  Christ's 
church. 

No  one  shall  read  common-prayer,  keep  Christmas  or  saint  days, 
make  minced  pies,  dance,  play  cards  or  any  instrument  of  music,  ex- 
cept the  drum,  trumpet  and  Jews-harp. 

When  parents  refuse  their  children  convenient  marriages,  the 
magistrates  shall  determine  the  point. 

The  selectmen,  on  finding  children  ignorant,  may  take  them  away 
from  their  parents  and  put  them  into  better  hands  at  the  expense 
of  their  parents. 

A  man  that  strikes  his  wife  shall  pay  a  fine  of  £10;  a  woman 
that  strikes  her  husband  shall  be  punished  as  the  court  directs. 

A  wife  shall  be  deemed  good  evidence  against  her  husband. 

Married   persons   must  live   together  or  be   imprisoned. 

No  man  shall  court  a  maid,  in  person  or  by  letter,  without  first 
obtaining  consent  of  her  parents — £5  penalty  for  the  first  offense; 
£10  for  the  second;  and  for  the  third,  imprisonment  during  the 
pleasure   of  the   court. 

Every   male   shall  have   his   hair  cut   round  according  to  a  cap. 


THC  SEVEN   WONDERS  OF  THE   WORLD. 

1.  Olympian  Zeus,  a  famous  statue  by  Phidias. 

2.  Diana's  Temple,  at  Ephesus  was  supported  by  127  columns, 
each  weighing  150  tons. 

3.  The  Great  Pryamid  12  miles  from  Cairo.  Supposed  date  of 
erection  is  2200  years  B.  C,  covering  an  area  when  first  built  of  13 
acres.  It  is  543  feet  high  and  693  feet  on  the  siles.  Its  base  covers 
11  acres.  Many  of  the  stones  are  30  feet  long,  4  broad  and  3  thick. 
Its  central  chamber  is  a  room  hewn  out  of  the  solid  stone,  46  feet  long, 
16  wide  and  23  high.  It  contains  a  scarcophagus,  probably  of  the 
builder. 

4.  The  Colossus  of  Rhodes,  a  brass  statue  105  feet  in  height 
spanned  the  harbor  with  its  feet,  beneath  which  the  tallest  ships 
pass.  It  was  made  by  Chares,  who,  aided  by  an  army  of  workmen, 
consumed  12  years  in  its  construction.  It  remained  in  position  in  the 
harbor  or  Rhodes  for  sixty-six  years,  and  was  thrown  down  by  an 


THE  SEVEN  WONDERS   OF  THE  WORLD.  163 

earthquake  B.  C.  224.  It  lay  on  the  ground  894  years,  and  was  sold  to 
a  Jew  for  old  metal.  He  carried  away  900  camel  loads,  or  about 
720,000  pounds  of  bronze.  There  were  over  100  colossal  staLues  in 
the  city  of  Rhodes,  besides  the  great  bronze  image  that  bestrode  the 
harbor. 

5.  The  Mausoleum  of  Halicarnassus,  a  magnificent  tomb  built  354 
years  B.  C.  by  Mausoleus'  Queen,  Artemisia. 

6.  The  Hanging  Gardens  of  Babylon  were  terraces  on  columns. 
The  gardens  were  400  feet  square  and  over  400  feet  high.  The  ascent 
from  terrace  to  terrace  was  by  flights  of  marble  steps,  and  on  the 
highest  was  a  large  reservoir.  They  were  erected  for  the  amuse- 
ment of  a  Babylonian  Queen  who  had  come  from  a  mountainous  coun- 
try. The  Tower  of  Babel,  at  Babylon,  was  composed  of  eight  square 
towers,  one  upon  the  other,  the  pile  being  660  feet  high.  Babylon 
was  a  square,  15  miles  on  each  side,  the  walls  87  feet  thick  and  370 
feet  high. 

7.  The  Pharos  at  Alexandria,  a  light  house  located  on  a  small 
island  in  Lower  Egypt,  built  300  years  B.  C. 


HOMESTEAD  AND  HOMESTEADERS. 

Valuable  Information  for  All  Who  Contemplate   Taking   Up   Govern- 
ment Land. 

1.  What  is  a  homestead?  It  is  a  farm  given  to  any  man  or 
woman  who  lives  on  it  and  cultivates  it  for  five  years.  We  say 
"given"  for  the  charges  are  only  about  ten  cents  an  acre — that  is, 
the  cost  of  surveying  and  recording,  amounting  in  all  for  one-fourth 
of  a  square  mile  to  eighteen  dollars  at  most,  and  four  dollars  of  this 
sum  is  not  payable  for  five  years. 

2.  How  large  a  farm  is  a  homestead?  It  is  a  farm  of  one  hun- 
dred and  sixty  acres,  except  on  tracts  one-half  of  which  has  been 
granted  in  aid  of  railroads  or  other  public  improvements.  On  such 
tracts  the  homestead  is  no  more  than  half  the  usual  size,  unless  the 
homesteader  has  served  at  least  ninety  days  as  a  soldier.  In  that 
case,  his  homestead  is  a  quarter  section  anywhere. 

3.  Who  may  become  a  homesteader?  Any  man  or  any  woman — 
that  is,  any  native,  of  legal  age,  and  any  foreigner  who  has  declared 
his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  which  any  immigrant  may  do  on 
the  very  day  he  lands  in  America. 

4.  How  does  one  become  a  homesteader?  He  goes  to  any  United 
States  land-office,  where  he  has  free  access  to  maps  showing  all  the 
vacant  lots  in  the  neighboring  regions.  He  then  goes  and  picks  the 
one  he  likes  best,  returns  to  the  land  office,  makes  an  application, 
acording  to  the  legal  forms  furnished  by  the  officer  there,  for  that  lot 
as  his  homestead,  and  leaves  those  forms  for  record,  pays  at  most 


164  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD     -. 

fourteen  dollars,  and  is  henceforth  monarch  of  all  the  surveys  on  the 
farm  of  his  choice.  But  the  homesteader  is  not  obliged  to  go  in 
person  to  the  government  land-ofRce.  In  most  cases  he  can  ascertain 
from  local  land  agents  or  residents  what  lanas  are  vacant,  and  then 
make  his  application  for  the  homestead  he  wishes  to  occupy,  before 
the  clerk  of  the  court  in  the  county  where  it  lies,  sending  with  it  an 
affidavit,  with  his  reasons  for  not  appearing  in  person. 

5.  How  soon  must  a  homesteader  begin  to  occupy  his  land?  At 
any  time  within  six  months  after  his  application  is  put  on  record, 
and  he  may  journey  away  from  his  land  at  will,  if  not  absent  more 
than  half  a  year  at  once,  and  provided  that  he  fixes  his  residence  no- 
where else. 

6.  Can  a  homesteader  become  the  full  owner  of  his  farm  sooner 
than  at  the  end  of  five  years?  Yes;  after  six  months'  residence,  he 
can  at  any  time,  purchase  his  land  by  paying  the  government  price, 
the  maximum  of  which  is  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents,  and  the  mini- 
mum half  that  sum,  per  acre. 

7.  What  if  a  homesteader  is  in  debt?  His  homestead  is  exempt 
from  liabilities  for  any  debt  contracted  previous  to  his  perfecting  his 
claim  to  that  land;  and  in  some  States  is  not  liable  to  attachment  for 
any  subsequent  debt. 

8.  How  is  a  full  title  finally  obtained?  After  the  homesteader 
has  resided  on  his  land,  and  tilled  it  for  five  years,  if  at  any  time 
within  two  years  he  proves  that  fact  to  the  register  of  the  land-ofRce 
where  his  application  was  recorded,  that  officer  will  obtain  for  him 
from  Washington  a  full  title  to  his  land,  charging  him  only  a  fee  of 
four  dollars. 

9.  Is  not  one  man  as  good  as  another?  "Yes,"  said  an  Irishman, 
"and  a  great  deal  better."  But  Congress  has  enacted  that  every  sol- 
dier is  equal  to  two  other  men.  The  act  was  approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent, July  15,  1870.  It  provides  that  every  person  who  has  served 
loyally  ninety  days  in  the  national  army  or  navy  is  entitled,  on  the 
terms  above  explained,  "to  enter  and  receive  a  patent  for  one  whole 
quarter  section  of  land" — that  is,  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres — where 
other  men  can  only  enter  eighty,  "of  the  alternate  reserved  sections 
along  the  lines  of  any  one  of  the  railroads  wherever  public  lands  have 
been  granted  by  acts  of  Congress."  In  order  to  gain  these  privileges, 
the  soldier  must  pursue  the  same  routine  and  pay  the  fees  as  if  he 
were  a  civilian.     But  he  gets  twice  as  much  land. 

WONDERS  OF  THE  BODY. 

The  skin  contains  more  than  2,000,000  openings,  which  are  the 
outlets  of  an  equal  number  of  sweat  glands.  The  human  skeleton 
consists  of  more  than  200  distinct  bones.  An  amount  of  blood  equal 
to   the    whole   quantity   in   the   body   passes    through   the   heart  once 


WONDERS  OF  THE  BODY.  165 

in  two  minutes.  The  full  capacity  of  the  lungs  is  about  320  cubic 
inches.  About  two-thirds  of  a  pint  of  air  is  inhaled  and  exhaled  at 
each  breath  in  ordinary  respiration.  The  stomach  daily  produces  9 
pounds  of  gastric  juice  for  digestion  of  food;  its  capacity  is  about 
5  pints.  There  are  more  than  500  separate  muscles  in  the  body,  with 
an  equal  number  of  nerves  and  bloodvessels.  The  weight  of  the 
heart  is  from  8  to  12  ounces.  It  beats  100,000  times  in  24  hours. 
Each  perspiratory  duct  is  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  the  whole 
about  9  miles.  The  average  man  takes  5^/^  pounds  of  food  and  drink 
each  day,  which  amounts  to  one  ton  of  solid  and  liquid  nourishment 
annually.  A  man  breathes  18  times  in  a  minute,  and  3,000  cubic  feet, 
or  about  375  hogsheads  of  air  every  hour  of  his  existence. 

WATER   LEVELS. 

Lake  Itasca,  the  headwater  of  the  Mississippi  River,  is  1,575  feet 
above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  height  of  various  cities  above  the  sea  level  are  as  follows: 

New  York    23  feet. 

Albany 130  feet. 

New  Orleans  10  feet. 

St.  Louis 450  feet. 

Cincinnati    550  feet. 

Chicago 591  feet. 

Denver 5,267  feet. 

Dubuque  644  feet. 

St.  Paul 820  feet. 

Peoria 548  feet. 

Fort  Laramie » 896  feet. 

Fort  Benton 2,663  feet. 

Salt  Lake 4,351  feet. 

Virginia  City 6,505  feet. 

Omaha 968feet. 

The  headwaters  of  the  Missouri  are  6,800  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

The  headwaters  of  the  Illinois  are  596  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

The  Ohio,  at  Pittsburg,  is  704  feet  above  the  sea  level. 

The  average  fall  of  the  Mississippi  River  is  42-100  of  a  foot  to  the 
mile  from  St.  Paul  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and  32-100  of  a  foot  to 
the  mile  below  the  Ohio. 

At  tlie  Rock  Island  Rapids,  the  fall  is  24  feet  in  14  miles,  and  at 
the  Des  Moines  Rapids,  23  feet  in  12  miles. 

The  average  fall  of  the  Missouri  River,  from  Fort  Union  to  its 
junction  with  the  Mississippi,  is  95-100  of  a  foot  to  the  mile. 

The  average  for  the  Ohio  is  43-100  of  a  foot  to  the  mile,  and  of 
the  Illinois  about  the  same.  , 


166  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

PUNCTUATION    MARKS   AND    RULES. 

1.  The  Period  (.)  denotes  the  close  of  a  sentence.  A  period  is 
placed  after  every  declarative  and  imperative  sentence.  All  abbrevia- 
tions are  followed  by  a  period,  also  all  numbers  in  the  Roman  notation. 

2.  The  Colon  (:)  is  placed  between  the  chief  divisions  of  a  sen- 
tence, when  these  are  but  slightly  connected,  and  they  are  themselves 
divided  by  some  other  mark.  A  colon  is  used  after  a  sentence  which 
anounces  a  distinct  quotation,  and  is  placed  between  clauses  when 
the  connection  is  so  slight  that  any  one  of  them  might  be  a  distinct 
sentence. 

3.  The  Semicolon  (;)  indicates  a  longer  pause,  and  also  divides 
compound  sentences.  A  succession  of  clauses  depending  on  one  prin- 
cipal expression,  should  be  separated  by  a  semicolon;  is  also  placed 
after  an  expression,  it  is  separated  from  that  expression  by  a  semi- 
colon, and  one  is  used  to  divide  a  sentence  into  sections,  when  the 
various  parts  are  not  sufficiently  independent  to  require  a  colon. 

4.  The  Comma  (,)  denotes  a  slight  pause,  and  divides  a  sentence 
into  its  component  parts.  A  comma  is  placed  between  the  particulars 
mentioned  in  a  succession  of  words  all  in  the  same  construction,  one 
is  placed  between  each  pair  of  words,  when  each  paid  is  in  the  same 
construction,  also  before  and  one  after  every  parenthetical  expression, 
and  is  used  before  a  quotation  closely  connected  with  the  preceding 
words.  Expressions  repeated  must  be  separated  by  a  comma,  as  must 
also  a  phrase  or  clause  which  explains,  in  any  degree,  the  meaning  of 
any  other  phrase  of  clause.  All  modifying  expressions,  unless  closely 
connected  with  the  rest  of  the  sentence,  are  separated  by  a  comma. 
A  comma  must  be  used  in  sentences  which  would  otherwise  be  mis- 
understood, and  placed  where  a  word  is  understood,  unless  the  con- 
nection is  close. 

5.  The  Interrogation  Point  (?)  is  placed  after  every  sentence 
which  denotes  a  direct  question,  and  after  each  successive  particular 
of  a  series  of  questions  related  in  sense  but  distinctive  in  construc- 
tion. 

6.  The  Exclamation  Point  (!)  denotes  wondef  or  astonishment. 
An  exclamation  point  is  placed  after  every  exclamatory  sentence, 
clause,  phrase  or  word.  Where  special  emphasis  is  required  several 
exclamation  points  may  be  used.  An  exclamation  point,  enclosed  in 
parentheses,  is  used  to  denote  peculiar  surprise.  Most  interjections 
take  an  exclamation  point  after  them. 

7.  The  Dash  ( — )  indicates  a  sudden  change  of  subject.  A  sud- 
den turn  in  a  sentence  is  shown  by  a  dash.  An  omission  of  the  mid- 
dle numbers  in  a  regular  series,  or  of  a  word,  or  part  of  a  word,  is 
denoted  by  a  dash,  one  is  usually  placed  before  the  answer  to  a  ques- 
tion, when  they  both  belong  to  the  same  line,  and  is  often  used  in- 
stead of  the  parenthesis  marks;  it  is  also  commonly  used  before  an 


PUNCTUATION   MARKS   AND  RULES.  167 

expression  repeated  for  special  emphasis,  and  always  follows  the  sen- 
tence which  introduces  a  quotation,  when  the  quotation  commences 
a  new  paragraph.  A  dash  is  often  used  to  avoid  too  many  para- 
graphs. 

8.  Quotation  Marks  ("  ")  indicate  a  verbatim  quotation.  Every 
quoted  passage  is  enclosed  in  quotation  marks.  Quotations  consist- 
ing of  more  than  one  paragraph  have  the  first  quotation  mark  at 
the  beginning  of  each  paragraph,  but  the  second  is  used  only  at  the 
end  of  the  last  paragraph.  When  a  quoted  passage  requires  special 
attention,  the  first  quotation  mark  may  be  used  at  the  commencement 
of  each  line.  When  one  quotation  includes  another,  the  latted  has  but 
half  the  first  quotation  mark  before  it,  and  half  the  second  mark  after 
it. 

9.  The  Stars   (=•=  *  *)  or  N.  B.  are  used  to  invite  special  attention. 

1 

10.  The  Brace  (  I)  connects  several  words  with  one  common  term. 

J 

11.  The  Paragraph   (P)  begins  a  new  subject. 

12.  The  Section    (§)   is  used  to  subdivide  chapters. 

13.  The  Asterisk  (*),  Parallels  (j]),  Dagger  (t),  Double  Dagger  (t) 
and  Section    (§)   are  used  as  marginal  reference  marks. 

14.  The  Commercial  A  ((a)  is  used  in  market  quotations,  and 
signifies  "at"  or  "to." 

15.  The  I    TTj   means   "pound." 

16.  The  theses  [()]  include  something  not  essential  to  the 
sense. 

17.  The  Elhpsis  (  *  *  *)   ( )  denotes  the  omission  of  letters 

or  words. 

18.  The  Index  (a  fist)  points  to  something  of  special  signiiicance. 

19.  Brackets    [  ]   are  chiefly  used  to  denote  corrections. 

20.  The  Hyphen   (-)  connects  the  syllables  or  parts  of  a  word. 

21.  The   Apostrophe  denotes  a  contraction. 

TRIBUTES   PAID  TO  WOMEN. 

Woman  is  the  masterpiece. — Confucius. 

Women  teach  us  repose,  civility,  and  dignity. — Voltaire. 

Shakespeare  has  no  heroes,  he  has  only  heroines — Ruskin. 

All  that  I  am  my  mother  made  me. — John  Quincy  Adams. 

If  woman  lost  Eden,  such  as  she  alone  can  restore  it. — Whittier. 

Woman  is  the  most  perfect  when  the  most  womanly. — Gladstone. 

Woman  is  last  at  the  cross  and  earliest  at  the  grave. — E.  S.  Bar- 
rett. 

A  handsome  woman  is  a  jewel;  a  good  woman  is  a  treasure. — 
Sanidi. 

There  is  a  woman  at  the  beginning  of  all  great  things. — Damar- 
tine. 

• 


168  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

The  sweetest  thing  in  life  is  the  unclouded  welcome  of  a  wife, — 
N.  P.  Willis. 

Women  are  a  new  race,  re-created  since  the  world  received  Chris- 
tianity.— Beecher. 

Heaven  has  nothing  more  tender  than  a  woman's  heart  when  it 
is  the  abode  of  pity. — Luther. 

For  where  is  any  author  in  the  world  who  teaches  such  beauty 
as  a  woman's  eyes? — Shakespeare. 

Woman  is  born  for  love,  and  it  is  Impossible  to  turn  her  from 
seeking  it. — Margaret  Fuller  Ossoli. 

CHAPTER  LIV. 
THE   GREATEST  BATTLES   IN    HISTORY. 

The  Battle  of  Salmis,  B.  C.  480,  between  Xerxes  of  Persia  and  the 
allied  Greeks. 

The  Battle  of  Actium,  B.  C.  31,  in  which  the  combined  fleets  of 
Antony  and  Cleopatra  were  defeated  by  Octavius,  and  imperialism 
established  in  the  person  of  Octavius. 

The  Battle  of  Arbela,  B.  C.  331,  in  which  the  Persians,  under 
Tarius,  were  defeated  by  the  Macedonians  and  Greeks  under  Alexan- 
der the  Great. 

The  Battle  of  Marathon,  B.  C.  490,  in  which  the  Athenians,  under 
Miltiades,  defeated  the  Persians,  under  Datis. 

The  Battle  of  Syracuse,  B.  C.  413,  in  which  the  Athenians  were 
defeated  by  the  Syracusans  and  their  allies. 

The  Battle  of  Metaurus,  B.  C.  207,  in  which  the  Carthagenians, 
under  Hasdrubal,  were  defeated  by  the  Romans,  under  the  Consuls, 
Caius,  Claudius,  Nero  and  Marcus  Livius. 

The  Battle  of  Philippi,  B.  C.  42,  in  which  Brutus  and  Cassius  were 
defeated  by  Octavius  and  Antony.  The  fate  of  the  republic  was  de- 
cided. 

The  Battle  of  Blenheim,  A.  D.  1704,  in  which  the  French  and 
Bavarians,  under  Marshal  Tallard,  were  defeated  by  the  English  and 
their  allies,  under  Marlborough. 

The  Battle  of  Chalous,  A.  D.  451,  in  which  the  Huns,  under  Attila, 
called  the  "Scourge  of  God,"  were  defeated  by  the  confederate  armies 
of  Romans  and  Visigoths. 

Battle  of  Hastings,  A.  D.  1066,  in  which  Harold,  commanding  the 
English  army,  was  defeated  by  William  the  Conquerer  of  Normandy. 

The  Battle  of  Luetzen,  A.  D.  1632,  which  decided  the  religious 
liberties  of  Germany.     Gustavus  Adolphus  was  killed. 

The  Battle  of  Pultowa,  A.  D.  1709,  in  which  Charles  XII.  of 
Sweden  was  defeated  by  the  Russians,  under  Peter  the  Great. 

The  Battle  of  Tours,  A.  D.  732,  In  which  the  Saracens  were  de- 
feated by  Charles  Martel.     Christendom  was  rescued  from  Islam. 

On  the  21st  of  October,  1805,  the  Great  Naval  Battle  of  Trafalgar 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  169 

was  fought.  The  English  defeated  the  French  and  destroyed  the 
hopes  of  Napoleon  as  to  a  successful  invasion  of  England. 

The  Battle  of  Valmy,  A.  D.  1792,  in  which  an  invading  army  of 
Prussians,  Austrians  and  Hessians,  under  the  command  of  the  Duke 
of  Brunswick,  were  defeated  by  the  French,  under  Dumouriez. 

The  Battle  of  Waterloo,  A.  D.  1815,  in  which  the  French,  under 
Napoleon,  were  defeated  by  the  allied  armies  of  Russia,  Austria,  Prus- 
sia and  England,  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington. 

RISE  AND  DECLINE  OF  CATHOLICITY  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
—A  STRANGE  PHENOMENON. 

(From  the  Telegraph-Herald,  May  20,  1904.) 

Something  over  a  year  ago  the  Very  Reverend  Dr.  Slattery  of 
Baltimore,  Md.,  delivered  a  sermon,  in  which  he  stated  that  the  Cath- 
olic Church  in  the  United  States  was  losing  ground  at  an  alarming 
rate,  and  in  support  of  his  statement  he  adduced  the  following  figures: 

Catholics  in  the  United  States  in  1902 10,976,757 

Catholics  in  the  United  States  in  1890 8,301,367 

Apparent  increase  in  twelve  years 2,675,390 

Catholic  immigration  during  the  same  period 2,705,184 

Loss  on  the  face  of  the  figures 29,794 

This  is  without  taking  into  account  the  natural  increase  from 
births  and  conversions;  also  the  Catholic  immigration  from  Poland  in 
Russia,  Canada,  England,  Scotland  and  countries  not  enumerated 
below.  The  figures  were  taken  from  the  Catholic  Directory,  which  is 
an  official  organ  of  the  church,  and  includes  immigrants  only  from 
Austria,  Belgium,  France,  Italy,  Poland,  except  Poland  in  Russia,  Por- 
tugal, Spain  and  Ireland,  and  a  moderate  estimate  for  Germany. 

In  a  subsequent  sermon  the  very  reverend  gentleman  is  reported 
to  have  stated  that  the  loss  to  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United 
States  during  the  last  ten  years  was  nearly  2,000,000.  This  was  a 
great  surprise  to  Catholics  and  caused  considerable  comment  and  dis- 
cussion. It  was  affirmed  by  advocates  of  the  Parochial  schools,  that 
the  very  reverend  gentleman  had  made  a  mistake  in  compiling  the 
figures,  as  the  thought  of  a  church  losing  by  establishing  its  own 
schools  and  teaching  its  religion  in  them  was  a  contradiction  of  com- 
moTi  ser.^j  quite  beyond  the  ordinary  conception.  And  it  seemed 
equally  absurd  to  think  that  the  church  which  had  gained  so  rapidly 
during  the  first  two  generations  of  the  existence  of  our  government 
should  now  be  losing  at  such  a  marvelously  rapid  rate. 

In  a  recent  issue  of  the  "Berlin  Grrmania,"  which  is  said  to  be 
the  most  infiuential  Catholic  journal  in  Europe,  an  article  appeared 
in  which  it  was  asserted  that  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States 


170  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

was  losing  members  at  an  enormous  rate,  and. the  expense  of  main- 
taining schools  and  churches  in  contrast  with  the  state  established 
system  of  Europe  was  assigned  as  the  chief  cause. 

Inasmuch  as  this  subject  has  become  of  more  than  ordinary  in- 
terest, a  representative  of  the  Telegraph-Herald  undertook  an  inves- 
tigation of  the  facts,  with  the  following  result:  Prior  to  the  adoption 
fo  our  constitution  great  prejudice  existed  against  Catholics.  Penal 
laws  were  enacted  against  them  in  nearly  all  the  colonies.  These  pe- 
nal laws  were  abrogated  by  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  and  in 
1790  the  admission  of  Rhode  Island  and  North  Carolina  put  an  end  to 
anti-Catholic  laws  and  secured  to  every  citizen  of  the  republic  free- 
dom of  conscience  and  the  right  to  worship  the  God  of  his  choice  at 
the  altar  of  his  election.  Shea,  the  historian,  estimates  the  total  num- 
ber of  Catholics  in  the  United  States  at  that  time  at  30,000,  and 
Cardinal  Gibbons,  in  a  recent  article,  fixed  the  number  at  32,000. 
In  1787  Rev.  John  Carroll,  afterward  first  Bishop  of  Baltimore,  esti- 
mated the  number  to  be  25,500.  These  figures  indicate  that  the 
estimate  of  Cardinal  Gibbons  is  high  enough  to  cover  all  claims, 
hence  we  will  adopt  it.  As  the  census  for  1790  gave  us  a  population 
of  3,926,214,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Catholics  numbered  less  than  1 
in  120.  In  1795  the  public  schools  were  established  by  act  of  the 
Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York.  The  other  states  fell  in  line 
very  rapidly,  and  for  two  generations  we  had  practically  no  other 
schools.  In  1880  the  Catholic  population  had  reached  about  8,000,000. 
This  was  an  increase  of  250  fold  and  the  ratio  was  raised  from  1  in 
120  to  about  1  in  6,  while  the  general  population  increased  less  than 
13  fold.  In  other  words,  during  those  ninety  years  the  population  of 
the  nation  increased  from  3,926,214  to  50,155,783,  or  1,277  per  cent., 
while  the  Catholics  increased,  during  the  same  period,  from  32,000  to 
8,000,000,  or  25,000  per  cent.  That  is  taking  into  account  the  immigra- 
tion. Deducting  the  immigration  we  have  an  increase  in  the  general 
population  of  923  per  cent.,  and  in  the  Catholic  population  of  9,275 
per  cent. 

In  1902  we  had  a  population  of  about  79,000,000,  and  the  Catholic 
population  was  nearly  11,000,000,  according  to  the  Catholic  Directory, 
but  the  Independent  and  the  Christian  Advocate,  both  of  which  are 
frpquently  quoted,  make  it  more  than  1,500,000  less.  Taking  the  for- 
mer as  correct  we  have  an  increase  of  3,000,000  in  22  years,  while  the 
general  population  increased  29,000,000.  This  is  58  per  cent,  for  the 
general  and  36  per  cent,  for  the  Catholic  population  and  the  ratio  was 
changed  from  1  in  6  to  1  in  7.  This  includes  additions  through  im- 
migrations. If  we  deduct  the  immigrants  the  percentage  of  gain  for 
the  general  population  over  that  of  1880  is  38  per  cent.,  while  the 
loss  to  the  Catholic  population  during  the  same  period  is  25  per  cent, 
and  the  ratio  reduced  to  1  in  13. 

In  discussing  this  subject  it  is  frequently  alleged  that  the  greater 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  171 

portion  of  the  vast  increase  during  the  first  two  generations  of  the 
exigence  of  our  government  was  made  by  immigration,  hence  in 
order  to  give  those  interested  an  opportunity  to  figure  for  themselves, 
we  subjoin  a  table  of  immigration  and  population,  by  decades.  During 
the  first  thirty  years  no  account  was  kept  of  immigrants.  In  fact  up 
to  1820  our  immigration  was  very  light.  It  is  estimated  that  it  would 
average  less  than  7.000  per  year. 

Immigration  table — 

From  1790  to  1820  (Estimated)   210,000 

From    1820    to   1830 151,824 

From   1830   to   1840 599,125 

From  1840  to  1850 1,713,257 

From    1850    to   1860 2,579,280 

From  1860  to  1870 2,278,659 

From  1870  to  1880 2,662,191 

From  1880  to  1890 5,246,613 

From   1890   to    1902 — 12   years 4,753,522 

Table  of  population — 

1790    3,926,214 

1800 5,808,483 

1810   7,239,881 

1820    9,638,553 

1830    12,866,020 

1840 17,096,453 

1850    23,191,876 

I860    31,443,321 

1870 38,558,371 

1880    50,155,783 

1890    62,622,250 

1900    75,568,866 

1902— About    79,000,000 

From  this  table  it  will  be  seen  that  the  immigration  during  the 
last  22  years  was  about  the  same  as  the  immigration  during  the  first 
90  years.  Assuming  that  half  of  the  immigrants  were  Catholics, 
which  we  think  is  a  very  conservative  estimate,  the  figures  would 
stand  thus: 

Catholic   population   in    1880 8,000,000 

Catholic    population    in    1790 32,000 

Catholic  immigration   1790   to   1S80 5,000,000 

5,032,000 


Net  gain  from  births  and  conversions  in  90  years...  2,968,000 

Catholic  population  in  1902  nearly 11,000,000 

Catholic  population  in  1880 8,000,000 


172                          THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 
Catholic  immigration  1880  to   1902 5,000,000 


-13.000,000 


Net  loss  in  22  years 2,000,000 

After  deducting  immigration,  as  above  stated  there  is  a  net  loss 
to  the  Catholic  Church  of  two  millions,  while  the  general  population 
increased,  after  deducting  ten  millions  of  immigrants  19,000,000.  This 
shows  a  gain  of  38  per  cent  for  the  general  population  and  a  loss  to 
the  Catholic  Church,  during  the  same  period,  of  25  per  cent. 

Now,  what  is  the  cause  of  this  great  loss? 

Different  reasons  are  ascribed  by  those  acknowledging  the  fact. 
We  urge  that  the  fact  be  kept  in  mind  that  the  question 
at  fssue  between  the  friends  of  sectarian  and  non-sectarian  schools  is 
one  of  greatest  moment  and  concerns  the  welfare  not  alone  of  the 
children  of  today  but  of  the  children  of  the  future. 

The  public  schools  are  the  greatest  institution  in  the  Republic 
and  essential  to  its  maintenance.  Although  over  a  hundred  years  old 
they  are  still  growing  in  popularity.  In  them  we  find  the  rich  man 
voluntarily  working  to  perpetuate  an  institution  for  which  he  pays  his 
money  in  the  form  of  taxes,  to  educate  the  children  of  his  poor  neigh- 
bors. In  them  we  find  the  Jew  and  the  Gentile;  the  Catholic  and  the 
Protestant;  the  Mohammedan  and  the  Confusionist,  drinking  from  the 
same  bright  bowl  of  knowledge.  In  them  we  find  bigotry  disarmed 
and  tolerance  and  forebearance  encouraged.  In  them  we  find  the 
youth  of  all  races  and  peoples  growing  up  as  friends,  trusting  each 
other,  not  as  enemies  suspicious  of  one  another.  Let  us  be  a  homo- 
geneous people  and  let  the  American  children  get  their  secular  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  and  their  religious  training  and  education 
at  home  and  in  the  churches  and  Sunday  schools,  where  it  should  be 
taught,  and  where  it  was  taught  for  the  first  two  generations  of  the  ex- 
istence of  our  government. 

In  1867  Bishop  Hennessy  commenced  preaching  against  the  public 
schools.  He  was  the  first  prelate  in  the  United  States  to  raise  his 
voice  against  them.  He  was  most  radical  in  his  denunciations  and 
the  enforcement  of  his  rules.  Catholics  who  sent  their  children  to  the 
public  schools  were  deprived  of  the  sacraments.  His  whole  mind 
seemed  to  concentraie  and  center  on  the  subject.  He  handled  it 
without  gloves.  He  denounced  them  as  the  "Godless  schools,  breeders 
of  infidelity  and  hot  beds  of  hell."  For  some  time  he  encountered  a 
great  deal  of  opposition  from  both  clergy  and  laity,  but  he  was  elo- 
quent, earnest,  industrious  and  persevering,  and  gradually  the  whole 
Catholic  hierarchy  of  the  United  States  were  brought  into  line,  and  in 
1880  the  Parochial  school  was  generally  established  and  the  Catholic 
children  have  since  been  segregated  and  handicapped.  Segregated  be- 
cause they  have  been  withdrawn  from  the  schools  that  represent  the 
great  body  politic  and  handicapped  because  the  schools  provided  for 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  173 

them  were  inferior  from  a  secular  point  of  view.  And  this  is  the  rea- 
son why  the  Catholic  Church  in  the  United  States  is  dwindling  and 
decimating.  As  "the  mills  of  the  gods  grind  slowly,"  history  has  re- 
corded but  tew  precedents. 

Perhaps  the  most  remarkable  is  that  of  the  Israelites,  which  af- 
fords a  cogent  criterion.  In  the  year  1706  B.  C.  Jacob,  with  his 
friends  and  relatives,  numbering  in  all  66  souls,  moved  to  Egypt. 
Joseph,  his  wife  and  two  sons,  who  were  in  Egypt,  augmented  the 
number  to  70.  This  constituted  the  Israelite  or  Jewish  sect  of  that 
day.  They  remained  in  Egypt  about  215  years,  and  although  they 
were,  during  a  considerable  part  of  the  time,  reduced  to  the  most  ab- 
ject slavery  they  increased  rapidly;  so  much  so  that  Moses  led  about 
3,000,000  souls  through  the  Red  Sea  in  the  year  1491  B.  C.  The  Jews 
were  a  healthy,  vigorous  race,  the  only  people  on  earih  who  wor- 
shipped the  true  and  living  God.  They  were  governed  by  strict  laws. 
They  led  pure,  moral  and  abstemious  lives;  and  yet  they  did  not  in- 
crease. At  the  time  of  the  crucifixion,  1524  years  after  the  crossing 
of  the  Red  Sea  we  cannot  count  3,000,000  Jews  extant.  About  six 
hundred  years  after  the  crossing  of  the  Red  Sea  Carthage  was  settled 
and  about  one  hundred  years  later  Rome  was  settled.  Those  nations 
grew  to  be  very  populous  and  powerful.  They  warred  against  each 
other  for  over  100  years  during  which  many  millions  of  their  men 
perished.     Yet  Rome  became  the  mistress  of  the  world. 

But  the  Jew  did  not  increase,  and  why  did  he  not  increase?  Sim- 
ply because  he  segragated  himself  from  the  surrounding  nations  and 
peoples.  True,  he  would  trade  and  talk  and  walk  with  them;  but  he 
would  not  eat  or  drink  or  pray  with  them.  No  Jewish  child  was  al- 
lowed to  attend  school  with  children  of  another  race  or  sect.  Al- 
though we  have  no  record  of  it,  still  reasoning  from  the  fact  that  hu- 
man nature  was  the  same  3,000  years  ago  as  it  is  today,  we  may  as- 
sume that  a  similar  school  question  to  that  which  is  now  being  dis- 
cussed in  the  United  States  was  up  among  the  Jews.  There  was  a 
party  that  favored  the  open  door  policy  and  a  party,  led  perhaps  by 
the  Pharisees,  who  favored  the  closed  door.  Unfortunately  for  the 
Jew,  the  latter  prevailed  and  he  shut  himself  off  socially  and  reli- 
giously from  all  outside  his  pale.  And  this  is  why  the  race  dwindled. 
We  believe  that  in  the  eternal  constitution  of  things,  it  is  ordained 
that  the  society,  sect  or  party  separating  itself  from  the  body  politic 
can  not  increase  or  even  hold  its  own.  Their  seclusion  precludes 
proselyting,  while  desertions  counterbalance  the  normal  increase  from 
Dirths.  Every  man  of  ordinary  observation,  who  has  passed  the  meri- 
lian  of  life,  must  have  observed  instances  in  his  own  time.  Where  are 
the  Quakers,  the  Puritans  and  others  that  might  be  recalled?  And 
where  are  the  Lutherans  and  Episcopalians  drifting  to?  How  different 
it  was  with  the  early  Christians.  The  year  312  opened  with  the  dark- 
est cloud  on  the  horizon  that  ever  settled  on  Chrisitanity.     The  tenth 


174  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 

general  persecution,  ordered  by  the  Emperor  Diocletian,  and  so  vig- 
orously seconded  by  his  bloodthirsty  and  brutish  colleagues,  Max- 
imian  and  Gallorious,  was  in  full  blast.  The  earth  in  Europe,  Asia 
and  Africa  was  saturated  with  Christian  blood.  It  was  the  darkest 
hour  ever  witnessed  by  them.  The  persecution  was  so  vicious, 
vigorous,  brutal  and  bloody  that  it  seemed  impossible  for  Christianity 
to  withstand  it,  and  even  the  most  hopeful  felt  that  it  was  doomed  to 
be  swept  from  the  face  of  the  earth.  But  relief  came  from  a  quarter 
whence  it  was  least  expected.  An  internal  revolution  occurred.  Con- 
stantine  laid  claim  to  the  throne,  marched  an  army  to  Rome,  took  the 
city  by  assault  and  was  proclaimed  emperor.  He  was  converted  to  the 
Christian  faith  by  a  miracle  and  being  ardent  and  enthusiastic,  as 
most  converts  are,  was  willing  to  turn  the  tables  and  let  the  pagans 
feel  the  lash  of  bloody  persecution,  such  as  they  had  waged  against 
the  Christians  for  more  than  250  years.  But  the  few  Christians  who 
survived  the  sanguinary  ordeal  prominent  among  whom  was  St.  Syl- 
vester, who  two  years  later  was  elected  Pope,  assembled  around  him, 
and  they  said  no;  that  Christianity  required  no  advantage.  All  it 
needed  was  equality.  Give  us  equality — elevate  us  to  an  even  plane, 
and  truth  will  vindicate  itself.  Hence  Constantine's  decree  issued 
from  the  City  of  Milan,  in  the  year  312,  simply  elevated  Catholicity  to 
the  dignity  of  paganism.  Nothing  more.  It  is  called  the  triumph  of 
Christianity  because  all  Rome  was  converted  in  a  short  time.  Pagan- 
ism disappeared  like  a  morning  dew.  But  supposing  the  Christians 
had  adopted  the  closed  door  policy  of  the  Jew,  separating  themselves 
socially  and  religiously  from  the  pagan.  What  might  have  been  the 
result? 

It  is  certainly  not  presumptions  to  assume  that  today  paganism 
would  be  dominant  in  the  world. 

In  proof  of  the  evil  results  of  separation  and  segregation  of  the 
children  of  our  own  time  were  wanting,  it  is  supplied  in  abundance. 
A  detailed  statement  of  the  evidences  necessarily  must  be  here  fore- 
gone, but  to  the  general  proposition  that  the  public  schools  are  most 
beneficial  in  their  effects  on  the  pupil,  we  think  those  unbiased  in 
their  judgment  will  give  assent.  We  see  in  this  city,  where  the  first 
sermon  against  the  public  schools  was  preached  thirty-seven  years 
ago,  evidence  of  the  handicap  children  who  have  not  attended  public 
schools  have  suffered. 

Dubuque's  system  of  public  schools  is  inferior  to  none  in  the  coun- 
ty. Politics  and  sectarianism  has  been  kept  out  of  them,  and  while 
,;he  present  Archbishop  lends  assent  to  attendance  of  Catholic  chil- 
dren in  the  local  high  school — there  is  no  Catholic  high  school — the 
attendance  of  Catholic  children  in  the  high  school  is  today  only 
about  15  per  cent.,  while  more  than  half  the  children  of  school  age 
in  Dubuque  are  Catholics,  and  but  few  of  them  receive  the  advantages 
of  high  school  teaching  or  training. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  175 

By  reason  of  the  Parochial  school  system  the  Catholic  boy  is  not 
given  a  fair  chance.  It  should  be  our  most  earnest  endeavor  to  gird 
him  for  the  struggle  of  later  years.  Deny  him  opportunity  and  who 
knows  but  that  one  day  a  walker  among  the  graves  shall  say  with 
Gray, 

"Perhaps  in  this  neglected  spot  is  laid 

Some  heart  once  pregnant  with  celestial  fire; 
Hands  that  the  rod  of  empire  might  have  swayed, 
Or  waked  to  ecstacy  the  living  lyre. 

"Some  village  Hamden  with  undaunted  breast. 

The  little  tyrant  of  his  fields  withstood; 
Some  mute,  inglorious  Milton  here  maj'-  rest; 

Some  Cromwell,  guiltless  of  his  country's  blood. 

"But  knowledge  to  their  eyes  here  ample  page, 
Rich  with  the  spoils  of  time,  did  ne'ed  unroll; 

Chill  penury  repressed  their  noble  rage, 
And  froze  the  genial  currents  of  the  Soul." 

If  the  general  population  had  increased  as  rapidly  as  the  Catholic 
population  in  the  ninety  years  preceding  1880,  we  would  have  had 
at  that  date  300  million  instead  of  50  million  of  people.  And  if  it  had 
decreased  in  the  same  proportion  as  has  the  Catholic  population 
during  the  twenty-two  years  succeeding  1880,  we  would  have  had  less 
than  38  millions  in  1902.  instead  of  79  millions.  These  figures  will 
doubtless  surprise  and  challenge  the  credulity  of  many.  But  mathe- 
matical confirmation  is  easily  obtainable.  To  designate  those  periods 
as  the  periods  marking  the  rise  and  decline  of  Catholicity  in  the 
United  States,  is  to  fittingly  describe  them. 

Surely  the  time  has  come  for  serious  reflection  on  this  subject, 
as  well  as  decision  and  action.  It  might  be  well  for  some  of  the 
hierarchy  to  reflect  on  the  advice  or  injunction  of  the  Great  Leo  XIII. 
where,  in  his  encyclical  letter  to  the  Archbishops  and  Bishops  of  the 
United  States  he  says:  "All  intelligent  men  are  agreed,  and  we  our- 
selves have  with  pleasure  intimated,  that  America  seems  destined 
for  greater  things.  Now,  it  is  our  wish  that  the  Catholic  Church 
should  not  only  share  in,  but  help  to  bring  about  this  prospective 
greatness.  We  deem  it  right  and  proper  that  she  should,  by  availing 
herself  of  the  opportunities  daily  presented  to  her,  keep  equal  step 
with  the  Republic  in  the  march  of  improvements,  at  the  same  time 
striving  to  the  utmost,  by  her  virtue  and  institutions,  to  aid  in  the 
rapid  growth  of  the  state." 

How  does  the  action  of  some  very  learned,  honest  and  sincere 
prelates,  in  seeking  to  destroy  the  public  school — the  most  cherished 
institutions  of  the  Republic,  comport  v/ith  this  injunction.  It  is  surely 
not  "keeping  equal  step  with  the  Republic  in  the  march  of  improve- 
ment." 


176  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

CHAPTER  LV. 
MR.    BRYAN'S    LECTURE  ON   "THE   VALUE   OF   AN    IDEAL.' 


(Delivered  at  Dubuque,  Iowa.) 


The  Emjnent  Orator  Points  the   Necessity  of  a  Compass  to   Steer  By 

In  Life. 


From  the  Telegraph-Herald,  April  28,  1905. 

William  Jennings  Bryan,  twice  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the 
presidency  and  now  more  influential  in  its  councils  than  any  other 
man,  appeared  at  Stout  Auditorium,  Thursday  evening,  before  an 
audience  of  great  proportions.  It  was  a  representative  audience,  too, 
in  that  men  of  every  position  in  life  were  present  and  they  were,  by 
the  way  eqaully  enthusiastic  in  receiving  the  great  orator. 

Mr.  Bryan's  appearance  on  the  platform  was  the  signal  for  an  out- 
break of  applause  and  cheering  that  lasted  long  and  was  not  checked 
until  he  was  introduced.  This  ceremony  was  performed  by  Louis 
Murphy,  editor  of  the  Telegraph-Herald.  As  he  retired,  the  name 
Bryan  coming  from  his  lipe,  the  applause  broke  out  again  as  the 
speaker  of  the  evening  advanced  to  the  front  of  the  stage.  He  then 
commenced  to  speak  and  was  given  the  closest  attention  throughout. 
His  address  on  the  "Value  of  an  Ideal,"  was  as  follows: 

"What  is  the  value  of  an  ideal?  Have  you  ever  attempted  to  esti- 
mate its  worth?  Have  you  ever  tried  to  measure  its  value  in  dollars 
and  cents?  If  you  would  know  the  pecuniary  value  of  an  ideal,  go 
into  the  home  of  some  man  of  great  wealth  who  has  an  only  son;  go 
into  that  home  when  the  son  has  gone  downward  in  a  path  of  dissipa- 
tion, until  the  father  no  longer  hopes  for  his  reform,  and  then  ask 
the  father  what  an  ideal  would  have  been  worth  that  would  have 
made  a  man  out  of  his  son  instead  of  a  wreck.  He  will  tell  you  that 
all  the  money  that  he  has  or  could  have,  he  would  gladly  give  for  an 
ideal  of  life  that  would  turn  his  boy's  steps  upward  instead  of  down- 
ward. 

"An  ideal  is  above  price.  It  means  the  difference  between  success 
and  failure — the  difference  between  a  noble  life  and  a  disgraceful 
career,  and  it  sometimes  means  the  difference  between  life  and  death. 
Have  you  noticed  the  increasing  number  of  suicides?  I  speak  not 
cf  those  sad  cases  in  which  the  reason  dethroned  leaves  the  hand  no 
guide,  but  rather  of  those  cases,  increasing  in  number,  where  the 
person  who  takes  his  life,  finds  nothing  worth  living  for.  When  I 
read  of  one  of  these  cases  I  ask  myself  whether  it  is  not  caused  by  a 
false  ideal  of  life.  If  one  measures  life  by  what  others  do  for  him 
he  is  apt  to  be  disappointed,  for  people  are  not  likely  to  do  as  much 
for  him  as  he  expects.     One  of  the  most  difficult  things  in  life  is  to 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  177 

maintain  the  parity  between  one's  opinion  of  his  own  merits  and  the 
opinion  that  others  have  of  him.  If,  I  repeat,  a  man  measures  life  by 
what  others  do  for  him,  he  is  apt  to  be  disappointed,  but  if  he  meas- 
ures life  by  what  he  does  for  others,  there  is  no  time  for  despair.  If 
he  measures  life  by  its  accumulations,  these  usually  fall  short  of  his 
expectations,  but  if  he  measures  life  by  the  contribution  which  he 
makes  to  the  sum  of  human  happiness,  his  only  disappointment  is  in 
not  finding  time  to  do  all  that  his  heart  prompts  him  to  do.  Whether 
he  spends  his  time  trying  to  absorb  from  the  world,  only  to  have  the 
burden  of  life  grow  daily  heavier,  or  spends  his  time  in  an  effort 
to  accomplish  something  of  real  value  to  the  race,  depends  upon  his 
ideal. 

A  Good  Class  Motto. 

"The  ideal  must  be  far  enough  above  us  to  keep  us  looking  up 
toward  it  all  the  time,  and  it  must  be  far  enough  in  advance  of  us  to 
keep  us  struggling  toward  it  to  the  end  of  life.  It  is  a  very  poor  ideal 
that  one  ever  fully  realizes,  and  it  is  a  great  misfortune  for  one  to 
overtake  his  ideal,  for  when  he  does  his  progress  stops.  I  was  once 
made  an  honorary  member  of  a  class  and  asked  to  suggest  a  class 
motto.  1  suggested  'Evergreen,'  and  some  of  the  class  did  not  like 
it.  They  did  not  like  to  admit  that  they  ever  had  been  green,  not 
to  speak  of  always  being  green.  But  it  is  a  good  class  motto  because 
the  period  of  greenness  is  the  period  of  growth.  When  we  cease  to 
be  green  and  are  entirely  ripe  we  are  ready  for  decay.  I  like  to  think 
of  life  as  a  continual  progress  toward  higher  and  better  things — as 
a  continual  unfolding.  There  is  no  better  description  of  a  really 
noble  life  than  that  given  in  Holy  Writ  where  the  wise  man  speaks 
of  the  path  of  the  just  as  like  the  shining  light  that  shineth  more 
and   more   unto   the   perfect   day.' 

Had  Three  Ambitions. 

"The  ideal  is  permanent;  it  does  not  change.  Therefore  it  is  as 
important  that  the  ideal  shall  be  a  worthy  one.  I  speak  as  a  teacher 
to  parents,  and  teachers  will  endorse  what  I  say,  when  I  declare  that 
one  of  the  most  important  things  in  dealing  with  the  young  is  to  get 
the  person  to  take  firm  hold  of  a  high  ideal.  Give  one  food  and  he 
will  hunger  again;  give  him  clothing  and  his  clothing  will  wear  out, 
but  give  him  a  high  ideal  and  that  ideal  will  be  with  him  through 
every  waking  hour,  lifting  him  to  a  higher  plane  in  life  and  giving 
him  a  broader  conception  of  his  relations  to  his  fellows.  Plans  may 
change;  circumstances  will  change  plans.  Each  one  of  us  can  testify 
to  this.  Even  ambitions  change,  for  circumstances  will  change  am- 
bitions. If  you  will  pardon  a  reference  to  my  own  case,  I  have  had 
three  ambitions — two  so  far  back  that  I  can  scarcely  remember  them, 
and  one  so  recent  that  I  can  hardly  forget  it.     My  first  ambition  was 


178  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

to  be  a  Baptist  preacher.  When  I  was  a  small  boy  if  anybody  asked 
me  what  I  intended  to  be,  I  always  replied,  'A  Baptist  preacher;'  but 
my  father  took  me  one  evening  to  see  an  immersion  and  upon  reach- 
ing home  I  asked  him  if  it  would  be  necessary  to  go  down  into  that 
pool  of  water  in  order  to  be  a  Baptist  preacher.  He  replied  that  it 
would,  and  it  is  a  tradition  in  our  family  that  I  never  afterwards 
would  say  that  I  was  going  to  be  a  Baptist  preacher. 

"My  second  ambition  was  to  be  a  farmer  and  raise  pumpkins, 
and  there  are  doubtless  a  great  many  people  who  are  glad  that  I  now 
have  a  chance  to  realize  my  second  ambition  without  having  my  agri- 
cultural pursuits  interrupted  by  official  cares. 

"My  third  ambition  was  to  be  a  lawyer.  When  I  was  a  barefoot 
boy  I  used  to  go  to  the  court  house  and  sitting  upon  the  steps  leading 
up  to  the  bench  upon  which  my  father  sat,  I  listened  to  the  trial 
of  cases  and  looked  forward  to  the  time  when  I  would  be  practicing 
at  the  bar.  That  ambition  guided  me  through  my  boyhood  days  and 
my  college  days.  I  studied  law,  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  practiced 
for  a  while  in  Illinois  and  then  located  in  Nebraska.  In  removing 
from  Illinois  to  Nebraska  I  was  influenced  solely  by  professional 
reasons.  I  need  not  give  you  any  further  assurance  that  I  did  not 
move  to  Nebraska  for  political  reasons  than  to  say  that  at  the  time 
of  my  location  in  Lincoln,  Nebraska  was  republican,  the  congressional 
district  was  republican,  the  city  was  republican,  the  ward  was  repub- 
lican, and  the  voting  precinct  was  republican — and  to  tell  the  truth 
ibout  it,  there  has  not  been  as  much  change  in  that  respect  as  there 
ought  to  have  been  considering  the  intelligence  of  the  people  among 
whom  I  have  been  living. 

Entered   Politics  by  Accident. 

"I  entered  politics  by  accident  and  remained  there  by  design.  I 
was  nominated  for  congress  in  1890  because  it  was  not  thought  possi- 
ble for  a  democrat  to  be  elected.  I  was  young  and  new  in  the  state. 
If  it  had  been  a  democratic  district  the  honor  would  have  gone  to 
some  one  older,  of  longer  residence  and  more  deserving.  A  repub- 
lican paper  said  next  morning  after  the  convention  that  a  confidence 
game  had  been  played  upon  a  young  man  from  Illinois  and  that  he 
had  been  offered  as  a  sacrifice  upon  the  party  altar  because  he  had 
not  been  in  the  state  long  enough  to  know  the  political  complexion 
of  the  district.  My  location  in  Nebraska  was  due  to  my  acquaintance 
with  a  man  whom  I  learned  to  know  in  college  and  this  acquaintance 
became  more  intimate  because  of  a  joke  which  I  played  upon  him 
when  we  were  students.  Tracing  it  back  step  by  step,  I  said  one 
evening  in  Baltimore  that  I  was  electetd  to  congress  as  a  result 
of  a  joke  that  I  played  upon  a  friend  in  college.  The  gentleman  who 
followed  me  said  that  was  nothing,  that  he  had  known  men  to  go  to 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  179 

congress  as  a  result  of  a  joke  they   had  played  upon  an  entire  com- 
munity. 

The  Science  of  Government. 

"My  term  in  congress  brought  me  into  contact  with  the  great 
political  and  economic  problems  now  demanding  solution  and  I  have 
never  since  that  time  been  willing  to  withdraw  myself  from  their  study 
and  discussion,  and  I  offer  no  apology  at  this  time  for  being  interested 
in  the  science  of  government.  It  is  a  noble  science,  and  one  to  which 
the  citizen  must  give  his  attention.  I  have  no  patience  with  those 
who  feel  that  they  are  too  good  to  take  part  in  politics.  When  I  find 
a  person  who  thinks  that  he  is  too  good  to  take  part  in  politics,  then 
I  find  one  who  is  not  quite  good  enough  to  deserve  the  blessings  of 
a  free  government.  Parents  sometimes  warn  their  sons  to  keep  out 
of  politics;  mothers  sometimes  urge  their  sons  to  avoid  politics  lest 
they  become  contaminated  by  it.  This  ought  not  to  be.  It  used  to  be 
the  boast  of  the  Roman  matron  that  she  could  rear  strong  and  cour- 
ageous sons  for  the  battlefield.  In  this  age  when  the  victories  of 
peace  are  no  less  renowned  than  the  victories  of  war,  and  in  this 
country  where  every  years  brings  a  conflict,  it  ought  to  be  the  boast 
of  Anierican  mothers  that  they  can  rear  strong  and  courageous  sons 
who  can  enter  politics  without  contamination  and  purify  politics  rather 
than  be  corrupted  by  politics. 

"But  while  my  plans  and  ambitions  have  been  changed  by  cir- 
cumstances I  trust  that  my  ideals  of  citizenship  have  not  changed, 
and  that  I  may  be  permitted  to  share  with  you  an  ideal  that  will 
place  above  the  holding  of  any  office,  however  great,  the  purpose  to 
do  what  I  Can  to  m.ake  this  country  so  good  that  to  be  a  private 
citizen  in  the  United  States  will  be  greater  than  to  be  a  king  of  any 
other  nation. 

Service  the  Measure  of  Greatness. 

"The  ideal  dominates  the  life,  determines  the  character  and  fixes 
a  man's  place  among  his  fellows.  I  shall  mention  some  instances,  that 
have  come  under  my  own  observation  and  as  I  speak  of  them  I  am 
sure  you  will  recall  instances  within  your  knowledge  where  the  ideal 
has  in  an  open  and  obvious  way  controlled  the  life.  I  have  known 
laboring  men  who,  working  for  wages,  have  been  able  to  support 
themselves,  acquire  a  library  and  become  acquainted  with  the  phil- 
osophers, orators  and  historians  of  the  world,  and  many  of  them  have 
laid  aside  enough  to  gratify  their  ambition  for  a  college  course. 
What  enables  them  to  resist  temptation  and  press  forward  to  the  con- 
sum.mation  of  a  high  purpose?  It  is  their  ideal  of  life.  As  I  have 
gone  through  the  country  I  have  found  here  and  there  young  men — • 
sometimes  the  sons  of  farmers,  sometimes  the  sons  of  mechanics, 
sometimes  the  sons  of  merchants,  sometimes  the  sons  of  professional 
men — young  men   who   have    one   characteristic   in   common,   namely. 


180  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

that  they  have  been  preparing  for  service.  They  have  learned  that 
service  is  a  measure  of  greatness,  and  though  they  have  not  always 
known  just  what  line  they  were  to  follow,  they  have  been  preparing 
themselves  for  service  and  they  will  be  ready  when  the  opportunity 
comes. 

"I  know  a  young  man  who  came  to  this  country  when  he  was 
eighteen  years  af  oge;  he  came  to  study  our  institutions  and  learn 
of  our  form  of  government,  and  now  he  has  returned  with  a  determin- 
ation to  be  helpful  to  his  people.  I  watched  him  for  five  years,  and 
I  never  knew  a  man  who  more  patiently  or  perseveringly  pursued  a 
high  ideal.  You  might  have  offered  him  all  the  money  in  the  treas- 
ury to  have  become  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  but  it  would  have 
been  no  temptation  to  him.  He  would  have  told  you  that  he  had 
a  higher  ideal  than  to  stand  guard  over  a  chest  of  money.  His  de- 
sire was  to  be  useful  to  his  country,  and  I  have  no  doubt  that  he 
will  be. 

Hull    House  and  Jane  Adams. 

"I  was  passing  through  Chicago  some  months  ago  and  having  a 
few  hours  to  spare  between  trains,  went  to  the  Hull  House,  that 
splendid  institution  presided  over  by  Jane  Adams.  I  was  surpirsed 
to  learn  the  magnitude  of  its  work.  I  learned  that,  more  than  five 
thousand  names  were  enrolled  upon  the  books  of  the  association;  that 
mothers  left  their  babes  there  when  they  went  out  to  work,  that  little 
children  received  kindergarten  instruction  there,  that  young  women 
found  a  home  there,  and  young  men  a  place  where  they  could  meet 
and  commune  free  from  the  temptations  of  life.  More  than  twenty 
young  men  and  women  give  their  entire  time  to  the  work  of  this  asso- 
ciation without  compensation.  Similar  institutions  will  be  found  in 
nearly  all  of  the  larger  cities  and  in  many  of  the  smaller  ones,  and 
in  these  institutions  young  men  and  women,  many  of  them  college 
graduates,  give  a  part  or  all  of  their  time  to  gratuitous  work.  Why? 
Because  somehow  or  somewhere  they  have  taken  hold  of  an  ideal  of 
life  that  lifts  them  above  the  sordid  selfishness  that  surrounds  them 
and  makes  them  find  a  delight  in  bringing  life  and  light  and  hope 
into  homes  that  are  dark.  The  same  can  be  said  of  the  thousands 
who  labor  in  the   institutions  of  charity,  mercy   and   benevolence. 

The  Ideal  of  Tolstoi. 

"A  few  months  ago  it  was  my  good  fortune  to  spend  a  day  in  the 
country  home  of  the  peasant  philosopher  of  Russia.  You  know  some- 
thing of  the  history  of  Tolstoi,  how  he  was  born  in  the  ranks  of  the 
nobility  and  how  with  such  a  birth  he  enjoyed  every  possible  social 
distinction.  At  an  early  age  he  became  a  writer  of  fiction  and  his 
books  have  given  him  a  fixed  place  among  the  novelists  of  the  cen- 
tury.    'He  sounded  all  the  depths  and  shoals  of  honor,'  in  so  far  as 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  181 

honor  could  be  derived  from  society  or  from  literature,  and  yet  at  the 
age  of  forty-eight  life  seemed  so  vain  and  empty  to  him  that  he 
would  fain  have  terminated  his  existence.  They  showed  me  a  ring  in 
the  ceiling  of  his  house  from  which  he  had  planned  to  hang  himself. 
And  what  deterred  him?  A  change  came  to  his  ideals.  He  was  born 
again,  he  became  a  new  creature,  and  for  mc^e  than  twenty-eight 
years,  clad  in  the  garb  of  a  peasant  and  living  the  simple  life  of  a 
peasant,  he  has  been  preaching  unto  all  the  world  a  philosophy  that 
rests  upon  the  doctrine  'Thou  shalt  love  the  Lord  thy  God  with  all 
thy  heart  and  thy  neighbor  as  thyself.'  There  is  scracely  a  civilized 
community  in  all  the  world  where  the  name  of  Tolstoi  is  not  known 
and  where  his  influence  has  not  been  felt.  He  has  made  such  an 
impression  upon  the  heart  of  Russia  and  the  world  that  while  some 
of  his  books  are  refused  publication  in  Russia  and  denied  importation 
from  abroad,  while  the  people  are  prohibited  from  circulating  some 
of  the  things  he  writes,  yet  with  a  million  men  under  arms  the 
government  does  not  dare  lay  its  hands  upon  Tolstoi. 

Another  Change  of  Ideal. 

"Let  me  add  another  illustration  of  a  complete  change  in  the 
ideal.  In  college  I  became  acquainted  with  a  student  fourteen  years 
my  senior,  and  I  learned  the  story  of  his  life.  For  some  years  he  was 
a  tramp,  going  from  place  to  place  without  fixed  purpose  or  habitation. 
One  night  he  went  by  accident  into  a  place  where  a  revival  was  in 
progress,  and  he  was  not  only  converted,  but  he  decided  to  be  a  min- 
ister. I  watched  him  as  he  worked  his  way  through  college,  doing 
chores  to  earn  his  board  and  lodging,  working  on  Saturdays  in  a  store, 
and  during  the  summer  months  at  anything  he  could  find  to  do.  I 
watched  him  as  he  worked  his  way  through  a  theological  seminary 
and  then  I  watched  him  as  he  preached  the  gospel  until  he  died,  and 
I  never  knew  a  man  more  consecrated  to  a  high  purpose.  The 
change  came  in  his  life  as  in  the  twinkling  of  an  eye.  Could  anything 
be  more   marvelous? 

The  Mystery  of   Life. 

"Some  have  rejected  the  Christian  religion  because  they  could 
not  understand  its  mysteries  and  its  miracles.  I  passed  through  a 
period  of  skepticism  when  I  was  in  college,  but  I  have  seen  outside  of 
the  Bible  so  many  things  more  marvelous  than  anything  recorded  in 
Holy  Writ  that  its  mysteries  no  longer  disturb  me.  Is  it  impossible 
that  a  multitude  could  have  been  fed  with  a  few  loaves  and  fishes? 
Every  spring  when  the  sun  melts  the  ice  and  drives  away  the  snow 
vegetation  springs  up  and  not  a  few  thousand  but  hundreds  of  mil- 
lions are  fed  with  the  products  of  the  soil.  And  how  many  of  those 
who  eat  are  satisfied  they  understand  the  chemistry  of  the  vegetable? 
I  plant  some  kinds  of  seed  myself  in   the   spring-time — lettuce   seed, 


182  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

melon  seed,  various  kinds  of  seed.  The  earth  grows  warm  beneath 
the  rays  of  the  sun;  the  seeds  burst  forth  and  send  their  little  roots 
down  into  the  ground  and  their  tiny  leaves  up  into  the  air.  And 
drawing  their  sustenance  from  the  same  soil  and  the  same  atmos- 
phere, these  vegetables  finally  mature  and  when  I  go  to  gather  them 
I  find  that  they  differ  in  size,  in  shape,  in  flavor,  in  coloring,  in  every- 
thing. But  I  like  them  and  eat  them  although  I  do  not  understand 
the  mystery  of  their  growth.  Did  you  ever  raise  a  radish?  You  put 
a  small  black  seed  into  the  black  soil  and  in  a  little  while  you  return 
to  the  garden  and  find  the  full  grown  radish.  The  top  is  green,  the 
body  white  and  almost  transparent  and  the  skin  a  delicate  red  or  pink. 
What  mysterious  power  reaches  out  and  gathers  from  the  ground  the 
particles  which  give  it  form  and  size  and  flavor?  Whose  is  the  invis- 
able  brush  that  transfers  to  the  root,  growing  in  darkness,  the  hues 
of  the  summer  sunset?  If  we  were  to  refuse  to  eat  anything  until  we 
could  understand  the  mystery  of  its  creation  we  would  die  of  starva- 
tion— but  mystery,  it  seems,  never  bothers  us  in  the  dining  room,  it  is 
only  in  the  church  that  it  causes  us  to  hesitate, 

"The  mystery  of  life  itself  has  never  been  revealed  to  us.  Six 
thousand  years  of  human  history,  and  j^et  who  understands  the  mys- 
tery of  his  own  being?  I  speak  to  you  from  this  platform;  we  have 
our  thoughts,  we  have  our  hopes,  we  have  our  fears,  and  yet  we  know 
that  in  a  moment  a  change  may  come  over  any  one  of  us  that  will 
convert  a  living  breathing  human  being  into  a  mass  of  lifeless  clay. 
We  walk  all  the  way  beneath  the  shadow  of  death,  and  yet  the  splen- 
did civilization  which  we  see  about  us  is  the  product  of  men  and 
women  who  do  not  understand  the  mystery  of  their  own  lives." 

Materialism. 

"I  have  been  reading  a  book  recently  on  materialism  and  I  have 
been  interested  in  the  attempt  of  the  author  to  drive  God  out  of  the 
universe.  He  searches  for  Him  with  a  microscope,  and  because  he 
can  not  find  Him  with  a  microscope  he  declares  that  He  is  too  small 
to  be  seen;  then  he  searches  for  Him  with  a  telescope,  and  because 
he  can  r.ot  see  Him  among  the  stars  or  beyond,  he  declares  that 
there  is  no  God — that  matter  and  force  alone  are  eternal,  and  that  force 
acting  on  matter  has  produced  the  clod,  the  grass  that  grows  upon 
the  clod,  the  beast  that  feeds  upon  the  grass,  the  man,  the  climax  of 
created  things.  I  have  tried  to  follow  his  reasoning  and  have  made 
up  my  mind  that  it  requires  more  faith  to  accept  the  scientific  dem- 
onstrations of  materialism  than  to  accept  any  religion  of  which  I  have 
known.  As  I  tried  to  follow  his  syllogisms  I  was  reminded  of  the 
reasoning  of  a  man  who  conceived  the  idea  that  a  grasshopper  heard 
through  his  legs.  But  he  would  not  accept  it  without  demonstration, 
so  he  took  a  grasshopper,  put  it  on  a  board  and  knocked  on  the  board. 
The  grasshopper  jumped,  and  this  he  regarded  as  evidence  that  the 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  183 

sound  traveled  along  the  board  till  it  reached  the  grasshopper's  legs 
and  then  went  through  the  legs  to  the  center  of  life.  But  he  was  not 
willing  to  accept  it  upon  affirmative  proof  alone;  he  insisted  upon 
proving  it  negatively,  so  he  pulled  the  legs  off  the  grasshopper  and 
put  it  on  the  board  and  rapped  again.  As  the  grasshopper  did  not 
jump,  he  was  convinced  that  it  heard  through  its  legs." 

"I  say  I  was  reminded  of  the  grasshopper  scientist  when  I  read 
the  argument  employed  to  prove  that  there  is  no  God,  no  spiritual  life. 
There  is  nothing  in  materialism  to  explain  the  change  which  takes 
place  in  a  human  heart  when  a  man  begins  to  hate  the  things  he 
loved  and  to  love  the  things  he  hated — nothing  in  materialism  to  ex- 
plain the  marvelous  transformation  that  takes  place  in  a  human  being 
who,  before  the  change,  would  have  sacrificed  a  world  to  his  own 
advancement,  but  who  after  the  change,  would  give  his  life  for  a  prin- 
ciple and  esteem  it  a  privilege  to  sacrifice  for  his  own  convictions. 
In  the  journey  from  the  cradle  to  the  grave  we  encounter  nothing  so 
marvelous  as  the  change  in  the  ideals  that  works  a  revolution  in  the 
life  itself." 

Different  Meals. 

"It  makes  a  great  deal  of  difference  to  the  individual  what  his 
ideal  is,  and  it  also  makes  a  difference  to  those  about  him.  If  you 
have  a  man  working  for  you,  it  makes  a  great  deal  of  difference  to 
you  whether  he  is  watching  you  all  the  time  to  see  that  you  give  him 
the  best  possible  pay  for  his  work  or  watching  himself  a  little  to  see 
that  he  gives  you  the  best  possible  work  for  his  pay.  And  we  are  all 
working  for  somebody.  Instead  of  working  by  the  day  and  receiving 
out  pay  at  night,  or  instead  of  working  by  the  month,  and  receiving 
our  pay  at  the  end  of  the  month,  we  may  be  in  independent  business 
and  receiving  a  compensation  fixed  by  competition,  but  if  we  are  not 
living  a  life  of  idleness  we  must  be  working  for  somebody,  and  it 
makes  a  great  deal  of  difference  to  society  whether  we  are  simply  bent 
upon  absorbing  as  much  as  possible  from  the  world,  or  are  trying  to 
give  a  dollar's  worth  of  service  for  a  dollar's  worth  of  pay.  There 
are  some  who  regard  it  as  a  discreditable  thing  to  engage  in  productive 
labor.  There  are  places  where  they  count  with  pride  the  number  of 
generations  between  themselves  and  honest  toil.  If  I  can  leave  but 
one  thought  with  the  young  men  who  honor  me  by  their  presence  on 
this  occasion,  let  it  be  this  thought — that  we  must  all  have  food  and 
clothing  and  shelter,  and  must  either  earn  these  things  or  have  them 
given  to  us,  and  any  self-respecting  young  man  ought  to  be  ashamed 
to  sponge  upon  the  world  for  his  living  and  not  render  unto  the  world 
valuable  service  in  return." 

Self-Made  Men. 

"Sometimes  you  meet  a  man  who  boasts  that  he  is  'self-made,'  that 


1^4  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

he  did  it  all  himself,  that  he  owes  no  man  anything.  Well,  a  little  of 
the  big-head  may  be  excusable.  I  remember  hearing  my  father  say 
once  that  if  a  man  had  the  big-head  you  could  whittle  it  down  but 
that  if  he  had  the  little  head  there  was  no  hope  for  him.  It  is  neces- 
sary that  a  person  should  have  confidence  in  his  ability  to  do  things, 
or  he  will  not  undertake  them.  But  when  I  hear  of  a  man  boasting 
of  his  independence,  I  feel  like  cross-examining  him.  We  owe  a  great 
deal  to  environment.  I  was  going  along  by  the  side  of  the  court 
house  in  Chicago  one  wintry  day  and  saw  some  little  boys  gambling 
with  their  pennies  in  a  warm  corner  by  the  building.  A  question  arose 
in  my  mind,  namely,  why  these  little  fellows  were  born  and  reared 
amid  an  environment  that  gave  no  higher  ideals  of  life,  while  so  many 
in  Chicago  and  in  the  country  at  large  were  born  amid  an  environ- 
ment that  gave  to  them  higher  ideals  and  larger  conceptions  of  life? 
The  scene  made  an  impression  upon  my  memory,  and  when  I  hear  a 
man  boasting  that  he  owes  no  one  anything,  I  feel  like  asking  him 
whether  he  has  paid  back  the  debt  he  owes  to  father  and  mother, 
teacher  and  patriarch.  Whether  he  has  paid  back  the  debt  he  owes 
to  the  patriots  who  with  blood  and  sacrifice  purchased  the  liberties 
which  we  now  enjoy.  We  have  received  so  much  from  the  genera- 
tions past  and  from  those  about  us  that  instead  of  boasting  of  what 
we  have  done  we  ought  to  learn  humility  and  be  content  if  at  the  end 
of  life  we  can  look  back  over  the  years  and  be  assured  that  we  have 
given  to  the  world  a  service  equal  in  value  to  that  which  we  have  re- 
ceived. 

The  Speculative  Spirit. 

"There  is  abroad  in  the  land  a  speculative  spirit  that  is  doing 
much  harm.  Instead  of  trying  to  earn  a  living,  young  men  are  bent 
on  making  a  fortune.  Not  content  with  the  slow  accumulations  of 
honest  toil,  they  are  seeking  some  short  cut  to  riches,  and  are  not  al- 
ways scrupulous  about  the  means  employed.  The  'get-rich-quick' 
schemes  that  spring  up  and  swindle  the  public  until  they  are  discov- 
ered and  driven  out,  prey  upon  the  speculative  spirit  and  find  all  their 
victims  among  those  who  are  trying  to  get  something  for  nothing.  If 
a  lottery  were  permitted  to  open  up  in  this  town  and  offered  a  thou- 
sand dollar  prize,  and  sold  chances  at  a  dollar  apiece,  you  would  be 
surprised  to  find  how  many  would  send  around  to  the  back  door  and 
purchase  a  ticket. 

"What  we  need  to-day  is  an  ideal  of  life  that  will  make  people  as 
anxious  to  render  full  service  as  they  are  to  draw  full  pay — an  ideal 
that  will  make  them  measure  life  by  what  they  bestow  upon  their  fel- 
lows, not  by  what  they  receive. 

Domestic  Ideals. 

"Not  only  must  the  individual  have  an  ideal,  but  we  must  have 
ideals  as  groups  of  individuals  and  in  every  department  of  life.     We 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  185 

have  our  domestic  ideals.  Whether  a  marriage  is  happy  or  not  de- 
pends not  so  much  upon  the  size  of  the  house  or  the  amount  of  the 
income,  as  upon  the  ideals  with  which  the  parties  enter  marriage.  If 
two  people  contract  marriage  like  some  people  trade  horses — each  one 
trying  to  get  the  better  of  the  bargain — it  is  not  certain  that  the  mar- 
riage will  be  a  happy  one.  In  fact,  the  man  who  cheats  in  a  horse 
trade  has  at  least  one  advantage  over  the  man  who  cheats  in  matri- 
mony. The  man  who  cheats  in  a  horse  trade  may  console  himself 
with  the  thought  that  he  will  never  see  again  the  person  whom  he 
has  cheated.  Not  so  fortunate  is  the  man  who  cheats  in  marriage. 
He  not  only  sees  daily  the  person  whom  he  has  cheated,  but  he  is 
sometimes  reminded  of  it — and  it  is  just  as  bad  if  the  cheating  is  done 
by  the  other  side.  Americans  sometimes  have  to  blush  when  they 
read  of  the  international  marriages  so  much  discussed  in  the  papers. 
I  speak  not  of  those  cases  where  love  leaps  across  the  ocean  and  binds 
two  hearts — there  are  such  cases  and  they  are  worthy  of  a  blessing. 
But  I  speak  rather  of  those  commercial  transactions  which  are  by 
courtesy  called  marriages,  where  some  young  woman  in  this  country 
trades  a  fortune  that  she  never  earned  to  a  broken  down  prince  of 
another  country  for  a  title  that  he  never  earned,  and  they  call  it  a 
fair  exchange.  I  have  sometimes  thought  that  it  might  be  worth 
while  to  establish  papers  in  the  centers  of  the  old  world  to  tell  the 
people  of  our  real  marriages,  so  that  they  would  not  misunderstand  us. 
There  is  an  American  ideal  of  domestic  life.  When  two  persons, 
drawn  together  by  the  indissoluble  ties  of  love,  enter  marriage  each 
one  contributing  a  full  part  and  both  ready  to  share  life's  struggles 
and  trials  as  well  as  its  victories  and  its  joys — when  these,  mutually 
helpful  and  mutually  forbearing,  start  out  to  build  an  American  home 
it  ought  to  be  the  fittest  earthly  type  of  heaven. 

Business   Ideals. 

"In  business  it  is  necessary  to  have  an  ideal.  It  is  as  impossible 
to  build  a  business  without  an  ideal  as  it  is  to  build  a  house  without 
a  plan.  Some  think  that  competition  is  so  sharp  now  that  it  is  im- 
possible to  be  strictly  honest  in  business;  some  think  that  it  is  neces- 
sary to  recommend  a  thing,  not  as  it  is,  but  as  the  customer  wants  it 
to  be.  There  never  was  a  time  when  it  was  more  necessary  than  it 
is  to-day  that  business  should  be  built  upon  a  foundation  of  absolute 
integrity. 

"In  the  profession,  also,  an  ideal  is  necessary.  Take  the  medical 
profession  for  illustration.  It  is  proper  that  the  physician  should  col- 
lect money  from  his  patients  for  he  must  live,  while  he  helps  others 
to  live,  but  the  physicians  who  have  written  their  names  high  upon 
the  scroll  of  fame  have  had  a  higher  ideal  than  the  making  of  money. 
They  have  had  a  passion  for  the  study  of  their  profession,  they  have 
searched  diligently  for  the  hidden  causes  of  disease  and  the  remedies 


186  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

therefor  and  they  have  found  more  delight  in  giving  to  the  world 
some  discovery  of  benefit  to  the  race  than  they  have  found  in  all  of 
the  money  that  they  have  collected  from  their  patients. 

"And  the  lawyer;  has  he  ideals?  Yes.  I  suppose  the  ideals  of 
lawyers  vary  as  much  as  the  ideals  in  any  other  profession.  I  have 
known  lawyers  to  boast  of  securing  the  acquittal  of  men  whom  they 
knew  to  be  guilty;  I  have  heard  them  boast  of  having  secured  for 
their  clients  what  they  knew  their  clients  did  not  deserve.  I  do  not 
understand  how  a  lawyer  can  so  boast.  He  is  an  officer  of  the  court, 
and  as  such  he  is  sworn  to  assist  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
When  he  has  helped  his  client  to  secure  all  that  is  justly  due  to  him 
he  has  done  his  full  duty  as  a  lawyer,  and  if  he  goes  beyond  that  he 
goes  at  his  own  peril.  Show  me  a  lawyer  who  has  spent  a  lifetime 
trying  to  obliterate  the  line  between  right  and  wrong  and  I  will  show 
you  a  man  whoce  character  has  grown  weaker  year  by  year,  and  whose 
advice  is  at  last  of  no  value  to  a  client,  because  he  will  have  lost  the 
power  to  discriminate  between  right  and  wrong.  Show  me  on  the 
other  hand  a  lawyer  who  has  spent  a  lifetime  in  the  search  for  truth, 
determined  to  follow  where  it  leads,  and  I  will  show  you  a  man  whose 
character  has  grown  stronger  year  by  year  and  whose  advice  is  of 
constantly  increasing  value  because  the  power  to  discern  the  truth 
grows  with  the  honest  search  for  truth. 

"Then,  too  a  lawyer's  influence  with  the  judge  depends  largely 
upon  his  reputation  for  honesty.  Of  course,  a  lawyer  can  fool  a  judge, 
a  few  times  and  lead  him  into  a  hole,  but  after  a  while  the  judge  learns 
to  know  the  lawyer,  and  then  he  can  not  follow  the  lawyer's  argu- 
ment because  he  is  looking  for  a  hole  all  the  time,  which  he  is  trying 
to  avoid.  I  need  not  remind  you  that  nothnig  is  so  valuable  to  a 
jury  lawyer  as  a  reputation  that  will  make  the  jurors  believe  that  he 
will  not  under  any  circumstances  misstate  a  proposition  of  law  or  of 
evidence.  And  so  I  might  take  up  each  occupation,  calling  and  pro- 
fession, and  show  that  the  ideal  controls  the  life,  determines  the  char- 
acter and  establishes  a  man's  place  among  his  fellov/s. 

Ideals  in  Politics.. 

"But  let  me  speak  of  the  ideals  of  a  larger  group.  What  of  our 
political  ideals?  The  party  as  well  as  the  individual  must  have  its 
ideals,  and  we  are  far  enough  from  election  to  admit  that  there  is  room 
in  all  parties  for  the  raising  of  the  party  ideal.  How  can  a  person 
most  aid  his  party?  Let  us  suppose  that  one  is  passionately  devoted 
to  his  party  and  anxious  to  render  it  the  maximum  service;  how  can 
he  render  this  service?  By  raising  the  ideal  of  his  party.  If  a  young 
man  asks  me  how  he  can  make  a  fortune  in  a  day  I  cannot  tell  him. 
If  he  asks  haw  he  can  become  rich  in  a  year,  I  know  not  what  to 
answer  him,  but  I  can  tell  him  that  if  he  will  locate  in  any  community 
and  for  twenty-five   years  live   an  honest  life,   an   industrious   life,   a 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  187 

useful  life,  he  will  make  friends  and  fasten  them  to  him  with  hooks 
of  steel;  he  will  make  his  impress  upon  the  community  and  the  chances 
are  many  to  onej  that  before  the  quarter  of  a  century  has  elapsed  his 
fellows  will  call  upon  him  to  act  for  them  and  to  represent  them  in 
important  matters. 

"And  so  if  you  ask  me  how  we  can  win  an  election  this  year,  I 
do  not  know.  If  you  ask  me  how  we  can  insure  a  victory  three  years 
from  now,  I  cannot  tell,  but  I  do  know  that  the  party  which  has  the 
highest  ideals  and  that  strives  most  earnestly  to  realize  its  ideals  will 
ultimately  dominate  this  country  and  make  its  impress  upon  the  hist- 
ory of  the  nation.  As  it  is  more  important  that  the  young  man  shall 
know  how  to  build  character  and  win  a  permanent  success  than  that 
he  shall  know  how  to  become  rich  in  a  day,  so  it  is  more  important 
that  we  shall  know  how  to  contribute  to  the  permanent  influence  of  a 
party  than  it  is  that  we  be  able  to  win  a  temporary  victory  or  dis- 
tribute the  spoils  of  office  after  asuccessful  campaign. 

Corrupt  Politics. 

"The  country  is  suffering  to-day  from  a  demoralization  of  its  ideals. 
Instead  of  measuring  people  by  the  manhood  or  womanhood  they  man- 
ifest we  are  too  prone  to  measure  them  by  the  amount  of  money  they 
possess,  and  this  demoralization  has  naturally  and  necessarily  extend- 
ed to  politics.  Instead  of  asking  'Is  it  right?'  we  are  tempted  to  ask, 
'Will  it  pay?'  and  'Will  it  win?'  As  a  result  the  public  'conscience 
is  becoming  seared  and  the  public  service  debauched.  We  find  cor- 
ruption in  elections  and  corruption  in  office.  Men  sell  their  votes, 
councilmen  sell  their  influence,  while  state  legislators  and  federal  rep- 
resentatives turn  the  government  from  its  legitimate  channels  and 
make  it  a  private  asset  in  business.  It  is  said  that  in  some  precincts 
in  Delaware  a  majority  of  the  voters  have  been  paid  for  their  votes. 
Governor  Garvin  of  Rhode  Island  calls  attention  to  the  corruption  in 
that  state;  there  is  corruption  in  Connecticut,  in  New  Jersey,  and  in 
Pennsylvania.  I  learned  of  an  instance  in  New  York  where  a  farmer 
with  a  quarter-section  of  land  demanded  a  dollar  and  a  half  for  his 
vote,  and  I  learned  of  another  instance  in  West  Virginia,  where  a 
man  came  in  fourteen  miles  from  the  country  the  day  before  election 
to  notify  the  committee  that  he  would  not  vote  the  next  day  unless  he 
received  a  dollar.  In  some  places  I  found  that  democrats  were  imita- 
ting republican  methods.  They  excused  it  by  saying  that  they  were 
fighting  the  devil  with  fire.  This  is  no  excuse.  It  is  poor  policy  to 
fight  the  devil  with  fire.  He  knows  more  about  fire  than  you  do  and 
does  not  have  to  pay  so  much  for  fuel.  I  was  assured  that  the  demo- 
crats only  bought  votes  when  they  found  some  democrat  who  was 
being  tempted  more  than  he  could  bear,  and  that  they  only  used 
money  to  fortify  the  virtue  of  the  democrat  for  fear  he  might  yield  to 
temptation  and  become  vicious. 


188  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"How  are  we  to  stop  this  corruption?  Not  by  going  into  the 
market  and  bidding  against  our  opponents,  but  by  placing  against 
money  something  stronger  than  money.  And  what  is  stronger  than 
money?  A  conscience  is  stronger  than  money.  A  conscience  that 
will  enable  a  man  to  stand  by  a  stake  and  smile  when  the  flames  con- 
sume him  is  stronger  than  money,  and  we  must  appeal  to  the  con- 
science— not  to  a  democratic  conscience  or  to  a  republican  conscience, 
but  to  an  American  conscience  and  to  a  Christian  conscience,  and 
place  this  awakened  conscience  against  the  onflowing  tide  of  corrup- 
tion in  the  United  States. 

Must  Have  Parties. 

"We  must  have  parties  in  this  country.  Jefferson  said  that  there 
were  naturally  two  parties  in  every  country — a  democratic  party  and 
an  aristocratic  party  (and  he  did  not  use  the  word  'democratic'  in  a 
partisan  sense,  for  at  that  time  the  party  which  we  now  call  demo- 
cratic was  called  the  republican  party.)  Jefferson  said  that  a  demo- 
cratic party  would  naturally  draw  to  itself  those  who  do  not  believe 
in  or  trust  the  people.  Jefferson  was  right.  Go  into  any  country  in 
Europe,  and  you  will  find  a  party  of  some  name  that  is  trying  to  in- 
crease the  participation  to  the  people  in  the  government,  and  you 
will  also  find  a  party  of  some  name  which  is  obstructing  every  step 
toward  popular  government.  We  have  the  same  difference  in  this 
country,  but  the  democratic  spirit  is  broader  here  than  any  party. 
Wherever  the  question  has  been  clearly  presented  and  on  the  one  side 
there  was  an  attempt  to  carry  the  government  nearer  to  the  people 
and  on  the  other  an  effort  to  carry  the  government  further  from  the 
people,  popular  government  has  always  won.  Let  me  illustrate.  The 
Australian  ballot  is  intended  ta  protect  the  citizen  in  his  right  to  vote, 
and  thus  give  effect  to  the  real  wishes  of  the  people,  and  when  this 
reform  was  proposed  it  swept  the  country  without  regard  to  the  party 
in  power  in  the  various  states.  Take  the  demand  for  the  election  of 
senators  by  the  people,  upon  what  does  it  rest?  Upon  the  belief  that 
the  people  have  the  right  to  and  the  capacity  for  self-government. 
The  sentiment  in  favor  of  this  reform  has  grown  until  a  resolution 
proposing  a  constitutional  amendment  has  passed  the  lower  house  of 
congress  four  times — twice  when  the  house  was  democratic  and  twice 
when  it  was  republican.  This  reform  is  sure  to  come,  because  the 
people  believe  in  self-government,  and  they  will  in  time  insist  upon 
making  the  givernment  conform  to  their  belief. 

"The  initiative  and  referendum  involve  the  same  principles.  The 
initiative  describes  the  process  by  which  the  people  compel  the  sub- 
mission of  a  question  upon  which  they  desire  to  vote,  and  the  refer- 
endum describes  the  process  by  which  they  act  upon  a  question  sub- 
mitted. In  each  new  charter  the  power  of  the  people  is  increased. 
Limitations  are  placed  upon  legislative  power  and  new  questions  are 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  189 

submitted  to  popular  vote.  It  is  nov/  necessary  almost  everywhere 
to  submit  to  the  people  of  a  city  the  question  of  issuing  bonds.  The 
movement  in  favor  of  submitting  franchises  also  is  an  irresistible  one, 
and  the  time  will  come  when  it  will  be  impossible  for  councilmen  to 
sell  franchises  in  return  for  money  paid  to  themselves. 

"Switzerland  is  probably  ^he  most  democratic  country  in  the 
world.  There  the  initiative  and  referendum  are  emploj^ed  by  both  the 
federal  government  and  by  the  local  sub-divisions,  and  the  govern- 
ment is  completely  responsive  to  the  will  of  the  people.  In  order  to 
formulate  a  party  ideal,  we  must  have  a  theory  of  government  as  a 
basis,  and  in  this  country  the  fundamental  principle  of  government 
is  that  the  people  have  a  right  to  have  what  they  want  in  legislation. 
t  made  this  statement  in  a  lecture  in  Michigan  and  one  of  the  audi- 
ence took  issue  with  me.  He  said  that  I  ought  to  amend  the  state- 
ment and  say  that  the  people  have  a  right  to  have  what  they  want, 
provided  they  want  what  is  right.  I  asked  him  who  would  decide  the 
question  of  right.  And  he  had  to  admit  that  at  last  the  decision  lay 
with  the  people.  Constitutions  place  limitations  upon  ler^islatures  and 
upon  the  people  themselves,  but  the  constitutions  aro  made  by  the 
people  and  can  be  changed  by  the  people.  The  only  escape  from  the 
rule  of  the  majority  is  the  rule  of  the  minority,  and  if  a  majority  make 
mistakes,  would  not  a  minority  also?  But  mistakes  made  by  a  major- 
ity will  be  corrected  when  they  are  discovered,  while  mistakes  made 
by  a  minority  in  power  may  not  be  corrected  if  the  mistake  is  pecu- 
niarily advantageous  to  those  in  power.  The  revolutions  that  have 
from  time  to  time  shaken  the  world  have  been  caused  largely  by  the 
refusal  of  the  minority  to  correct  mistakes  beneficial  to  those  who 
make  the  mistakes  but  injurious  to  the  people  at  large.  Bearing  in 
mind  the  right  of  the  people  to  deliberately  fix  the  means  by  which 
they  will  express  themselves,  and  their  right  to  place  limitations  upon 
themselves,  so  that  they  can  not  act  hastily  or  under  sudden  impulse, 
I  repeat  that  the  people  have  a  right  to  have  what  they  want  in  legis- 
lation. If  they  want  a  high  tariff  they  have  a  right  to  it;  if  they  want 
a  low  tariff,  they  have  a  right  to  it.  Thay  have  a  right  to  make  tariff 
laws  and  to  repeal  them.  They  have  a  right  to  the  gold  standard  if 
they  want  it;  and  they  have  a  right  to  the  double  standard  if  they 
desire  that;  or,  if  they  prefer,  they  can  demonetize  both  gold  and 
silver  and  substitute  some  other  kind  of  money.  If  gold  and  silver 
furnish  too  much  money,  they  can  strike  down  one;  if  the  remaining 
metal  still  furnishes  too  much,  they  can  strike  that  down  and  sub- 
stitute something  scarcer.  Ever  since  the  discovery  of  radium,  of 
which  it  is  said  there  are  but  two  pounds  in  the  world,  I  have  been 
fearful  that  an  attempt  would  be  made  to  make  it  the  standard  money 
of  the  country.  But  if  the  people  decide  to  demonetize  both  gold  and 
silver  and  substitute  radium  I  will  still  insist  that  they  have  the  right 
to   do  it.     And  then   if  they   decide   to   give   Morgan   one   pound   and 


190  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Rockefeller  the  other,  I  shall  still  stand  with  the  people  and  watch 
Rockefeller  and  Morgan  while  they  use  the  money. 

"The  people  have  a  right  to  have  trusts  if  they  want  them.  They 
have  a  right  to  have  one  trust,  a  hundred  trusts,  or  a  thousand,  and 
they  also  have  a  right  to  kill  every  private  monopoly. 

No    Excuse  for  Fraud. 

"If  the  people  have  a  right  to  have  what  they  want,  then  the 
duty  of  the  party  is  plain.  It  is  to  present  to  the  people  a  code  of 
principles  and  policies  to  be  acted  upon  by  them.  Who  can  defend 
the  practice  of  deception  upon  the  voters?  Who  can  justify  the  win- 
ning of  a  victory  by  false  pretence?  Who  can  excuse  a  fraud  upon 
the  people?  No  one  can  defend  a  party  ideal  that  does  not  require 
honesty  in  party  contests.  The  policy  of  the  party  must  be  determ- 
ined by  the  voters  of  the  party,  and  he  must  have  a  low  conception 
of  political  ethics  who  would  seek  by  stealth  to  give  to  the  minority 
of  the  party  the  authority  that  belongs  to  the  majority.  And  so  he 
must  have  a  low  conception  of  political  ethics  who  would  seek  to 
secure  for  a  minority  of  the  people  the  authority  that  belongs  to  a 
majority.  I  want  my  party  to  write  an  honest  platform,  dealing  can- 
didly with  the  questions  at  issue;  I  want  it  to  nominate  a  ticket  com- 
posed of  men  who  conscientiously  believe  in  the  principles  of  the 
party  as  enunciated,  and  then  I  want  the  party  to  announce  to  the 
country.  These  are  our  principles;  these  are  our  candidates.  Elect 
them  and  they  will  carry  out  the  principles  for  which  they  stand;  they 
will  not  under  any  circumstances  betray  the  trust  committed  to  their 
keeping.'  This  is  the  ideal  that  the  democratic  party  ought  to  have, 
and  it  is  an  ideal  high  enough  for  every  party. 

"There  is  this  difference  between  the  ideal  and  other  things  of 
value,  namely,  that  an  ideal  cannot  be  patented  or  copyrighted.  We 
often  see  things  that  we  cannot  hope  to  possess,  but  there  is  no  ideal 
however  high  that  cannot  be  ours  if  we  desire  it.  The  highest  ideal 
of  human  life  that  this  world  has  ever  known  was  that  furnished  by 
the  life  of  the  man  of  Gallilee.  But  it  was  an  ideal  within  the  com- 
prehension of  the  fishermen  of  his  day,  and  the  Bible  says  of  Him  that 
the  common  people  heard  Him  gladly.  So  with  a  high  party  ideal. 
It  can  be  comprehended  by  all  the  members  of  the  party,  and  it  can 
be  adopted  by  every  party.  If  we  can  fight  out  political  battles  upon 
this  plane,  there  is  no  humiliation  about  defeat.  I  have  passed 
through  two  presidential  campaigns,  and  many  have  rejoiced  over  my 
defeats,  but  if  events  prove  that  my  defeats  have  been  good  for  this 
country,  I  shall  rejoice  over  them  myself  more  than  any  opponent  has 
rejoiced.  And  when  I  say  this  I  am  not  unselfish,  for  it  is  better  for 
me  that  my  political  opponents  should  bring  good  to  my  country  than 
that  I  should  by  any  mistake  of  mine  bring  evil.  Senator  Hill  of 
Georgia  once  said: 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  191 

"  'Who  saves  his  country  saves  himself  and  all  things  saved  do 
bless  him;  who  lets  his  country  die,  lets  all  things  die,  dies  himself 
ignobly  and  all  things  dying  curse  him." 

"This  is  my  country.  I  want  a  good  government  while  I  live;  I 
want  to  leave  a  good  government  as  a  priceless  legacy  to  my  children, 
and  if  my  political  opponents  can  devise  for  my  country,  my  children 
and  myself  a  better  government  than  I  can  devise,  they  are  not  my 
enemies,  but  my  friends. 

Nation   Must  Have   An   Ideal. 

"Not  only  must  the  party  have  an  ideal,  but  the  nation  must  also 
have  its  ideal,  and  it  is  the  ideal  of  this  nation  that  has  made  it 
known  throughout  the  world.  You  will  find  people  in  foreign  lands 
who  do  not  know  our  population  or  the  number  of  acres  under  our 
flag.  You  will  find  people  who  do  not  know  how  many  cattle  we  raise 
or  how  much  corn  or  cotton  we  export,  but  you  will  not  find  people  any- 
where who  have  not  some  conception  of  the  nation's  ideal.  This  ideal 
has  been  a  light  shining  out  unto  all  the  world  and  its  rays  have 
illumined  the  shores  of  every  land.  We  have  boasted  of  this  ideal  in 
the  past,  and  it  must  not  be  lowered  now.  We  followed  this  ideal  in 
dealing  with  Cuba.  It  was  my  good  fortune  to  be  in  Cuba  on  the  day 
when  the  formal  transfer  took  place,  and  I  never  was  more  proud  of 
my  nation  in  my  life  than  I  was  on  the  20th  day  of  May,  1902,  when 
this  great  republic  rose  superior  to  a  great  temptation,  recognized  the 
inalienable  rights  of  the  people  of  Cuba  and  secured  to  them  the  fruits 
of  a  victory  for  which  they  had  struggled  and  sacrificed  for  more  than 
a  generation.  We  hauled  down  the  flag,  it  is  true,  and  in  its  place 
they  raised  the  flag  of  the  Cuban  republic,  but  when  we  lowered  the 
flag  we  raised  it  higher  than  it  ever  had  been  before,  and  when  we 
brought  it  away  we  left  it  enshrined  in  the  hearts  of  a  grateful  people. 

Let  Flag  Stand  for  Justice. 

"Is  it  the  desire  of  any  simply  to  make  our  flag  feared?  Let  us 
rather  make  it  loved  by  every  human  being.  Instead  of  having  people 
bow  before  it,  let  us  have  them  turn  their  faces  toward  it  and  thank 
God  that  there  is  one  flag  that  stands  for  human  rights  and  for  the 
doctrine  of  self-government  everywhere.  There  are  some  who  say 
that  we  must  now  have  the  largest  navy  in  the  world  in  order  to  ter- 
rorize other  nations  and  make  them  respect  us.  But  if  we  make  our 
navy  the  largest  in  the  world,  other  nations  will  increase  their  navies 
because  we  have  increased  ours,  and  then  we  will  have  to  increase 
ours  again,  because  they  have  increased  theirs,  and  they  will  have 
to  increase  theirs  again  because  we  have  increased  ours — and  there  is 
no  limit  to  this  rivalry,  but  the  limit  of  the  power  of  the  people  to  bear 
the  burdens  of  taxation.  There  is  a  better,  a  safer  and  a  less  expen- 
sive plan.  Instead  of  trying  to  make  our  navy  the  largest  in  the  woj-ld, 
let  us  try  to  make  our  government  the  best  government  on  earth.     In- 


192  THE  DAILY  TELBGRAPH-HERALD'« 

stead  of  trying  to  make  our  flag  float  everywhere,  let  us  make  it  stand 
for  justice  wherever  it  floats — for  justice  between  man  and  man,  for 
justice  between  nation  and  nation,  and  for  humanity  always.  And 
then  the  people  of  the  world  will  learn  to  know  and  to  revere  that 
flag,  because  it  will  be  their  protection  as  well  as  ours.  And  then  if 
any  king  raises  his  hand  against  our  flag  the  oppressed  people  of  his 
own  land  will  rise  up  and  say  to  him,  'Hands  off.  That  flag  stands 
for  our  rights  as  well  as  the  rights  of  the  American  people.'  It  is 
possible  to  make  our  flag  represent  such  an  ideal.  We  shall  not  ful- 
fill our  great  mission,  we  shall  not  live  up  to  our  highest  duty  unless 
we  present  to  the  world  the  highest  ideals  in  individual  life,  in  dom- 
estic life,  in  business  life,  in  professional  life,  in  politcal  life — and 
the  highest  national  ideal  that  the  world  has  ever  known." 

CHAPTER   LVL 
COMMODORE   PERRY'S  LANDING  IN  JAPAN. 

Story  of  Commodore  Perry's  Landing  in  Japan,  over  a  half  century 
ago,  and  his  success  in  securing  a  treaty  with  that  isolated  country, 
v/hich  opened  it  to  trade  with  the  United  States  and  with  the  world. 
This  was  the  beginning  of  Japan's  civilization;  and  as  her  recent  war 
with  Russia,  places  her  in  the  foremost  rank  of  civilized  nations,  the 
history  leading  up  to  the  treaty,  at  this  time  will,  no  doubt,  be  inter- 
esting. 

The  day  appointed  for  the  reception  of  a  reply  from  Yedo 
(Tuesday,  July  12,  1853)  had  now  arrived.  Accordingly,  at  about 
half  past  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning,  three  boats  were  seen  to 
approach  the  steamer  Susquehanna  from  the  shores  of  Uraga.  These 
were  different  from  the  usual  government  craft,  and  seemed,  un- 
like the  others,  to  be  built  after  an  European  model;  the  rowers 
sat  to  their  oars,  and  moved  them  as  our  boatmen  do,  though 
somewhat  awkwardly,  instead  of  standing  and  sculling  at  the  sides, 
in  accordance  with  the  usual  Japanese  practice.  The  construc- 
tion of  the  boats  was  evidently  very  strong,  and  their  models  fair. 
Their  masts,  sails,  and  rigging  were  of  the  ordinary  Japanese  fash- 
ion. The  crews  were  numerous,  there  being  thirty  in  the  largest 
boat,  and  thirteen  in  each  of  the  others,  and  their  great  swarthy 
frames  were  clothed  in  the  usual  uniform  of  loose  blue  dresses 
slashed  with  white  stripes. 

The  boat  in  advance  was  distinguished,  in  addition  to  the  gov- 
ernment mark  of  a  horizontal  black  stripe,  across  her  broad  sail, 
by  the  black  and  white  flag,  which  indicated  the  presence  of  some 
officers  of  distinction,  and  such  in  fact  were  now  on  board  of  her. 
As  she  approached  nearer  to  the  ship,  the  governor,  Kayama  Yez- 
aiman,    in   his   rich   silken    robes,    was    recognized,    seated    on    mats 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  193 

spread  in   the  centre  of  the  deck  of  the  vessel,   and   surrounded  by 
his   interpreters   and   suite. 

The  advance  boat  nov/  came  alongside,  leaving  the  other  two 
floating  at  some  distance  from  the  Susquehanna.  His  highness, 
Kayama  Yezaiman,  with  his  two  interpreters,  Hori  Tatznoske,  the 
principal,  and  Fatcisko  Trkushumo,  his  second,  were  admitted  at 
once  on  board,  and,  having  been  received  with  due  formality,  were 
ushered  into  the  presence  of  Captains  Buchanan  and  Adams,  who 
were   prepared   to    communicate   with    them. 

The  Commodore  had,  previously  to  the  arrival  of  the  governor, 
written  the  following  letter  to  the  Emperor:  — 

United    States    Steam   Frigate    Susquehanna, 
Uraga,  July  12,  1853. 

The  Commander-in-chief  of  the  United  States  naval  forces  in 
these  seas,  being  invested  with  full  powers  to  negotiate  treaties,  is 
desirous  of  conferring  with  one  of  the  highest  officers  of  the  Empire 
of  Japan,  in  view  of  making  arrangements  for  the  presentation  of 
the  original  of  his  letter  of  credence,  as  also  the  original  of  a  letter 
with  which  he  is  charged,  addressed  to  his  Imperial  Majesty  by 
the  President  ot  the  United  States. 

It  is  hoped  that  an  early  day  will  be  appointed  for  the  proposed 
interview. 

To   his    Imperial    Majesty    the    Emperor    of    Japan. 

The  governor's  first  statement  was  to  the  effect  that  there  had 
been  a  misapprehension  as  to  the  delivery  of  the  translations  of 
the  papers  before  the  originals  had  been  received.  Although  the 
Commodore  was  certain  that  there  had  been  no  such  misunderstand- 
ing, nevertheless  he,  on  the  second  interview  in  the  course  of  the 
afternoon,  consented,  after  much  discussion,  to  deliver  the  trans- 
lations and  originals,  as  also  a  letter  from  himself  to  the  Emperor, 
at  the  same  time,  provided  the  letter  should  appoint  a  suitable 
officer  to  receive  them  directly  from  the  hands  of  the  Commodore, 
who  repeated  that  he  would  consent  to  present  them  to  no  other 
than  a  Japanese  dignitary  of  the  highest  rank.  The  governor  then 
said  that  a  building  would  be  erected  on  shore  for  the  reception 
of  the  Commodore  and  his  suite,  and  that  a  high  official  personage, 
specially  appointed  by  the  Emperor,  would  be  in  attendance  to  re- 
ceive the  letters.  He,  however,  added  that  no  answer  would  be 
given  in  the  bay  of  Yedo,  but  that  it  would  be  transmitted  to  Nag- 
asaki, through  the  Dutch  or  Chinese  superintendents.  This  being 
reported  to  the  Commodore,  he  wrote  the  following  memorandum 
and  directed  it  to  be  translated  into  Dutch,  and  fully  explained  to 
the  governor:  — 

"The  Commander-in-chief  will  not  go  to  Nagasaki,  and  willTe- 
ceive   no    communication   through   the   Dutch   or   Chinese. 


194  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

"He  has  a  letter  from  the  President  of  the  United  States  to 
deliver  to  the  Emperor  of  Japan,  or  to  his  secretary  of  foreign  affairs, 
and  he  will  deliver  the  original  to  none  other;  if  this  friendly  letter 
of  the  President  to  the  Emperor  is  not  received  and  duly  replied 
to,  he  will  consider  his  country  insulted,  and  will  not  hold  himself 
accountable  for  the   consequences. 

"He  expects  a  reply  of  some  sort  in  a  few  days,  and  he  will 
receive  such  reply  nowhere  but  in  this  neighborhood."  (Bay  of 
Uraga.) 

When  this  was  communicated  to  the  governor,  he  took  his  de- 
parture, probably  to  consult  some  higher  authority,  as  doubtless 
there  was  more  than  one  high  officer  of  the  court  at  Uraga,  se- 
cretly directing  the  negotiations.  The  interview  had  lasted  three 
hours,  and  it  was  fully  one  o'clock  before  the  governor  left  the 
ship.  All  passed  in  the  most  quiet  way  without  any  interruption 
to  the  usual  courtesies  of  friendly  negotiation.  The  shore  showed 
every  indication  of  tranquillity,  and  no  movement  was  observed 
on  the  part  of  the  fortresses  or  the  many  government  boats  along 
the  shore. 

The  governor,  in  accordance  with  his  promise  on  leaving  in 
the  morning,  returned  in  the  afternoon,  accompanied,  as  usual, 
by  his  interpreters  and  suite.  He  came  off,  however,  in  one  of 
the  ordinary  Japanese  boats,  and  not,  as  earlier  in  the  day,  in  the 
vessel  built  after  the  European  model.  Captains  Buchanan  and 
Adams  were  in  readiness  to  receive  the  party,  and  resumed  the 
renewed  conference  with  the  same  form  and  ceremony  as  before; 
the  Commodore  still  preserving  his  seclusion  and  communicating 
with  the  Japnese  only  through  others.  The  conversation  is  here 
given  verbatin  as   reported. 

CONVERSATION. 

Present  Captains  Buchanan  and  Adams,  Lieutenant  Contee, 
Flag  Lieutenant,  and  Yezaiman,  governor  of  Uraga,  and  interpret- 
ers. 

Yezaiman.  As  it  will  take  a  great  deal  of  time  to  send  up 
the  copies  of  the  letters  first,  and  the  originals  afterwards,  I  pro- 
pose that  the  originals  and  the  copies  be  delivered  together,  when 
the  high  officer  comes.  The  governor  and  the  high  officer  will 
do  their  best  to  entertain  the  Admiral  and  give  him  a  suitable 
reception. 

Capt.  Buchanan.  That  is  not  the  object  of  the  Commodore: 
he  wishes  these  communications  to  go  because  there  is  among 
them  a  letter  to  the  Emperor  from  himself,  which  he  desires  to 
send  to  Yedo  with  the  copies.     The  reply  to  the  President's  letter 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  195 

is    not    of    so    much    consequence    just    now.      We    want    a    reply    to 
the   Commodore's    letter  which   is   in   the   package. 

Yesaiman.  If  you  send  the  original  letter,  we  will  reply  to  it  as 
soon  as  possible.  We  aro  here  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the 
letter  from  the  President  to  the  Emperor,  but  now  you  speak  of 
a   letter  from   the   Admiral   to   the   Emperor. 

Capt.  B.  The  letter  from  the  Admiral  is  in  the  package  con- 
taining the  copies  of  the  President's  letter.  It  states  he  has  in 
his  possession  the  original  letter  of  the  President,  and  is  empow- 
ered by  the  President  to  deliver  it  in  person  to  the  Emperor,  or 
to  a  high  officer  of  equal  rank  with  himself,  appointed  by  the 
Emperor. 

Yezaiman.  We  are  very  sorry  that  you  separate  the  two;  it 
would  be  better  to   send  the  originals  at  once  with  the  copies. 

Capt.  B.  That  is  impossible.  The  letter  of  the  Admiral  states 
that  he  has  the  original  letter  of  the  President,  and  is  empowered 
to  deliver  it,  either  in  person  or  to  an  officer  of  his  own  rank; 
when  the  emperor  is  aware  of  the  fact  that  the  Admiral  has  the 
letter,  then  he  will  appoint  an  officer  of  the  same  rank  to  receive 
the  original,  and  the  Admiral  will  return  at  some  future  day  to 
receive  the  answer. 

Yezaiman.  Can  you  not  contrive  to  manage  it  in  such  a  way 
that  the  original  letter  may  be  sent  with  the  copies? 

Capt.    B.     It   cannot   be    done. 

Yezaiman.  When  the  ships  first  came,  it  was  not  mentioned 
that  the  copies  must  be  sent  first,  and  not  the  original  letters; 
and  now  you  mention  it. 

Capt.  B.  During  the  first  visit  you  made  here,  you  were  shown 
the  original  letters,  and  also  the  copies,  and  the  same  statement 
was  then  made  by  us  as  now. —  (After  a  pause  Captain  B.  resumed.) 
— Will  the  high  officer  who  will  come  here  be  accredited  by  the 
Emperor  to   receive   the   letters   from   the   Admiral? 

Yezaiman.     He   has   the   authorization   of  the   Emperor. 

Capt.  B.  Will  he  have  any  proof  to  show  that  he  is  thus 
authorized? 

Yezaiman.     Yes,  he  can  prove  it. 
..Capt.    B.     One    of  the   letters   is   from   the    President,    informing 
the    Emperor   of    Japan   that    Commodore    Perry    is    sent    as    a    high 
officer  appointed  by  himself,  and  Commodore  Perry  will  expect  simi- 
lar credentials  on  the  part  of  the  officer  to  speak  with   him. 

Yezaiman.  He  will  receive  the  letter,  but  cannot  enter  into 
any  negotiations. 

Capt.  B.  What  is  the  rank  and  official  title  of  the  officer  who 
is    appointed? — (While    the    interpreter    is    writing    the    title    of    the 


196  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

officer  in  question,  in  Chinese  cFiaracters,  Captains  Buchanan  and 
Adams   retire   to   consult  with   the   Commodore.) 

Lieutenant  Contee.  When  will  the  high  officers  be  ready  to  re- 
ceive  the  letter? 

Interpreter.     To-morrcivv^   or  the   day   after. 

Lieut.  C.     Where  is  the  house? 

Interpreter.     On  the  shore. 

Lieut.  C.     Can  you  point  it  out  from  here? 

Interpreter.     It  cannot  be  seen. 

Lieut.  C.  (repeating  his  last  question).  Can  you  point  it  out 
from  here? 

Interpreter.  It  is  on  the  other  side  of  the  hills;  you  can  see  it 
from  another  position. 

Lieut.  C.  What  was  the  name  of  the  officer  who  came  on  board 
on  the   day  of  our   arrival? 

Interpreter.      Nagazhima    Saberoske. 

Captain  Buchanan.  Captain  Adams  and  I  have  just  had  a 
conversation  with  Admiral.*  He  says  that,  since  you  appear  to 
have  wholly  misunderstood  the  matter  about  the  letter,  if  you  can 
show  proof  that  an  officer  of  the  proper  rank  is  appointed  to  re- 
ceive them,  he  will  waive  the  matter  in  dispute,  and  deliver  the 
original  at  the  same  time  with  the  copies.  But  he  requires  strict 
evidence  that  the  officer  who  shall  meet  him  shall  be  of  the  neces- 
sary rank,  and  that  he  has  been  specially  appointed  for  the  purpose 
by  the  Emperor. 

Yezaiman.  Nagasaki  is  the  proper  place  to  receive  letters 
from  foreign  nations,  oud.  because  Uraga  is  not  an  appropriate 
place,  the  officer  will  not  be  allowed  to  converse,  but  only  to  re- 
ceive  the   letters- 

Capt.  B.  He  is  only  desired  to  receive  the  letters.  Will  he 
come  on  board,  or  will  the  letters  be  delivered  on  shore? 

Yezaiman.  He  will  not  come  on  board,  but  will  receive  them 
on  shore. 

Capt.  B.  Before  the  letters  are  delivered,  the  credentials  of 
the  officer  must  be  translated  into  Dutch,  signed  with  the  proper 
signatures,   and   sent  on   board  to  the   Admiral. 

Yezaiman.  He  will  be  credited  to  receive  the  letter,  but  can- 
not speak. 

Yezaiman.     He   will   Lave   a   document   properly   signed. 

(Captain  Buchanan  now  directed  IVIr.  Portman  to  >A^rite  in  Dutch 
the  declaration  he  had  made,  and  to  give  it  to  the  interpreter.  Tbe 
following   is   the   English    version:      "There    has    been    a   great    deal 

*  "It  is  proper  to  remark  that  the  title  of   Admiral   was   necessarily     usee 
at    these    interviews,    to    designate    your  rank,    as   we   found   Yezaiman's   in 
terpreters  were  familiar  with  it  and  were  entirely  unacquainted  with  that  of 
Commodore."— Extract  from  Captain  Adams'   official   report    to    Commodore 
Perry. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  197 

of  misunderstanding  about  receiving  the  original  letter  and  the 
translated  copies,  whethor  to  be  received  together  or  separately. 
The  Admiral  now  is  willing  to  meet  with  a  high  officer  of  Yedo, 
holdng  rank  in  Japan  corresponding  to  the  rank  of  Admiral  in  the 
United  States.  This  otiacer  shall  be  accredited,  namely,  posses 
a  writing  properly  signed  by  the  Emperor,  authorizing  him  to  receive 
the  said  letters.  Of  this  writing  or  letter  of  credence  shall  be  made 
a  copy,  translated  into  Dutch,  and  the  same  copy  be  transmitted 
to  the  Admiral  before  the  interview  takes  place. 

"At  this  interview  there  shall  be  no  discussions  whatever;  no 
more  than   an  exchange   ci   civilities   and   compliments. 

"The  Admiral  does  not  insist  upon  receiving  an  answer  to  the 
original  letter  of  the  President  immediately,  but  will  come  back 
for  that  purpose  after  some  months.") 

Yesaiman.  The  high  officer  will  not  be  allowed  to  speak  on 
the  matter;    only  to  make  and  return  compliments. 

Capt.   B.     That  is  all  that  is  necessary. 

Yesaiman.  The  high  officer  will  be  here  the  day  after  to-mor- 
row, to  receive   the  letter  on  shore. 

Capt.   B.     At  what  hour? 

Yezaiman.  At  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning.  As  soon  as  we  see 
the  flag  hoisted,  we  will  come  on  board  the   ship. 

Capt.  B.  Will  the  high  officer  bring  the  copy  of  the  letter 
empowering  him  to  act,  properly  certified? 

Yezaiman.     He  will  bring  it. 

Interpreter.  The  governor  is  very  grateful  for  his  kind  recep- 
tion on  board. 

Capt.  B.  We  are  very  glad  to  see  him.  Where  is  the  place  of 
reception? 

Interpreter.  I  can  point  out  the  place,  but  the  house  cannot 
be   seen. 

Yezaiman.  Will  the  Admiral  await  the  Emperor's  answer  to 
the  President's  letter? 

Capt.  B.     No:     the  Admiral  will  not  now  wait  for  it. 

Yezaiman.     When  will  he  come  for  a  reply? 

Capt.  B.  He  will  return  in  a  few  months  to  receive  the  Em- 
peror's reply. 

Yezaiman.  I  would  desire  a  statement  in  writing  to  that  effect. 
(There  being  no  satisfactory  answer  to  this,  Yezaiman  continued.) 
The  high  officer  who  receives  the  letter  of  the  President  will  give 
a  receipt  for  it,  as  an  assurance  that  it  has  been  received.' 

Capt.  B.  Can  you  noi  appoint  a  place  nearer  the  ship?  The 
distance  is  very  great  for  the  men  to  pull  in  a  boat.  The  Admiral 
will  be  satisfied  to  meet  the  high  officer  in  a  tent,  or  in  one  of  the 
forts  nearer  the  ships.     The  interview  will  not  be  long.  • 


198  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Interpreter.     The  house  is  not  far  off;  it  is  less  than  a  Japanese 
miif . 

Capt.   B.     Can  you  not  arrange  to  have  it  nearer  the   ships? 

interpreter.     The  governor  says  he  will  endeavor  to  arrange  it. 

Capt.    B.     Can  you  lei  us  know  to-morrow  morning? 

Interpreter.     Yes. 

The  conference  here  ended. 

Kayama  Yezaiman  and  his  companion  seemed  to  be  in  the  high- 
est good  humor,  and  readily  availed  themselves  of  the  proffered 
courtesies  of  the  officers  of  the  Susquehanna,  which  were  accepted 
and  responded  to  in  a  manner  indicating  the  most  polished  good 
breeding.  In  receiving  the  hospitalities  of  their  hosts,  it  may  be 
remarked  that  they  partook  freely,  and  seemed  to  relish  partic- 
ularly the  whisky  and  brandy  which  formed  part  of  the  entertain- 
ment. The  governor  especially  appeared  to  appreciate  the  foreign 
liquors,  particularly  when  mixed  with  sugar,  and  smacked  his  lips 
with  great  gusto,  as  he  drained  his  glass  to  its  last  sweetened  dregs. 
His  interpreters,  in  the  growing  freedom  of  convival  enjoyment,  made 
merry  over  his  highness'  bacchanalian  proclivity,  and,  laughingly  ex- 
pressing their  alarm  lest  Yezaiman  should  take  a  drop  too  much, 
remarked,  "His  face  is  already  growing  red." 

Though  always  perserving  a  certain  gentlemanly  aplomp  and 
that  self-cultivated  manner  which  bespeaks  high  breeding,  these 
Japanese  dignitaries  were  disposed  to  be  quite  social,  and  shared 
freely  and  gayly  in  conversation.  Nor  did  their  knowledge  and  gen- 
eral information  fall  short  of  their  elegance  of  manners  and  amia- 
bility of  disposition.  They  were  not  only  well-bred,  but  not  ill- 
educated,  as  they  were  proficient  in  the  Dutch,  Chinese,  and  Jap- 
anese languages,  and  not  unacquainted  with  the  general  principles 
of  science  and  of  the  facts  of  the  geography  of  the  world.  When 
a  terrestial  globe  was  placed  before  them,  and  their  attention  was 
called  to  the  delineation  on  it  of  the  United  States,  they  immediate- 
ly placed  their  fingers  on  Washington  and  New  York,  as  if  perfect- 
ly familiar  with  the  fact  that  one  was  the  capital,  and  the  other 
the  commercial  metropolis  of  our  country.  They  also,  with  equal 
promptitude,  pointed  out  England,  Prance,  Denmark,  and  other  king- 
doms of  Europe.  Their  inquiries  in  reference  to  the  United  States 
showed  them  to  be  entirely  ignorant  of  the  facts  connected  with 
the  material  progress  of  our  country;  thus,  when  they  asked  if 
roads  were  not  cut  through  our  mountains,  they  referring  (as 
was  supposed)  to  tunnels  on  our  railroads.  And  this  supposition 
was  confirmed  on  the  interpreter's  asking,  as  they  examined  the 
ship's  engine,  whether  it  was  not  a  similar  machine,  although  smal- 
ler, which  was  used  for  travelling  on  the  American  roads.  They 
also  inquired  whether  the  canal  across  the  isthmus  was  yet  finished. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  199 

alliiding  probably  to  the  Panama  railroad  which  was  then  in  pro- 
cess of  construction.  They  knew,  at  any  rate,  that  labor  was  being 
performed  to  connect  the  two  oceans,  and  called  it  by  the  name  of 
something  they  had  seen,   a  canal. 

After  refreshments  and  conversation  in  the  cabin,  Yezaiman  and 
his  interpreters  were  invited  to  inspect  the  ship,  an  offer  which 
they  accepted  with  great  politeness,  and  as  they  came  upon  deck, 
notwithstanding  there  were  crowds  of  officers  and  men  around  who 
could  scarce  repress  the  manifestation  of  their  curiosity,  the  Jap- 
anese never  for  a  moment  lost  their  self-possession,  but  showed  the 
utmost  composure  and  quiet  dignity  of  manner.  They  evinced  an 
intelligent  interest  in  all  the  various  arrangements  of  the  vessel, 
observed  the  big  gun  and  rightly  styled  it  a  "Paixhan,"  exhibited 
none  of  that  surprise  which  would  naturally  be  expected  from  those 
who  were  beholding  for  the  first  time  the  wonderful  art  and  me- 
chanism of  a  perfect  steamship.  The  engine  evidently  was  an  object 
of  great  interest  to  them,  but  the  interest  showed  that  they  were 
not  entirely  unacquainted  with  its  principles.  Much  of  this  cool  but 
not  unobservant  composure  may  have  been  afCected,  in  accordance 
with  a  studied  policy,  but  yet  there  can  be  no  doubt  that,  however 
backward  the  Japanese  themselves  may  be  in  practical  science,  the 
best  educated  among  them  are  tolerably  well  informed  of  its  progress 
among   more   civilized   or   riither  cultivated   nations. 

On  leaving  the  cabin,  the  Japanese  dignitaries  had  left  their 
swords  behind,  two  of  v/hich  are  always  worn  by  those  of  certain 
rank  in  the  empire.  This  gave  an  opportunity  for  inspection,  on 
the  part  of  the  curious,  ( f  these  badges  of  authority,  which  seemed 
to  be,  in  accordance  with  their  purpose,  more  suited  for  show  than 
service.  The  blades,  however,  were  apparently  of  good  steel  and 
temper,  and  highly  polished,  although  their  shape  as  well  as  that 
of  their  hilts,  without  a  guard,  was  awkwardly  constructed  for 
use.  The  mountings  were  of  pure  gold,  and  the  scabbards  of  shark's 
skin,  remarkably  well  manufactured.  The  visit  of  the  governor  was 
prolanged  into  the  evening,  and  it  v/as  seven  o'clock  before  he  took 
his  departure,  when  he  and  his  interpreters  left  the  ship  with  their 
usual  graceful  courtesies,  bowing  at  every  step,  and  smiling  in  an 
amiable  yet  dignified  manner.  They  were  evidently  favorably  im- 
pressed with  their  reception  and  all  they  had  seen.  The  studied  polite- 
ness which  marked  their  intercourse  with  out  officers  was  evidently 
not  assumed  for  the  occasion,  for  it  is  so  habitual  with  them  that 
in  their  ordinary  relatious  with  each  other  they  preserve  the  same 
stately  courtesy;  and  it  was  observed  that  no  sooner  had  Yezaiman 
and  his  interpreters  entered  their  boat  alongside  the  Susquehanna 
than  they  commenced  saluting  each  other  as  formally  as  if  they  had 
met  for  the  first  time  and  were  passing  through  the  ceremonials  of 


200  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

a  personal  introduction.  V\  hile  these  scenes  were  in  transaction  on 
board,  the  boats  of  the  squadron  sent  out  by  Commodore  were  kept 
busy  all  day  sounding  and  observing,  as  on  previous  occasions. 

The  next  day  was  Wednesday  (July  13),  and  the  visit  of  the 
governor  was  naturally  expected  at  an  early  hour,  in  fulfilment  of 
his  promise.  There  was,  however,  no  indication  through  the  morn- 
ing of  his  coming,  and  eviTything  remained  in  a  state  of  tranquil 
expectation.  There  seemed  to  be  some  little  movement  on  the 
part  of  the  authorities,  as  far  as  could  be  gathered  from  an  observa- 
tion of  the  neighboring  land.  From  the  opposite  shores  numerous 
vessels,  loader  with  soldiers,  crossed  to  the  Uraga  side,  and  a  large 
junk  with  the  usual  government  flag  and  insignia  put  into  the  harbor. 
The  brisk  trade  of  the  bay  was  carried  on  as  usual,  and  Japanese 
boats,  both  large  and  small,  were  moving  up  and  down  in  constant 
circulation.  The  various  towns  and  villages  grouped  about  the  bay 
were  thus  interchanging  their  elements  of  life,  and,  stimulated  into 
commercial  activity  by  the  throb  from  the  busy  heart  of  the  great 
city,  poured  into  Yedo  their  overflowing  abundance.  There  were 
no  less  than  sixty-seven  junks  counted  as  passing  up  the  bay  dur- 
ing the  single  day. 

The  weather  continued  warm,  with  the  thermometer  indicat- 
ing as  high  a  point  as  S7  degrees,  but  the  heat  was  tempered  by  an 
agreeable  sea  breeze.  The  view  of  the  shores  was  much  obscured 
at  times  by  the  haze  which  is  said  to  be  so  prevalent  on  the  Japan- 
ese coast;  but  in  the  experience  of  the  squadron  the  weather  hith- 
erto had  been  remarkably  clear,  and  this  day  was  the  foggiest  that 
had  been  seen  since  the  ships  arrived  in  the  bay.  Nothing  could 
be  seen  of  the  great  landmark, — the  lofty  peak  of  Fusi, — which,  by 
the  way,  was  generally  more  plainly  visible  toward  the  evening 
than  during  the  day,  and  was  often  observed  beautifully  distinct  at 
sunset,  when  its  summits  would  glow  with  a  rich  halo  of  crimson 
light. 

The  expected  visit  of  the  governor  occurred  at  last,  at  about 
four  o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  His  highness  Kayama  Yezaiman,  ac- 
companied, as  usual,  by  his  first  and  second  interpreters,  presented 
himself,  with  a  thousand  apologies  for  not  having  come  earlier,  as 
the  high  officer  from  Yedo  had  but  just  arrived.  The  apologies 
having  been  made,  the  governor  exhibited  the  original  order  of  the 
Emperor,  addressed  to  the  functionary  who  had  been  appointed  to 
receive  the  Commodore.  The  Emperor's  letter  was  short,  and  was 
certified  by  a  large  seal  attached  to  it.  This  imperial  epistle,  which 
was  wrapped  in  velvet,  and  enclosed  in  a  box  made  of  sandal-wood, 
was  treated  by  the  governor  with  such  reverence  that  he  would 
allow  no  one  to  touch  it.  A  copy  of  it  in  Dutch,  and  a  certificate  ver- 
ifying the  authenticity  of  the  document,  and  of  the  Emperor's  seal 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  201 

attached   thereto,    given   under   the   hand   of   Kayama   Yezaiman,   the 
governor,  were  also  presented.     The  translations  were  as  follaws:  — 

Translation   of  letter  of  credence  given   by  the   Emperor  of  Japan  to 
his   highness,  Toda,   Prince  of   Idzu. 

I  send  you  to  Uraga  to  receive  the  letter  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  to  me,  which  letter  has  recently  been  brought  to 
Uraga  by  the  Admiral,  upon  receiving  which  you  will  proceed  to 
Yedo,   and  take  the   same   to  me. 

(Here   is  Emperor's   seal.) 

Sixth  month  in  1853. 

Translation   of   Certificate   of    Kayama   Yezaiman,   Governor  of   Uraga, 
verifying  the  authenticity  of  the   Emperor's   letter   and  seal. 

You  can  rest  assured  that  the  high  officer  who  has  been  ac- 
credited by  the  Emperor  of  Japan  himself,  and  who  consequently 
comes  here  to  Uraga  from  Yedo  for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the 
original  and  translated  letters,  is  of  very  high  rank,  equal  to  that  of 
the  Lord  Admiral.     I  do  assure  that. 

KAYAMA   YEZAIMAN. 

The  governor,  in  the  course  of  the  conference,  took  care  to 
state  that  the  person  appointed  by  the  Emperor  had  no  authority 
to  enter  into  discussions  with  the  Commodore,  but  was  merely 
empowered  to  receive  tho  papers  and  convey  them  to  his  sovereign. 
He  also  stated  that  he  had  made  injuiry  as  to  the  practncability 
of  changing  the  place  of  meeting,  and  said  that,  as  a  suitable 
building  had  already  been  erected,  it  would  be  inconvenient  to 
change.  The  Commodore  was  prepared  for  this  reply,  and,  as  he 
could  not  know  whether  any  threachery  was  intended  or  not,  he  had 
determined  to  provide,  as  far  as  he  could,  against  every  contingency, 
and  had  therefore  ordered  the  surveying  party  to  examine  the  little 
bay  at  the  head  of  which  the  building  had  been  erected  for  his  re- 
ception. The  officers  sent  upon  this  service  promptly  performed  the 
duty,  and  reported  that  the  ships  could  be  brought  within  gunshot 
of  the  place,  where  great  numbers  of  the  people  had  been  observed 
employed  in  the  completion  of  the  building,  in  transporting  furniture, 
and   in  otherwise   preparing  for  the  occasion. 

The  governor  offered  to  accompany  a  boat  to  the  place  appointed 
for  the  reception,  but  this  was  declined,  and  he  was  informed  that, 
as  it  did  not  befit  the  dignity  of  the  Commodore  to  proceed  a  long 
distance  in  a  small  boat,  the  squadron  would  be  removed  to  a  position 
nearer  the  building  designed  for  the  reception.  It  was  then  agreed 
that  the  Commodore  and  his  party  should  leave  the  ships  between 
eight  and  nine   o'clock  the  next  day,    (Thursday),  although  the  Jap- 


202  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

anese  seemed  particularly  anxious  that  the  interview  should  take 
place  at  an  earlier  hour,  assigned  as  a  reason  that  the  heat  of  the 
day  might  thus  be  avoided. 

The  question  was  now  asked  as  to  how  many  officers  would  ac- 
company the  Commodore  oii  the  occasion,  to  which  they  received 
the  answer  that  he  would  be  followed  by  a  large  retinue,  since  it 
was  the  custom  of  the  United  States,  when  an  oflGlcer  of  high  rank 
bears  a  communication  from  the  President  to  the  sovereign  of  an- 
other country,  for  him  to  go  with  such  an  attendance  as  will  be 
respectful  to  the  power  to  v/hich  he  is  sent.  Accordingly,  the  gov- 
ernor was  informed  that  all  the  officers  who  could  be  spared  from 
the  squadron  would  accompany  the  Commodore,  as  the  greater  num- 
ber would   imply   the   greater   compliment. 

In  the  course  of  the  conference  the  Japanese  dignitaries  showed 
their  great  regard  for  ceremony  by  adverting  to  various  minute 
points  of  etiquette  in  reference  to  the  approaching  reception.  They 
announced  that  all  the  Japanese  officers  would  be  clothed  in  full 
official  costume,  and  not  in  the  dresses  worn  on  ordinary  occasions. 
They  seemed  to  be  considerably  troubled  because  they  would  not 
be  able  to  seat  their  visitors,  on  the  morrow,  in  the  same  kind  of 
arm-chair  as  that  then  occupied  by  themselves  in  the  cabin,  and 
apologized  for  not  having  any  such.  They  were  less  anxious  on  the 
score  of  the  wines  and  brandies,  and  begged  that  they  might  be 
excused  for  not  offering  the  same  as  they  had  been  regaled  with, 
since  the  country  did  not  possess  them.  They  were  told  to  dismiss 
their  solicitude  on  these  points;  that,  as  the  practice  of  hospitality, 
and  manners  and  customs  necessarily  differed  in  different  countries, 
it  was  not  reasonable  to  expect  to  find  American  habits  prevailing 
in  Japan;  and  that  the  Commodore  would  be  satisfied  to  be  seated  in 
the  same  manner  as  the  dignitary  appointed  to  meet  him,  while  the 
other  American  officers  would  content  themselves  with  such  seats  as 
were  provided  for  their  equals  in  rank  among  the  Japanese. 

They  then  made  some  inquiries  in  regard  to  the  minute  details 
of  the  approaching  ceremony,  as  to  whether  the  Commodore  would 
present  the  President's  letter  directly  from  his  own  hand  into  that 
of  the  Japanese  commissioner,  whose  name  and  title,  by  the  way, 
were  now  announced  as  Toda-Idzu-no-Kami.  First  Counsellor  of  the 
Empire. 

It  was  asked  whether  the  Commodore  would  immediately  re- 
turn to  his  ship  after  delivering  the  letter,  and  also  when  he  would 
come  back  to  Japan  to  receive  an  answer.  The  Chinese  interpreter, 
Mr.  Williams,  showed  them  a  map  or  plan  of  Yedo,  which  they  said 
must  have  been  drawn  some  seventy  years  ago,  as  the  capital  had 
changed  much  since  the  plan  was  made,  having  greatly  increased 
in  size,  and  much  improved.     They,  however,  recognized  on  the  plan 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  20a 

various  conspicuous   places,    and   pointed   them   out  very  readily,   as 
if  politely  willing  to  gratify  the  natural  curiosity  of  their  company. 

The  whole  conference  had  lasted  about  two  hours  and  a  half, 
and  when  the  Japanese  functionaries  rose  to  depart  it  was  already 
evening.  They  left  the  ship  with  the  usual  polite  courtesies,  bow- 
ing, as  usual,  at  every  step;  and  the  chief  interpreter  Hori  Tatz- 
noske,  who  had  evidently  a  great  aptitude  for  the  acquisition  of 
foreign  languages,  mustered  English  enough  to  say  very  distinctly  as 
he   departed,  "Want  to  go  home." 

The  Commodore,  in  preparation  for  the  coming  event  of  the 
next  morning,  summoned  his  captains,  from  the  several  vessels  of 
the  squadron,  on  board  the  flag-ship.  Orders  were  then  given  that 
the  vessels  should  be  removed,  early  in  the  morning,  to  an  anchorage 
in  line,  covering  the  whole  bay,  in  front  of  the  place  of  reception, 
as  the  Commodore  was  resolved  to  be  prepared  against  any  possible 
treachery  or  duplicity  on  the  part  of  the  people  with  whom  he  had 
to  deal,  and  as  the  object  of  the  Japanese  in  the  selection  oi 
this  place  of  meeting  was  not  very  apparent  to  his  mind.  It  was 
also  ordered  that  all  the  officers  who  could  possibly  leave  the  ships 
should  appear  in  full  uniform,  and  accompany  the  Commodore  to 
the  reception,  in  order  that  he  might  present  as  imposing  a  retinue 
as  practicable.  The  surveying  boats  had  been  kept  busy  during  the 
day,  completing  their  observations,  and  were  allowed  to  proceed  with 
their  work  without  any  molestation  from  the  native  authorities. 

The  Japanese  seemed  no  less  busy  in  active  preparation  for  the 
morning's  ceremony  than  the  Americans.*  Various  government  ves- 
sels sailed  down  the  bay,  and  a  large  fleet  of  small  boats  arrived  on 
the  Uraga  shore  from  the  opposite  coast,  evidently  preparatory  to 
the  approaching  occasion.  A  constant  sound  of  hammers,  intermin- 
gled with  the  noisy  voices  of  Japanese  laborers,  arising  as  was  sup- 
posed from  the  quarter  where  the  building  was  in  progress,  disturbed 
the  quiet  of  the  night  and  was  prolonged  into  the  morning  watches. 
All  was  busy  preparation  for  the  coming  day. 

Thursday  (July  14)  opened  with  a  sun  that  was  somewhat  ob- 
scured at  early  dawn,  but  which  soon  came  out  brightly  and  dispell- 
ed the  fogs  and  clouds  which  overhung  the  land  and  seemed  to 
give  an  inauspicious  aspect  to  the  occasion.  As  the  atmosphere 
cleared  and  the  shores  were  disclosed  to  view,  the  steady  labors 
of  the  Japanese  during  cho  night  were  revealed  in  the  showy  effect 
on  the  Uraga  shore.  Ornamental  screens  of  cloth  had  been  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  give  a  more  distinct  prominence,  as  well  as  the  ap- 
pearance of  greater  size  to  the  bastions  and  forts;  and  two  tents 
had  been  spread  among  the  trees.  The  screens  were  stretched  tight- 
ly in  the  usual  way  upon  posts  of  wood,  and  each  interval  between 
the  posts  was  thus  distinctly  marked,  and  had,  in  the  distance, '  the 


204  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

appearance  of  panelling.  Upon  these  seeming  panels  were  emblaz- 
oned the  imperial  arms,  alternating  with  the  device  of  a  scarlet 
flower  bearing  large  heart-shaped  leaves.  Flags  and  streamers,  upon 
which  were  various  designs  represented  in  gray  colors,  hung  from 
the  several  angles  of  the  screens,  while  behind  them  thronged  crowds 
of  soldiers,  arrayed  in  a  costume  which  had  not  been  before  observed, 
and  which  was  supposed  to  belong  to  high  occasions  only.  The  main 
portion  of  the  dress  was  a  species  of  frock  of  a  dark  color,  with  short 
skirts,  the  waists  of  which  were  gathered  in  with  a  sash,  and  which 
was  without  sleeves,  the  arms  of  the  wearers  being  bare. 

All  on  board  the  ships  were  alert  from  the  earliest  hour,  mak- 
ing the  necessary  preparations.  Steam  was  got  up  and  the  anchors 
were  weighed  that  the  ships  might  be  moved  to  a  position  where 
their  guns  could  command  the  place  of  reception.  The  sailing  ves- 
sels, however,  because  of  a  calm,  were  unable  to  get  into  position. 
The  officers,  seamen,  and  marines  who  were  to  accompany  the  Com- 
modore were  selected,  and  as  large  a  number  of  them  mustered  as 
could  possible  be  spared  from  the  whole  squadron.  All,  of  course, 
were  eager  to  bear  a  part  in  the  ceremonies  of  the  day,  but  all 
could  not  possibly  go,  as  a  sufiicient  number  must  be  left  to  do  ships' 
duty.  Many  of  the  officers  and  men  were  selected  by  lot,  and  when 
the  full  complement,  which  amounted  to  nearly  three  hundred,  was 
filled  up,  each  one  busied  himself  in  getting  his  person  ready  for 
the  occasion.  The  officers,  as  had  been  ordered,  were  in  full  official 
dress,  while  the  sailors  and  marines  were  in  their  naval  and  military 
uniforms  of  blue  and  white. 

Before  eight  bells  in  the  morning  watch  had  struck,  the  Sus- 
quehanna and  Mississippi  moved  slowly  down  the  bay.  Simultane- 
ously with  this  movement  of  our  ships,  six  Japanese  boats  were  ob- 
served to  sail  in  the  same  direction,  but  more  within  the  land.  The 
government  striped  flag  (distinguished  two  of  them,  showing  the 
presence  of  some  high  officials,  while  the  others  carried  red  banners, 
and  were  supposed  to  have  on  board  a  retinue  of  guard  of  soldiers. 
On  doubling  the  headland,  which  separated  the  former  anchorage 
from  the  bay  below,  the  preparations  of  the  Japanese  on  the  shore 
came  suddenly  into  view.  The  land  bordering  the  head  of  the  bay 
was  gay  with  a  long  stretch  of  painted  screens  of  cloth,  upon  which 
was  emblaboned  the  arms  of  the  Emperor.  Nine  tall  standards  stood 
in  the  centre  of  an  immense  number  of  banners  of  divers  lively 
colors,  which  were  arranged  on  either  side,  until  the  whole  formed  a 
crescent  of  variously  tinted  flags,  which  fluttered  brightly  in  the 
rays  of  the  morning  sun.  From  the  tall  standards  were  suspended 
broad  pennons  of  rich  scarlet  which  swept  the  ground  with  their 
flowing  length.  On  the  beach  in  front  of  this  display  were  ranged 
regiments   of   soldiers,   who   stood   in   fixed   order,   evidently   arrayed 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  205 

to  give  an  appearance  of  martial  force,  that  the  Americans  might  be 
duly  impressed  with  the  military  power  of  the  Japanese. 

As  the  beholder  faced  the  bay,  he  saw  on  the  left  of  the  village 
of  Gori-Hama  a  straggling  group  of  peak-roofed  houses,  built  be- 
tween the  beach  and  the  base  of  the  high  ground  which  ran  in 
green  acclivities  behind,  and  ascended  from  height  to  height  to 
the  distant  mountains.  A  luxuriant  valley  or  gorge,  walled  in  with 
richly  wooded  hills,  opened  at  the  head  of  the  bay,  and  breaking 
the  uniformity  of  the  curve  of  the  shore,  gave  a  beautiful  variety 
to  the  landscape.  On  the  right  some  hundred  Japanese  boats,  or 
more,  were  arranged  in  parallel  lines  along  the  margin  of  the  shore, 
with  a  red  flag  flying  at  the  stern  of  each.  The  whole  effect,  though 
not  startling,  was  novel  and  cheerful,  and  everything  combined  to 
give  a  pleasing  aspect  to  the  picture.  The  day  was  bright,  with  a 
clear  sunlight  which  seemed  to  give  fresh  vitality  alike  to  the  ver- 
dant hillsides  and  the  gay  banners  and  the  glittering  soldiery.  Back 
from  the  beach,  opposite  the  centre  of  the  curved  shore  of  the  bay, 
the  building,  just  constructed  for  the  reception,  rose  in  three  pyra- 
midal-shaped roofs,  high  above  the  surrounding  houses.  It  was 
covered  in  front  by  striped  cloth,  which  was  extended  in  screens  to 
either  side.  It  had  a  new,  fresh  look,  indicative  of  its  recent  erection, 
and  with  its  peaked  summits  was  not  unlike,  in  the  distance,  a 
group  of  very  large  ricks  of  grain. 

Two  boats  approached  as  the  steamers  neared  the  opening  of 
the  bay,  and  when  the  anchors  were  dropped  they  came  alongside 
the  Susquehanna.  Kayama  Yezaiman,  with  his  two  interpreters, 
came  on  board,  followed  immediately  by  Nagazima  Saboroske  and  an 
officer  in  attendance,  who  had  come  in  the  second  boat.  They  were 
duly  received  at  the  gangway  and  conducted  to  seats  on  the  quarter 
deck.  All  were  dressed  in  full  official  costume,  somewhat  different 
from  their  ordinary  garments.  Their  gowns,  though  of  the  usual 
shape,  were  much  more  elaborately  adorned.  The  material  was  of 
very  rich  silk  brocade  of  gay  colors,  turned  up  with  yellow  velvet, 
and  the  whole  dress  was  highly  embroidered  with  gold  lace  in 
various  figures,  among  which  was  conspicuously  displayed  on  the 
back,  sleeves,  and  breast  the  arms  of  the  wearer.  Saboroske,  the  sub- 
governor  of  Uraga,  wore  a  pair  of  very  broad  but  very  short  trous- 
ers, which,  when  his  legs  (which  was  not  often  the  case)  stood  still 
and  together,  looked  very  much  like  a  slit  petticoat,  while  below 
his  nether  limbs  were  partly  naked  and  partlj  covered  by  black  wool- 
len socks.  Saboroske,  in  spite  of  his  elaborate  toilette  and  his  finery, 
all  bedizened  with  gold  thread,  gloss^'  silk,  and  gay  colors,  did  not 
produce  a  very  impressive  effect,  hui  by  his  comical  appearance  pro- 
voked mirth  rather  than  admiration.  He  had,  in  fact,  very  much  the 
appearance  of  an  unusually  brilliant  knave  of  trumps. 


206  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

A  signal  was  now  hoisted  from  the  Susquehanna  as  a  sumnaons 
for  the  boats  from  the  ether  ships,  and  in  the  course  of  half  an 
hour  they  had  all  pulled  alongside  with  their  various  officers,  sailors, 
and  marines,  detailed  for  the  day's  ceremonies.  The  launches  and 
cutters  numbered  no  less  than  fifteen,  and  presented  quite  an  im- 
posing array;  and  with  all  on  board  them,  in  proper  uniform,  a  pic- 
turesque effect  was  not  wanting.  Captain  Buchanan,  having  taken 
his  place  in  his  barge,  led  the  way,  flanked  on  either  side  by  two 
Japanese  boats  containing  the  governor  and  vice-governor  of  Uraga 
with  their  respective  suites;  and  these  dignitaries  acted  as  masters 
of  ceremony  and  pointed  out  the  course  to  the  American  flotilla. 
The  rest  of  the  ships'  boats  followed  after  in  order,  with  the  cut- 
ters containing  the  two  bands  of  the  steamers,  who  enlivened  the 
occasion  with   their  cheerful  music. 

The  boats  skimmed  briskly  over  the  smooth  waters;  for  such 
was  the  skill  and  consequent  rapidity  of  the  Japanese  scullers  that 
our  sturdy  oarsmen  were  put  to  their  mettle  to  keep  up  with  their 
guides.  When  the  boats  had  reached  half-way  to  the  shore,  the 
thirteen  guns  of  the  Susquehanna  began  to  boom  away  and  re- 
echo among  the  hills.  This  announced  the  departure  of  the  Com- 
modore, who,  stepping  inco  his  barge,  was  rowed  off  to  the  land. 

The  guides  in  the  Japanese  boats  pointed  to  the  landing  place 
toward  the  centre  of  the  curved  shore,  where  a  temporary  wharf 
had  been  built  out  from  the  beach  by  means  of  bags  of  sand  and 
straw.  The  advance  boat  soon  touched  the  spot,  and  Captain 
Buchanan,  who  commanded  the  party,  sprang  ashore,  being  the  first 
of  the  Americans  who  landed  in  the  Kingdom  of  Japan.  He  was 
immediately  followed  by  Major  Zeilin,  of  the  marines.  The  rest  of 
the  boats  now  pulled  in  and  disembarked  their  respective  loads. 
The  marines  (one  hundred)  marched  up  the  warf  and  formed  into 
line  on  either  side,  facing  the  sea;  then  came  the  hundred  sailors, 
who  were  also  ranged  in  rank  and  file  as  they  advanced,  while  the 
two  bands  brought  up  the  rear.  The  whole  number  of  Americans, 
including  sailors,  marines,  musicians,  and  officers,  amounted  to  near- 
ly three  hundred;  no  very  formidable  array,  but  still  quite  enough 
for  a  peaceful  occasion,  and  composed  of  very  vigorous,  able-bodied 
men,  who  contrasted  strongly  with  the  smaller  and  more  effeminate- 
looking  Japanese.  These  latter  had  mustered  in  great  force,  the 
amount  of  which  the  governor  of  Uraga  stated  to  be  five  thousand; 
but,  seemingly,  they  far  outnumbered  that.  Their  line  extended 
around  the  whole  circuit  of  the  beach,  from  the  further  extremity 
of  the  village  to  the  abrupt  acclivity  of  the  hill  which  bounded  the 
bay  on  the  northern  side;  while  an  immense  number  of  the  soldiers 
thronged  in,  behind  and  under  cover  of  the  cloth  screens  which 
stretched  along  rear.     The  loose  order  of  this   Japanese   army   did 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  207 

not  betoken  any  very  great  degree  of  discipline.  The  soldiers  were 
tolerably  well  armed  and  equipped.  Their  uniform  was  very  much 
like  the  ordinary  Japanese  dress.  Their  arms  were  swords,  spears, 
and  match-locks.  Those  in  front  were  all  infantry,  archers  and 
lancers;  but  large  bodies  of  cavalry  were  seen  behind,  somewhat  in 
the  distance,  as  if  held  in  reserve.  The  horses  of  these  seemed  of  a 
fine  breed,  hardly,  of  good  bottom,  and  brisk  in  action;  and  these 
troopers,  with  their  rich  caparisons,  presented  at  least  a  showy 
cavalcade.  Along  the  base  of  the  rising  ground  which  ascended  be- 
hind the  village,  and  entirely  in  the  rear  of  the  soldiers,  was  a  large 
number  of  the  inhabitants,  among  whom  there  was  quite  an  as- 
semblage of  women,  who  gazed  with  intense  curosity,  through  the 
openings  in  the  line  of  the  military,  upon  the  stranger  visitors  from 
another  hemishpere. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  Commodore  his  suite  of  officers  formed 
a  double  line  along  the  landing  place,  and,  as  he  passed  up  be- 
tween, they  fell  into  order  behind  him.  The  procession  was  then 
formed  and  took  up  its  march  toward  the  house  of  reception,  the 
route  to  which  was  pointed  out  by  Kayama  Yezaiman  and  hiis  inter- 
preter, who  preceded  the  party.  The  marines  led  the  way,  and, 
the  soldiers  followed,  the  Commodore  was  duly  escorted  up  the 
beach.  The  United  States  flag  and  the  broad  pennant  were  borne 
by  two  athletic  seamen,  who  had  been  selected  from  the  crews  of 
the  squadron  on  account  of  their  stalwart  proportions.  Two  boys, 
dressed  for  the  ceremony,  preceded  the  Commodore,  bearing  in  an 
envelope  of  scarlet  cloth  the  boxes  which  contained  his  credentials 
and  the  President's  letter.  These  documents,  of  folio  size,  were  beau- 
tifully written  on  vellum,  and  not  folded,  but  bound  in  blue  silk  vel- 
vet. Each  seal,  attached  by  cords  of  interwoven  gold  and  silk  with 
pendant  gold  tassels,  was  encased  in  a  circular  box  six  inches  in 
diameter  and  three  in  depth,  wrought  of  pure  gold.  Each  of  the 
documents,  together  with  its  seal,  was  placed  in  a  box  of  rosewood 
about  a  foot  long,  with  lock,  hinges,  and  mountings,  all  of  gold. 
On  either  side  of  the  Commodore  marched  a  tall,  well-formed  negro, 
who,  armed  to  the  teeth,  acted  as  his  personal  guard.  These  blacks, 
selected  for  the  occasion,  were  two  of  the  best-looking  fellows  of  their 
color  that  the  squadron  could  furnish.  All  this,  of  course,  was  but 
for  effect. 

The  procession  was  obliged  to  make  a  somewhat  circular  move- 
ment to  reach  the  entrance  of  the  house  of  reception.  This  gave 
a  good  opportunity  for  the  display  of  the  escort.  The  building, 
which  was  but  a  short  distance  from  the  landing,  was  soon  reached. 
In  front  of  the  entrance  were  two  small  brass  cannon,  which  were 
old  and  apparently  of  European  manufacture;  on  either  side  were 
grouped   a   rather    straggling   company    of    Japanese    guards,    whose 


208  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

costume  was  different  from  that  of  the  other  soldiers.  Those  on 
the  right  were  dressed  in  tunics,  gathered  in  at  the  waist  with 
broad  sashes,  and  in  full  trousers  of  a  gray  color,  the  capacious 
width  of  which  was  drawn  in  at  the  knees,  while  their  heads  were 
bound  with  a  white  cloth  in  the  form  of  a  turban.  They  were  armed 
with  muskets  upon  which  bayonets  and  fint-locks  were  observed.  The 
guards  on  the  left  were  dressed  in  a  rather  dingy,  brown-colored 
uniform  turned  up  with  yellow,  and  carried  old-fashioned  match- 
locks. 

The  Commodore,  having  been  escorted  to  the  door  of  the  house 
of  reception,  entered  with  his  suite.  The  building  showed  marks 
of  hasty  erection,  and  ths  timbers  and  boards  of  pine  wood  were 
numbered,  as  if  they  had  been  fashioned  previously  and  brought 
to  the  spot  all  ready  to  be  put  together.  The  first  portion  of  the 
structure  entered  was  a  kind  of  tent,  principally  constructed  of 
painted  canvass,  upon  which  in  various  places  the  imperial  arms 
was  painted.  Its  area  enclosed  a  space  of  nearly  forty  feet  square. 
Beyond  this  entrance  hall  was  an  inner  apartment  to  which  a 
carpeted  path  led.  The  ftoor  of  the  outer  room  was  generally  cov- 
ered with  white  cloth,  but  through  its  centre  passed  a  slip  of  red- 
colored  carpet,  which  showed  the  direction  to  the  interior  chamber. 
This  latter  was  entirely  carpeter  with  red  cloth,  and  was  the  state 
apartment  of  the  building  where  the  reception  was  to  take  place.  . 
Its  floor  was  somewhat  raised,  like  a  dais,  above  the  general  level, 
and  handsomely  adorned  for  the  occasion.  Violet-colored  hangings 
of  silk  and  fine  cotton,  with  the  imperial  coat-of-arms  embroidered 
in  white,  hung  from  the  walls  which  enclosed  the  inner  room,  on 
three  sides,  while  the  front  was  left  open  to  the  antechamber  or  outer 
room. 

As  the  Commodore  and  his  suite  ascended  to  the  reception  room, 
the  two  dignitaries  who  were  seated  on  the  left  arose  and  bowed, 
and  the  Commodore  and  suite  were  conducted  to  the  arm-chairs 
■vhich  had  been  provided  for  them  on  the  right.  The  interpreters 
announced  the  names  and  titles  of  the  high  Japanese  functionaries 
as  Toda-ldzu-no-kami,  Todu,  prince  of  Idzu,  and  Ido-lwamilnolkami, 
Ido,  prince  of  Iwami.  They  were  both  men  of  advanced  years,  the 
former  apparently  about  fifty,  and  the  latter  some  ten  or  fifteen 
years  older.  Prince  Toda  was  the  better-looking  man  of  the  two,  and 
the  intellectual  expression  of  his  large  forehead  and  amiable  look  of 
his  regular  features  contrasted  very  favorably  with  the  more  wrin- 
kled and  contracted  and  less  intelligent  face  of  his  associate,  the 
Prince  of  Iwami.  They  were  both  very  richly  dressed,  their  gar- 
ments being  heavily  silk  brocade  interwoven  with  elaborately 
wrought  figures  in  gold  and  silver. 

From   the   beginning,   the   two   princes   had   assumed   an   air   of 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  209 

statuesque  formality  which,  they  preserved  during  the  whole  in- 
terview, as  they  never  spoke  a  word,  and  rose  from  their  seats 
only  at  the  entrance  and  exit  of  the  Commodore,  when  they  made 
a  grave  and  formal  bow.  Yezaiman  and  his  interpreters  acted  as 
masters  of  ceremony  during  the  occasion.  On  entering,  they  took 
their  positions  at  the  upper  end  of  the  room,  kneeling  down  beside 
a  large  lacquered  box  of  scarlet  color,  supported  by  feet,  guilt  or  of 
brass. 

For  some  time  after  the  Commodore  and  his  suite  had  taken 
their  seats  there  was  a  pause  of  some  minutes,  not  a  word  being 
uttered  on  either  side.  Tatznoske,  the  principal  interpreter,  was 
the  first  to  break  silence,  which  he  did  by  asking  Mr.  Portman, 
the  Dutch  interpreter,  whether  the  letters  were  ready  for  delivery, 
and  stating  that  the  Prince  Toda  was  prepared  to  receive  them; 
and  that  the  scarlet  box  at  the  upper  end  of  the  room  was  pre- 
pared as  the  receptacle  for  them.  The  Commodore,  upon  this  being 
communicated  to  him,  beckoned  to  the  boys  who  stood  in  the  lower 
hall  to  advance,  when  they  immediately  obeyed  his  summons  and 
came  forward,  bearing  the  handsome  boxes  which  contained  the 
President's  letter  and  other  documents.  The  two  stalwart  negroes 
followed  immediately  in  the  rear  of  the  boys,  and,  marching  up  to 
the  scarlet  receptacle,  received  the  boxes  from  the  hands  of  the 
bearers,  opened  them,  took  out  the  letters,  and,  displaying  the  writ- 
ing and  seals,  laid  them  upon  the  lid  of  the  Japnese  box — all  in 
perfect  silence.  The  President's  letter,  the  Commodore's  letter  of 
credence,  and  two  commuuications  from  the  Commodore  to  the  Em- 
peror are  here  given.  A  third  letter  from  him  has  already  been 
presented  on  a  previous  page.  All  these,  however,  accompanied  the 
letter  from  the  President  and  were  delivered  at  the  same  time  with  it. 

Millard   Fillmore,   President  of  the   United   States   of  America,  to   His 
Imperial  Majesty,  the   Emperor  of  Japan. 

Great  and  Good  Friend".  I  send  you  this  public  letter  by  Com- 
modore Matthem  C.  Perry,  an  olhcer  of  the  highest  rank  in  the  navy 
of  the  United  States,  and  commander  of  the  squadron  now  visiting 
your  imperial  majesty's   dominions. 

I  have  directed  Commodore  Perry  to  assure  your  imperial  majes- 
ty that  I  entertain  the  kindest  feelings  toward  your  majesty's  person 
and  government,  and  that  I  have  no  other  object  in  sending  him  to 
Japan  but  to  propose  to  your  imperial  majesty  that  the  United  States 
and  Japan  should  live  in  friendship  and  have  commercial  intercourse 
with  each  other. 

The  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States  forbid  all  interfer- 
ence with  the  religious  or  political  concerns  of  other  nations.  I  have 
particularly   charged   Commodore   Perry      to   abstain  from  evefy  act 


210  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

which  could  possibly  disturb  the  tranquillity  of  your  imperial  majes- 
ty's  dominions. 

The  United  States  of  America  reach  from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  our 
Territory  of  Oregon  and  State  of  California  lie  directly  opposite  to  the 
dominions  of  your  imperial  majesty.  Our  steamships  can  go  from 
California  to  Japan  in  eighteen  days. 

Our  great  State  of  California  produces  about  sixty  millions  of 
dollars  in  gold  every  year,  besides  silver,  quicksilver,  precious  stones, 
and  many  other  valuable  articles,  Japan  is  also  a  rich  and  fertile 
country,  and  produces  many  \ery  valuable  articles.  Your  imperial 
majesty's  subjects  are  skilled  in  many  of  the  arts.  I  am  desirous  that 
our  two  countries  should  trade  with  each  other,  for  the  benefit  both  of 
Japan  and  the  United  States. 

We  know  that  the  ancient  laws  of  your  imperial  majesty's  govern- 
ment do  not  allow  of  foreign  trade,  except  with  the  Chinese  and  the 
Dutch;  but,  as  the  state  of  the  world  changes  and  new  governments 
are  formed,  it  seems  to  be  wise,  from  time  to  time,  to  make  new  laws. 
There  was  a  time  when  the  ancient  laws  of  your  imperial  majesty's 
government  were  first  made. 

Amout  the  same  time  America,  which  is  sometimes  called  the 
New  World,  was  first  discovered  and  settled  by  the  Europeans.  For 
a  long  time  there  were  but  a  few  people,  and  they  were  poor.  They 
have  now  become  quite  numerous;  their  commerce  is  very  extensive; 
and  they  think  that  if  your  imperial  majesty  were  so  far  to  change 
the  ancient  laws  as  to  allow  a  free  trade  between  the  two  countries 
it  would  be  extremely  beneficial  to  both. 

If  your  imperial  majesty  is  not  satisfied  that  it  would  be  safe  alto- 
gether to  abrogate  the  ancient  laws  which  forbid  foreign  trade,  they 
might  be  suspended  for  five  or  ten  years,  so  as  to  try  the  experiment, 
[f  it  does  not  prove  as  beneficial  as  was  hoped,  the  ancient  laws  can 
be  restored.  The  United  States  often  limit  their  treaties  with  foreign 
States  to  a  few  years,  and  then  renew  thm  or  not,  as  they  please. 

I  have  directed  Commodore  Perry  to  mention  another  thing  to 
your  imperial  majesty.  Many  of  our  ships  pass  every  year  from  Cali- 
fornia to  China;  and  great  numbers  of  our  people  pursue  the  whale 
fishery  near  the  shores  of  Japan,  It  sometimes  happens,  in  stormy 
weather,  that  one  of  our  ships  is  wrecked  on  your  imperial  majesty's 
shores.  In  all  such  cases  we  ask,  and  expect  our  unfortunate  people 
should  be  treated  with  kindness,  and  that  their  property  should  be 
protected  till  we  can  send  a  vessel  and  bring  them  away.  We  are 
very  much  in  earnest  in  this. 

Commodore  Perry  is  also  directed  by  me  to  represent  to  your  im- 
perial majesty  that  we  understand  there  is  a  great  abundance  of  coal 
and  provisions  in  the  Empire  of  Japan.  Our  steamships,  in  crossing 
the  great  ocean,  burn  a  great  deal  of  coal,  and  it  is  not  convenient  to 
bring  it  all  the  way  from  America.     We  wish  that  our  steamships  and 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  211 

other  vessels  should  be  allowed  to  stop  in  Japan  and  supply  them- 
selves with  coal,  provisions,  and  water.  They  will  pay  for  them  in 
money,  or  anything  else  your  imperial  majesty's  subjects  may  prefer; 
and  we  request  your  imperial  majesty  to  appoint  a  convenient  port,  in 
the  southern  part  of  the  Empire,  where  our  vessels  may  stop  for  this 
purpose.     We  are  very   desirous  of  this. 

These  are  the  only  objects  for  which  I  have  sent  Commodore 
Perry,  with  a  powerful  squadron,  to  pay  a  visit  to  your  imperial  ma- 
jesty's renowned  city  of  Yedo:  friendship,  commerce,  a  supply  of  coal 
and   provisions,   and    protection   for   our   shipwrecked   people. 

We  have  directed  Commodore  Perry  to  beg  your  imperial  ma- 
jesty's acceptance  of  a  few  presents.  They  are  of  no  great  value  in 
themselves;  but  some  of  them  may  serve  as  specimens  of  the  articles 
manufactured  in  the  United  States,  and  they  are  intended  as  tokens 
of  our  sincere  and  respectful  friendship. 

May  the  Almighty  have  your  imperial  majesty  in  His  great  and 
holy  keeping! 

In  witness  whereof,  I  have  caused  the  great  seal  of  the  United 
States  to  be  hereunto  affixed,  and  have  subscribed  the  same  with  my 
name,  at  the  City  of  Washington,  in  America,  the  seat  of  my  govern- 
ment, on  the  thirteenth  day  of  the  month  of  November,  in  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty- two. 

[Seal  attached.]  Your  good  friend, 

MILLARD  FILLMORE. 
By  the  President: 

EDWARD  EVERETT, 
Secretary  of  State. 


Commodore   Perry  to  the    Emperor. 

United  States  Steam  Frigate  Susquehanna, 
Off  the  Coast  of  Japan,  July  7,  1853. 

The  undersigned,  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  naval  forces  of  the 
United  States  of  America  stationed  in  the  East  India,  China,  and 
Japan  seas,  has  been  sent  by  his  government  to  this  country,  on  a 
friendly  mission,  with  ample  powers  to  negotiate  with  the  government 
of  Japan  touching  certain  matters  which  have  been  fully  set  forth  in 
the  letter  of  the  President  of  the  United  States,  copies  of  which,  to- 
gether with  copies  of  the  letter  of  credence  of  the  undersigned,  in  the 
English,  Dutch,  and  Chinese  languages,  are  herewith  transmitted. 

The  original  of  the  President's  letter,  and  of  the  letter  of  credence, 
prepared  in  a  manner  suited  to  the  exalted  station  of  your  imperial 
majesty,  will  be  presented  by  the  undersigned  in  person,  when  it  may 
please  your  majesty  to  appoint  a  day  for  his  reception. 

The  undersigned  has  been  commanded  to  state  that  the  President 


212  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

entertains  the  most  friendly  feelings  toward  Japan,  but  has  been  sur- 
prised and  grieved  to  learn  that  when  any  of  the  people  of  the  United 
States  go,  of  their  accord,  or  are  thrown  by  the  perils  of  the  sea,  within 
the  domains  of  your  imperial  majesty,  they  are  treated  as  if  they  were 
your  worst  enemies. 

The  undersigned  refers  to  the  cases  of  the  American  ships  Morri- 
son, Lagoda,  and  Lawrence. 

With  the  Americans,  as  indeed  with  all  Christian  people,  it  is 
considered  a  sacred  duty  to  receive  with  kindness,  and  to  succor  and 
protect  all,  of  whatever  nation,  who  may  be  cast  upon  their  shores, 
and  such  has  been  the  course  of  the  Americans  with  respect  to  all 
Japanese  subjects  who  have  fallen  under  their  protection. 

The  government  of  the  United  States  desires  to  obtain  from  that 
of  Japan  some  positive  assurance  that  persons  who  may  hereafter  be 
shipwrecked  on  the  coast  of  Japan,  or  driven  by  stress  of  weather 
into  her  ports,  shall  be  treated  with  humanity. 

The  undersigned  is  commanded  to  explain  to  the  Japanese  that 
the  United  States  are  connected  with  no  government  in  Europe,  and 
that  their  laws  do  not  interfere  with  the  religion  of  their  own  citizens, 
much  less  with  that  of  other  nations. 

That  they  inhabit  a  great  country  which  lies  directly  between  Ja- 
pan and  Europe,  and  which  was  discovered  by  the  nations  of  Europe 
about  the  same  time  that  Japan  herself  was  first  visited  by  Europeans; 
that  the  portion  of  the  American  continent  lying  nearest  to  Europe 
was  first  settled  by  emigrants  from  that  part  of  the  world;  that  its 
population  has  rapidly  spread  through  the  counrty,  until  it  has  reached 
the  shores  of  the  Pacific  Ocean;  that  we  have  now  large  cities,  from 
which,  with  the  aid  of  steam  vessels,  we  can  reach  Japan  in  eighteen 
or  twenty  days;  that  our  commerce  with  all  this  region  of  the  globe  is 
rapidly  increasing,  and  the  Japan  seas  will  soon  be  covered  with  our 
vessels. 

Therefore,  as  the  United  States  and  Japan  are  becoming  every 
day  nearer  and  nearer  to  each  other,  the  President  desires  to  live  in 
peace  andf  riendship  with  your  imperial  majesty,  but  no  frindship  can 
long  exist  unless  Japan  ceases  to  act  toward  Americans  as  if  they 
were  her  enemies. 

However  wise  this  policy  may  originally  have  been,  it  is  unwise 
and  impracticable  now  that  the  intercourse  between  the  two  countries 
is  so  much  more  easy  and  rapid  than  it  formerly  was. 

The  undersigned  holds  out  all  these  arguments  in  the  hope  that 
the  Japanese  government  will  see  the  necessity  of  averting  unfriendly 
collision  between  the  two  nations,  by  responding  favorably  to  the 
propositions  of  amity,  which  are  now  made  in  all  sincerity. 

Many  of  the  large  ships-of-war  destined  to  visit  Japan  have  not 
yet  arrived  in  these  seas,  though  they  are  hourly  expected;  and  the 
undersigned,  as  an  evidence  of  his  friendly   intentions,  has   brought 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  213 

but  four  of  the  smaller  ones,  designing,  should  it  become  necessary, 
to  return  to  Yedo  in  the  ensuing  spring  with  a  much  larger  force. 

But  it  is  expected  that  the  givernment  of  your  imperial  majesty 
will  render  such  return  unnecessary  by  acceding  at  once  to  the  very 
reasonable  and  pacific  overtures  contained  in  the  President's  letter, 
and  which  will  be  further  explained  by  the  undersigned  on  the  first 
fitting  occasion. 

With  the  most  profound  respect  for  your  imperial  majesty,  and 
entertaining  a  sincere  hope  that  you  may  long  live  to  enjoy  health 
and  happiness,  the  undersigned  subscribes  himself, 

M.  C.  PERRY, 

Commander-in-Chief  of  the  United  States  Naval  Forces 
in  the  East  India,  China,  and  Japan  Seas. 
To  His  Imperial  Majesty, 

the  Emperor  of  Japan. 


Commodore  Perry  to  the  Emperor. 

United  States  Steam  Frigate  Susquehanna, 
Uraga,  Yedo  Bay,  July  14,  1853. 

It  having  been  represented  to  the  undersigned  that  the  proposi- 
tions submitted  through  him  to  the  government  of  Japan  are  of  so 
much  importance,  and  involve  so  many  momentous  questions,  that 
much  time  will  be  required  to  deliberate  and  decide  upon  their  sev- 
eral bearings: 

The  undersigned,  in  consideration  thereof,  declares  himself  will- 
ing to  await  a  reply  to  these  propositions  until  his  return  to  Yedo 
Bay  in  the  ensuing  spring,  when  he  confidently  hopes  that  all  matters 
will  be  amicably  arranged,  and  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  two  nations. 

With  profound  respect, 

M.  C.  PERRY, 

Commander-in-Chief  of  the  United  States  Naval  Forces 
in  the  East  India,  China,  and  Japan  Seas. 
To  His  Imperial  Majesty, 

the  Emperor  of  Japan. 


Letter  of  Credence  to  Commodore  Perry. 

Millard  Fillmore,  President  of  the  United  States  of  America,  to  His 

Imperial  Majesty  the  Emperor  of  Japan: 

Reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the   integrity,  prudence 
and  ability  of  Matthew  C.  Perry,  a  captain  in  the  navy  of  the  United 


214  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

States,  I  have  invested  him  with  full  power,  for  and  in  the  name  of  the. 
said  United  States,  to  meet  and  confer  with  any  person  or  persons 
furnished  with  like  powers  on  the  part  of  your  imperial  majesty,  and 
with  him  or  them  to  negotiate,  conclude,  and  sign  a  convention  or  con- 
ventions, treaty  or  treaties,  of  and  concerning  the  friendship,  com- 
merce, and  navigation  of  the  two  countries;  and  all  matters  and 
subjects  connected  therewith  which  may  be  interesting  to  the  two 
nations,  submitting  the  same  to  the  President  of  he  United  States 
for  his  final  ratification,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States. 

In  testimony  whereof,  I  have  caused  the  seal  of  the  United  States 
to  be  hereunto  affixed. 

Given  under  my  hand,  at  the  City  of  Washington,  the  thirteenth 
day  of  November,  in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty- 
two,  and  of  the  independence  of  the  United  States  of  America  the 
seventy-seventh. 

MILLARD  FILLMORE. 

By  the  President: 

EWDARD  EVERETT, 
Secretary  of  State. 

[Seal  attached.] 

Accompanying  the  letters  were  translations  of  the  same  into  the 
Chinese  and  Dutch  languages.  After  the  documents  had  been  laid 
upon  the  lid  of  the  imperial  box,  made  as  their  receptacle,  Mr.  Port- 
man,  Dutch  interpreter,  by  the  Commodore's  direction,  indicated  to 
Tatznoske,  the  Japanese  interpreter,  the  characters  of  the  various 
documents,  upon  which  Tatznoske  and  Kayama  Yezaiman,  still  kneel- 
ing, both  bowed  their  heads.  The  latter,  now  rising,  approached  the 
Prince  of  Iwami,  and,  prostrating  himself  on  his  knees  before  him, 
received  from  his  hands  a  roll  of  papers,  with  which  he  crossed  over 
to  the  Commodore,  and,  again  falling  upon  his  knees,  delivered  it  to 
him.  The  Dutch  interpreter  now  asked  "what  those  papers  were,"  to 
which  it  was  answered,  "They  are  the  imperial  receipt."  The  trans- 
lation of  it  is  as  follows: 

Translation   of    Receipt   Given   by   tlie   Princes   of   Idzu    and    Iwami   to 
Commodore  Perry. 

The  letter  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  North  America, 
and  copy,  are  hereby  received  and  delivered  to  the  Emperor.  Many 
times  it  has  been  communicated  that  business  relating  to  foreign 
countries  cannot  be  transacted  here  in  Uraga,  but  in  Nagasaki.  Now 
it  has  been  observed  that  the  Admiral,  in  his  quality  of  ambassador  of 
the  President,  would  be  insulted  by  it;  the  justice  of  this  has  been 
acknowledged;  consequently,  the  above-mentioned  letter  is  hereby 
received,  in  opposition  to  the  Japanese  law. 

Because  the  place  is  not  designed  to  treat  of  anything  from  for- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  215 

eigners,  so  neither  can  conference  nor  entertainment  take  place.     The 
letter  being  received,  you  will  leave  here. 

[Here  follow  fac-similes  of  signatures  in  Japanese.] 
The  Ninth  of  the  Sixth  Month. 

The  above  is  a  literal  translation  from  the  Dutch,  in  which  lan- 
guage the  conferences  were  held,  and  into  whoch  the  receipt  of  the 
chief  counsellors,  the  princes  of  Idzu  and  Iwami,  was,  doubtless, 
badly  translated  from  the  Japanese  by  their   interpreter. 

The  following  would  probably  be  the  correct  translation:  — 

"The  letter  of  the  President  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  and  copy,  are  hereby  received,  and  will  be  delivered  to  the 
Emperor. 

"It  has  been  many  times  intimated  that  business  relating  to  for- 
eign countries  cannot  be  transacted  here  in  Uraga,  but  at  Nagasaki; 
nevertheless,  as  it  has  been  observed  that  the  Admiral,  in  his  quality 
of  ambassador  of  the  President,  would  feel  himself  insulted  by  a  re- 
fusal to  receive  the  letter  at  this  place,  the  justice  of  which  has  been 
acknowledged,  the  above-mentioned  letter  is  hereby  received,  in  op- 
position to  the  Japanese  law. 

"As  this  is  not  a  place  wherein  to  negotiate  with  foreigners,  so 
neither  can  conferences  nor  entertainments  be  held.  Therefore,  as 
the  letter  has  been  received,  you  can  depart." 

After  a  silence  of  some  few  minutes  the  Commodore  dircted  his 
interpreters  to  inform  the  Japanese  that  he  would  leave,  with  the 
squadron,  for  Lew  Chew  and  Canton  in  two  or  three  days,  and  to 
offer  to  the  government  his  services,  if  it  wished  to  send  any  des- 
patches to  those  places.  The  Commodore  also  stated  that  it  was  his 
intention  to  return  to  Japan  in  the  approaching  spring,  perhaps  in 
April  or  May.  ^Taznoske  then  asked  the  Dutch  interpreter  to  repeat 
what  he  had  said  about  the  Commodore's  leaving  and  returning, 
which  he  did,  using  the  same  words  as  before.  Then  the  question 
was  asked  "whether  the  Commodore  would  return  with  all  four  ves- 
sels." "All  of  them,"  asnwered  the  Commodore,  "and  probably  more, 
as  these  are  only  a  portion  of  the  squadron."  Allusion  had  been  made 
to  the  revolution  in  China,  and  the  interpreter  asked  its  cause,  without 
however,  translating  to  the  Japanese  princes,  to  which  the  Commo- 
dore dictated  the  reply  that  "it  was  on  account  of  the  government." 

Yezaiman  and  Tatznoske  now  bowed,  and,  rising  from  their  knees, 
drew  the  fastenings  around  the  scarlet  box,  and,  informing  the  Com- 
modore's interpreter  that  there  was  nothing  more  to  be  done,  passed 
out  of  the  apartment,  bowing  to  those  on  either  side  as  they  went. 
The  Commodore  now  rose  to  take  leave,  and,  as  he  departed,  the  two 
princes,  still  preserving  absolute  silence,  also  arose  and  stood  until 
the   strangers  had  passed  from  their  presence. 

The  Commodore  and  his  suite  were  detained  a  short  time  at -the 


216  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

entrance  of  the  building  waiting  for  their  barge,  whereupon  Yezaiman 
and  his  interpreter  returned,  and  asked  some  of  the  party  what  they 
were  waiting  for,  to  which  they  received  the  reply,  "For  the  Commo- 
dore's boat."  Nothing  further  was  said.  The  whole  interview  had 
not  occupied  more  than  from  twenty  to  thirty  minutes,  and  had  been 
conducted  with  the  greatest  formality,  though  with  the  most  perfect 
courtesy  in  every  respect. 

The  procession  re-formed  as  before,  and  the  Commodore  was 
escorted  to  his  barge,  and,  embarking,  was  rowed  off  toward  his  ship 
followed  by  the  other  American  and  the  two  Japanese  boats  which 
contained  the  governor  of  Uraga  and  his  attendants,  the  bands  mean- 
while playing  our  national  airs  with  great  spirit  as  the  boats  pulled 
off  to  the  ships.  While  there  was  some  little  delay  in  embarking  all 
the  party,  in  consekuence  of  the  smallness  of  the  landing  place,  which 
was  now  flanked  by  some  sixty  or  seventy  Japanese  government 
boats,  the  soldiers  took  occasion  to  crowd  in  from  various  parts  of  the 
shore,  either  to  satisfy  their  curiosity  or  to  show  a  more  formidable 
front;  and  it  must  be  confessed  that,  had  such  been  the  disposition  of 
the  Japanese,  there  would  have  been  no  difficulty,  with  their  large 
force,  in  completely  hemming  in  the  Americans. 

The  opening  of  Japan  to  commercial  relations  with  the  world  was 
effected  by  the  United  States;  and  the-  agent  of  our  government  in  this 
epoch-making  work  was  Commodore  Matthew  Calbraith  Perry,  a  chap- 
ter of  whose  official  report  is  herewith  published. 

Matthew  Calbraith  Perry  was  a  younger  brother  of  Oliver  Hazard 
Perry,  the  hero  of  the  battle  of  Lake  Erie.  He  was  born  in  Newport, 
R.  I.  (where  a  statue  of  him  stands  in  Touro  Park,  close  to  the  Old 
Mill),  April  10,  1794.  He  entered  the  navy  as  midshipman  in  1809, 
serving  under  his  brother  and  then  under  Commodore  John  Rodgers, 
and  taking  part  in  various  naval  engagements  during  the  War  of  1812, 
being  made  a  lieutenant  in  1813.  In  1819  he  convoyed  the  first 
colony  of  negroes  from  this  country  to  Africa;  and  he  selected  the 
site  of  the  future  Monrovia.  Throughout  his  life  he  was  a  diligent 
student  of  sanitation,  and  influential  in  important  reforms.  For  sev- 
eral years  he  was  engaged  in  protecting  American  commerce  from 
pirates  in  the  West  Indies  and  the  Mediterranean.  In  1829  he  took 
John  Randolph  as  envoy  to  the  czar  in  the  first  American  man-of-war 
to  enter  Russian  waters;  and  he  was  offered  high  rank  in  the  Russian 
navy  by  Nicholas,  but  declined.  After  farther  naval  exploits,  he  began 
in  1833  ten  years  of  shore  duty  as  master  commandant  at  the  Brook- 
lyn navy  yard;  and  the  important  results  in  navel  science  earned  for 
him  the  title  of  "a  chief  educator  of  the  United  States  navy."  He 
organized  the  Brooklyn  Naval  Lyceum,  helped  found  the  Naval  Maga- 
zine, tabulated  the  action  of  the  tides,  organized  the  first  steam  ser- 
vice, and  commanded  the  first  steam  war  vessel  of  our  navy.  He 
studied  the  problems  of  ordnance  and  armor  with  most  important  re- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  217 

suits,  introducing  constructive  changes  of  great  moment  in  our  navy. 
He  did  much  to  reform  the  light-house  service.  He  commanded  the 
squadron  sent  to  Africa  in  1843  to  enforce  the  Webster-Ashburton 
treaty;  and  in  the  Mexican  War  he  had  command  of  the  fleet  which 
co-operated  with  General  Scott,  successfully  bombarding  Vera  Cruz. 
But  his  chief  title  to  fame  lies  in  his  remarkably  wise  and  eflacient 
organization  and  command  of  the  expedition  to  Japan,  after  many  vain 
attempts  by  our  own  people  and  European  governments  to  establish 
trade  and  general  relations  with  that  hermit  nation.  He  succeeded 
in  delivering  the  President's  letter  on  July  14,  1853,  and  in  signing 
a  treatry  on  March  31,  1854;  and  this  brilliant  achievement  marked 
the  beginning  of  the  wonderful  new  life  of  Japan.  On  his  return  he 
wrote  the  report  of  the  expedition,  accompanied  by  many  scientific 
papers  by  other  writers,  with  a  preface  and  notes  by  Francis  L. 
Hawks;  and  this  monumental  work  in  three  great  volumes,  with  many 
illustrations,  was  published  by  the  government.  Commodore  Perry 
died  in  New  York,  March  4,  1858.  In  1903,  the  fiftieth  anniversary 
of  Perry's  landing  in  Japan,  ^  monument  in  honor  of  him  and  of  the 
event  was  erected  and  dedicated  at  the  place  of  the  landing  by  the 
Japanese  government  and  people.  There  is  an  admirable  popular  bio- 
graphy of  Perry  by  Rev.  William  Elliot  GriflBs;  and  this  reviews  in 
one  of  its  early  chapters  the  various  efforts  of  Europeans  to  secure 
foothold  in  Japan  and  the  particular  conditions  at  the  time  of  Commo- 
dore Perry's  historic  enterprise  which  resulted  in  a  success  so  brilliant 
and  so  fruitful  in  results  to  Japan,  to  the  United  States,  and  to  the 
world. 

The  passage  given  in  the  present  story  is  chapter  xiii.  of  the  ofli- 
cial  report  of  Perry's  expedition.  The  valuable  introduction  to  the 
report  contains  various  thorough  studies  of  the  history,  character,  and 
conditions  of  the  Japanese  people,  and  especially  of  the  past  relations 
of  the  empire  with  the  western  civilized  nations.  The  chapters  which 
follow  record  the  proposal  of  the  mission  to  Japan  to  the  United  States 
government  by  Commodore  Perry,  the  careful  preparations,  the  de- 
parture from  Norfolk,  the  incidents  of  the  voyage,  the  delay  in 
Chinese  waters,  the  arrival  on  the  Japanese  coast,  the  surprise  of  the 
people,  and  the  delicate  and  intricate  negotiations  with  the  local  gov- 
ernor, leading  to  the  taking  of  Commodore  Perry's  message  to  Yedo 
and  arrangements  for  his  reception  on  shore  by  high  officials  repre- 
senting the  Emperor.  Of  that  reception  the  chapter  here  printed  is 
the  record.  Commodore  Perry  immediately  after  it  returned  with  his 
squadron  to  Chinese  waters,  where  he  remained  until  the  next  Febru- 
ary (1854),  when,  returning  to  Japan,  he  was  cordially  received,  made 
an  exhibition  to  the  Japanese  of  the  telegraph  and  railroad,  of  agri- 
cultural implements  and  other  instruments  of  western  progress, 
which  were  greatly  admired,  and  succeeded  in  making  the  desired 
treaty,  which  was   soon  followed  by  similar  treaties  between  Japan 


218  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

and  other  nations.  The  text  of  the  treaty,  with  Commodore  Perry's 
own  comments  upon  its  character  and  significance,  is  given  in  chapter 
XX.  of  the  report.     His  final  words  are: 

"Japan  has  been  opened  to  the  nations  of  the  west,  and  it  is  not 
ti  be  believed  that,  having  once  effected  an  entrance,  the  enlightened 
powers  that  have  made  treaties  with  her  will  go  backward,  and  by  any 
indiscretion  lose  what,  after  so  many  unavailing  efforts  for  centuries, 
has  at  last  been  happily  attained.  It  belongs  to  these  nations  to  show 
Japan  that  her  interests  will  be  promoted  by  communication  with 
them;  and  as  prejudice  gradually  vanishes,  we  may  hope  to  see  the 
future  negotiation  of  commercial  treaties  more  and  more  liberal,  for 
the  benefit  not  of  ourselves  only,  but  of  all  the  maritime  powers  of 
Europe,  for  the  advancement  of  Japan,  and  for  the  upward  progress 
of  our  common  humanity.  It  would  be  a  reproach  to  Christendom 
now  to  force  Japan  to  relapse  into  her  cheerless  and  unprogressive 
state  of  unnatural  isolation.  She  is  the  youngest  sister  in  the  circle 
of  commercial  nations;  let  those  who  are  older  kindly  take  her  by 
the  hand,  and  aid  her  tottering  steps  ujitil  she  has  reached  a  vigor 
that  will  enable  her  to  walk  firmly  in  her  own  strength." 

CHAPTER  LVII. 
EXPLORERS. 

Christopher  Columbus  landed  on  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands, 
October  12,  1492.  John  Cabot,  in  the  service  of  Henry  VII.  of  England, 
made  the  mainland  of  America,  June  24,  1497.  Sebastian  Cabot  ex- 
plored the  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Cape  Hatteras,  1498.  Colum- 
bus first  landed  on  the  mainland  of  America,  August  1,  1498.  Denis, 
of  Hanfleur,  explored  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  1506.  Waldseemuller, 
a  German  professor  of  geography,  proposed  "America"  for  the  name 
of  the  new  world,  in  1507.  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa  planted  the  first 
European  settlement  on  the  Isthmus  of  Darien  in  1510.  Juan  Ponce 
de  Leon  found  and  named  Florida,  Easter  Sunday,  1512.  Francisco 
F.  De  Cordova  reached  Mexico  in  1517.  Baron  de  Lery  attempted  a 
settlement  on  Sable  Island  in  1518.  Fernando  Cortez,  with  eleven 
vessels  and  600  men,  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico,  in  1519.  Magellan 
found  and  named  Magellan  Strait  in  1520.  Cortez  entered  the  city 
of  Mexico  in  1521.  John  Verrazano,  employed  by  Francis  I.,  of  France, 
explored  the  east  coast  from  Carolina  to  Newfoundland  in  1524. 
Cabeza  de  Vaca  found  a  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  in  1528.  Jacques 
Cartier  went  up  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Hochelaga  (Montreal),  returned 
to  Stadacona  (Quebec),  in  1535,  and,  in  the  spring,  returned  to  France. 
De  Sota  landed  at  Tampa  Bay,  Florida,  in  1539.  De  Sota  discovered 
the  Mississippi  in  1541.  De  Sota  dying  of  a  fever,  his  followers  sank 
his  body  in  the  Mississippi  in  1542.  Jean  Ribaut  of  Dieppe,  built  a 
fort,   Charlesfort,   near  Hilton   Head,   and,   putting  thirty   men   in  it. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  219 

returned  to  France  in  1562.  Rene  de  Laudonniere  brought  a  colony 
of  Huguenots  to  Florida,  and  built  Fort  Caroline,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  John's  in  1564.  Jean  Ribaut  brought  succors  to  the  half-starved 
occupants  of  Fort  Caroline,  August  29,  1565.  Pedro  Menendez  founded 
St.  Augustine,  Florida,  September  5,  1565.  Menendez  surprised  Fort 
Caroline,  Ribaut  being  absent,  and  butchered  142  people  September 
20,  1565.  Dominique  de  Gourges  took  Fort  Caroline  and  wreaked  full 
vengeance  upon  the  Spaniards  in  1568.  Sir  Francis  Drake  sailed  up 
the  west  coast  to  Oregon,  in  1578.  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  took  posses- 
sion of  Newfoundland  in  1583.  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  sent  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  landed  settlers  on  Roanoke  Island  in  1585.  Birth  of 
Virginia  Dare,  on  Roanoke  Island,  the  first  white  child  born  in 
America  August  18,  1587.  The  marquis  de  La  Roche  landed  forty 
convicts  on  Sable  Island  in  1598.  Bartholomew  Gosnold  entered 
Massachusetts  Bay  in  1602.  De  Monts  established  a  French  colony  at 
Port  Royal  (Annapolis,  N.  S.),  in  1605.  James  I.,  of  England,  gave 
North  Virginia  the  territory  between  41  and  45  degrees,  to  the  Ply- 
mouth Company;  and  South  Virginia,  the  territory  between  34  and 
38  degrees  to  the  London  Company,  April  10,  1606. 

1607.  The  "Susan-Constant,"  Captain  Christopher  Newport,  the 
"God  Speed,"  Captain  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  and  the  "Discovery," 
Captain  Jno.  Ratcliffe,  landed  105  colonists  on  St.  James  River,  Va., 
May  13,  who  founded  Jamestown;  they  built  a  church,  a  log  one, 
"covered  with  rafts,  sedge,  and  dirt,"  Mr.  Hunt  being  the  clergyman. 
In  July  an  epidemic  killed  half  of  them.  Geo.  Popham  landed  100 
settlers  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kennebec,  August  21,  St.  George.  Cap- 
tain Smith  fell  into  the  hands  of  Powhatan;  Pocahontas  saved  his  life. 

1608.  Smith  returned  to  Jamestown  January  8.  Pocahontas 
brought  food  to  settlers  at  Jamestown.  Settlers  of  St.  George,  Popham 
having  died,  returned  to  England.  .Jamestown  destroyed  by  fire. 
Champlain  founded  Quebec.  Capt.  Smith  explored  the  Chesapeake. 
Master  John  Laydon  and  mistress  Forrest  married  at  Jamestown,  first 
English  marriage  in  America. 

1609.  London  Company  got  a  new  charter,  May  23,  enlarging 
the  Virginia  colony.  Thos  Gates  and  Sir  Geo.  Somers,  with  nine  ships 
for  Virginia,  encountered  a  great  storm  August  3.  Champlain  dis- 
covered Lake  Champlain  July  30.  Henry  Hudson  ascended  the  Hud- 
son and  reached  the  site  of  Albany  September  19,  calling  the  district 
New  Netherland.     Capt.   Smith  returned  to  England. 

1610.  The  "starving  time"  at  Jamestown.  Gates,  Somers  and 
Newport,  who  had  been  wrecked  on  the  "Sea  Vulture,"  arrived  at 
•Jamestown  June  2.  Lord  Delaware  opportunely  arrived  with  succor 
for  the  settlers,  who  were  on  the  point  of  leaving  Jamestown.  In 
Virginia  Lord  Delaware  fixed  the  hours  of  labor  from  six  to  ten  A.  M., 
and  from  two  to  four  P.   M. 


220  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1611.  Lord  Delaware,  seized  with  ague,  left  Jamestown  for  Eng- 
land. Sir  Thos.  Dale  brought  300  immigrants  to  Jamestown;  so  far 
the  land  had  been  worked  in  common,  now  a  few  acres  were  assigned 
to  every  man.  Sir  Thos.  Dale  founded  a  new  "city,"  "City  of  Henri- 
cus." 

1612.  The  London  Company  got  a  new  charter,  the  third  one, 
which  added  Bermuda  to  Virginia.  Capt.  Samuel  Argall  took  Poca- 
hontas prisoner,  intending  to  hold  her  as  an  hostage  for  Powhatan's 
good  behavior.  Capt.  John  Smith  drew  a  map  of  Virginia.  John 
Rolfe  tried  the  culture  of  tobacco  in  Virginia. 

1613.  Sir  Thos.  Dale  instructed  Pocahontas  in  Christianity;  she 
was  baptized  "Rebecca,"  and  in  April  she  was  married  to  John  Rolfe, 
in  the  church  at  Jamestown,  by  Rev.  Alex.  Whitaker,  "Apostle  of  Vir- 
ginia." Capt.  Argall  took  Port  Royal,  and  conquered  Acadia.  Adrian 
Block's  ship  having  been  burnt,  he  and  his  crew  built  huts  on  Bowling 
Green,  and  began  to  build  the  "Restless,"  the  first  vessel  built  at 
New  York. 

1614.  The  Dutch  established  a  trading  post  on  Manhattan  Is- 
land, New  Amsterdam.  Adrian  Block  explored  the  Connecticut  River 
to  Hartford.  Capt.  John  Smith  explored  the  shore  northeast  of  the 
Hudson,  and  called  the  country  New  England. 

-  1615.  Sir  Thos.  Dale  induced  the  London  Company  to  grant  50 
acres  of  land  to  every  settler  in  Virginia.  Champlain  crossed  Lake 
Ontario,  with  Hurons,  and  assisted  in  an  assault  on  an  Onondaga 
town. 

1616.  John  Rolfe  and  his  wife  "Lady  Rebecca,"  went  to  England. 
Gov.  Yeardley,  successor  of  Dale,  began  the  regular  cultivation  of 
tobacco  in  Virginia. 

1617.  Pocahontas  died  in  England,  March  21.  Argall  succeeded 
Yeardley  as  governor  of  Virginia.  The  Dutch  settled  at  Bergan,  N.  J. 
The  Dutch  erected  a  fortified  trading  house  at  Norman's  Kill,  two 
miles  below  Albany,  N.  Y. 

1619.  Sir  Geo.  Yeardley  again  came  to  Virginia  as  governor- 
general,  and  July  30,  he  called  together  two  representatives  from  each 
of  the  11  plantations  in  Virginia,  forming  the  first  legislative  body  in 
the  United  States.  Now  a  settler  in  Virginia  could  get  100  acres  of 
choice  land  for  $63.00.  In  August  a  Dutch  ship  sold  20  negroes  in 
Jamestown,  beginning  negro  slavery  in  the  United  States.  Virginia 
sent  20,000  pounds  of  tobacco  to  England. 

1620.  Sir  Ed.  Sandys  sent  1,261  settlers  to  Jamestown,  including 
90  young  women,  "pure  and  uncorrupt;"  they  were  sold  to  planters 
for  wives,  the  price  of  a  wife  being  from  120  lbs.  to  150  lbs.  of  tobac- 
co. "Council  established  at  Plymouth,  in  Devon,  for  the  planting, 
ruling,  ordering,  and  governing  of  New  England,  in  America,"  Nov. 
3.     The  "Mayflower,"  carrying  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  entered  Cape  Cod 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  221 

Bay,  November  21.  They  landed  on  Plymouth  Rock,  December  21, 
John  Carver,  governor.  Birth  of  Peregrine  White,  December  21,  first 
Englishman  born   in  New  England. 

1621.  Samoset,  a  Wampanoag  chief,  greeted  the  Pilgrim  Fathers 
with  "Welcome,  Englishmen,"  March  26.  Massasoit  made  a  treaty 
with  Governor  Carver  April  1.  Master  Ed.  Winslow  married  Mistress 
Susanna  White,  widow,  at  Plymouth,  May  12,  first  English  marriage 
in  New  England.  Dutch  West  India  Co.  incorporated  June  8.  Governor 
Carver  died,  Wm.  Bradford  being  his  successor.  Sir  Francis  Wyatt 
came  to  Virginia  as  Governor,  and  brought  a  written  charter,  giving 
Virginia  free   government;    it  was  the  first  in  America. 

1622.  The  people  of  Plymouth  built  a  little  fort,  which  was  also 
their  first  church.  Opechancanough,  successor  of  Powhatan,  murdered 
347  Virginia  settlers  March  22.  Sir  Fernando  Gorges  and  Capt.  John 
Mason  obtained  a  grant  of  land  from  the  Merrimac  to  the  Kennebec 
August  20,  which  they  called  Laconia.  Canonicus,  chief  of  the  Nar- 
ragansetts,  sent  a  bundle  of  arrows  to  the  Plymouth  colony;  Gov. 
Bradford  returned  a  parcel  of  powder  and  ball. 

1623.  The  West  India  Company  sent  their  first  ship,  the  "Unity," 
laden  with  immigrants,  to  New  Netherland.  The  "New  Netherland" 
brought  30  families  to  Manhattan  Island,  Cornelius  Jacobsen  May  be- 
ing the  first  director.  The  Dutch  built  Fort  Orange  (Albany).  Rev. 
Wm.  Blaxton  settled  at  Trimountaine    (Boston.) 

1624.  The  London  Company  forfeited  its  charter,  and  Virginia 
became  a  royal  province.  First  neat  cattle  and  swine  brought  to 
New  England.  The  Burgesses  of  Virginia  declared  that  the  governor 
shall  not  tax  the  colony  "otherway  than  by  the  authority  of  the  gen- 
eral assembly."  Ed.  Sharpless,  clerk  of  the  Virginia  council,  was  put 
in  the  pillory  and  had  his  ears  cropped  for  disobeying  the  assembly. 
Plymouth  colony  freighted  a  180  tons  ship  with  cured  fish. 

1625.  The  English  made  a  permanent  settlement  at  Pemaquid, 
Maine.  Charles  I.  was  proclaimed  king  of  England  March  27.  The 
first  white  child  born  in  New  Netherland,  was  Sarah  Rapelje,  June  7. 
Wm.  Verhulst,  director  of  New  Netherland. 

1626.  Peter  Minuit  director-general  of  New  Netherland;  he  pur- 
chased Manhattan  Island  of  the  Indians  for  $24.00,  and  built  Fort 
Amsterdam.  The  colonists  of  Virginia  "established  a  bead  factory 
as  a  mint  for  the  coinage  of  a  current  medium  of  commerce  with  the 
Indians."  The  "Arms  of  Amsterdam"  left  Manhattan  September  23, 
for  Holland,  laden  with  7,246  beaver  skins,  675  otter  skins,  48  minx, 
and  36  wild  cat. 

1628.  Jonas  Michaelius  organized  the  first  Reformed  Dutch 
Church  in  New  Amsterdam,  and  erected  the  first  building  (church). 
John  Endicott  began  a  colony  at  Salem,  Mass.  Charles  I.  tried  to  con- 
tract for  the  whole  tobacco  crop  in  Virginia.     Mr.  Skelton  was  chosen 


222  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

pastor,  and  Mr.  Higgonson  teacher,  for  a  church  at  Massachusetts 
Bay,  July  20.  Virginia  exported  500,000  lbs.  of  tobacco.  The  Ply- 
mouth colony  gave  20  acres  of  land  to  every  one  in  each  family. 

1629.  Mr.  Ralph  Smith  was  installed  first  regular  pastor  at  Ply- 
mouth. The  Salem  colony  obtained  a  charter  from  the  king,  March 
14,  and  incorporatioji  as  "The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  in  New  England."  Champlain  surrendered  Canada  to 
David  Kirke.  Mason  got  from  Gorges  full  ownership  of  the  district 
between  the  Merrimac  and  the  Piscataqua,  Nov.  17,  calling  it  New 
Hampshire. 

1630.  Thos.  Tindall,  of  Virginia,  was  sent  to  the  pillory  for  two 
hours  for  "giving  my  Lord  Baltimore  the  lie  and  threatening  to  knock 
him  down."  Earl  of  Warwick  obtained  Connecticut.  John  Winthrop 
arrived  at  Salem,  Mass.,  June  12.  Kiliaen  Van  Rensselaer  purchased 
a  tract  of  land  near  Albany,  N.  Y.,  August  13.  John  Winthrop  settled 
Trimountain.  Trimountain  named  Boston  September  27.  First 
General  Court  met  at  Boston  October  19. 

1631.  The  Earl  of  Warwick  transferred  Connecticut  to  Lord  Say- 
an d-Seal,  Lord  Brooke,  and  others,  March  29.  Roger  Williams  came 
to  New  England.  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  settled.  Winthrop  built  the 
"Blessing  of  the  Bay,"  on  Mystic  River.  The  "New  Netherland,"  a 
ship  of  800  tons,  built  at  Manhattan.  John  Endicott  of  Salem,  fined 
40   shillings  for  "assault  and   battery." 

1632.  A  ship  laden  with  corn  from  Virginia  sailed  into  Boston. 
Charles  I.  gave  a  charter  of  Maryland  to  Cecil  Calvert  (Lord  Balti- 
more), June  20.  First  meeting  house  built  in  Boston.  By  the  treaty 
of  St.  Germain-en-Laye,  France  recovered  Canada.  John  Eliot,  "the 
Apostle  of  the  Indians  of  North  America,"  settled  at  Roxbury,  Mass. 

1633.  The  Dutch  built  a  fort  at  Hartford,  Conn.  Wouter  Van 
Twiller  governor  of  New  Netherland.  John  Cotton  came  to  Boston. 
Rev.  Everardus  Bogardus  and  Adam  Roelandsen,  the  first  clergyman 
and  the  first  schoolmaster  in  New  York,  came  to  New  Amsterdam. 
The  "William,"  a  London  ship,  began  to  trade  on  the  Hudson,  but 
the  Dutch  drove  her  to  sea.  Captain  Holmes,  in  defiance  of  the 
Dutch,    built   a    trading   house    at   Windsor. 

1634.  Leonard  Calvert  brought  settlers  to  Maryland,  and  founded 
St.  Mary.  Father  White  turned  an  Indian's  wigwam  into  the  first 
English  Catholic  church  in  America.  Calvert  drove  Wm.  Clayborne 
from  Kent  Island.  Benj.  Sym  founded  a  free  school  in  Virginia.  In 
Boston,  Sam  Cole  opened  the  first  public  house,  and  John  Cogan  open- 
ed the  first  shop;   Thursday  was  market  day  in  Boston. 

1635.  First  legislative  assembly  of  Maryland  met  at  St.  Mary 
March  8.  Boston  Latin  school  founded,  with  Philemon  Purmount 
as  master.  Richard  Mather  came  to  New  England.  The  Virginians 
deposed  their  governor,  Sir  John  Harvey,  April  -28,    A  Dutch  vessel 


HISTORY  OP  iOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  223 

from  the  West  Indies  arrived  at  Marblehead,  Mass.  Sixty  men,  wo- 
iiKE  and  children,  from  the  Puritan  settlements,  settled  at  Windsor, 
Hartford,  and  Weathersfield,  Conn. 

1636.  Roger  Williams,  banished  from  Massachusetts,  went  to 
Nsirragansett  Bay  and  began  the  settlement  of  Providence.  First  coiirt 
in  Connecticut  held  at  Hartford  April  26.  First  American  ship  went 
to  West  Indies.  Rev.  Thos.  Hooker,  with  100  men,  women  and  chil- 
dien,  after  a  toilsome  journey  to  "the  West,"  reached  the  Connecticut 
River.  General  court  of  Massachusetts,  October  28,  agreed  to  give 
$2,000  towards  a  college.  The  Pequods  began  a  war  with  the  Connecti- 
c.it   settlers. 

1637.  Wm.  Kieft  made  director  of  New  Netherland.  Captain  J. 
Mason,  of  Connecticut,  nearly  destroyed  the  Pequods.  The  first  Synod 
in   America  met  at  Newtowne,   Mass.,  August  30. 

1638.  Peter  minuit  established  a  colony  of  Swedes  and  Finns  on 
Delaware  Bay.  Orloff  S.  Van  Cortland  arrived  at  New  Amsterdam 
March  28.  Rev.  Jno.  Davenport,  Mr.  Prudden,  and  Theoph.  and  Sam. 
Eaton,  with  300  settlers,  began  New  Haven.  Newtowne,  Mass.  be- 
came Cambridge.  Rev.  Jno.  Harvard  left  half  his  property  and  all  his 
books  to  the  College  at  Cambridge,  which  became  "Harvard."  Ne- 
groes brought  to  New  England  for  slaves. 

1639.  The  settlers  of  Windsor,  Hartford,  and  Weathersfield, 
framed  the  Hartford  Constitution,  January  14,  written  by  Rev.  John 
Hooker,  the  first  written  constitution  in  America,  made  "by  the  people 
for  the  people."  Roger  Williams  founded  the  first  Baptist  church  in 
America  at  Providence.  Printing  press  set  up  at  Cambridge,  Mass., 
an  almanac  being  the  first  book  printed  in  America.  Thomas  Belcher 
took  up  a  tract  of  land  on  the  site  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  The  court  of 
Massachusetts  named  Richard  Fairbanks,  of  Boston,  postman. 

1640.  Indians  ravaged  Staten  Island.  Wm.  Kieft  built  at  Staten 
Island  the  first  brewery  in  the  United  States.  John  Haynes  first 
governor  of  Connecticut.  Haverhill,  Mass.,  settled.  In  Massachusetts 
musket  balls  at  a  farthing  each  were  made  a  legal  tender  to  amount 
of  one  shilling. 

1641.  "A  fine  stone  tavern"  was  built  at  New  Amsterdam.  New 
Hampshire  united  to  Massachusetts.  The  people  of  New  Amsterdam, 
dissatisfied  with  Kieft's  rule,  chose  "twelve  select  men"  to  act  for 
them,  August  29,  the  first  representative  assembly  on  Manhattan 
Island.     John  Endicott  made  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

1642.  A  band  of  Iroquois  captured  Isaac  Jogues  and  two  young 
Frenchmen  on  Lake  St.  Peter,  and  brought  them  prisoners  up  to  Rich- 
elieu, Lake  Champlain,  into  Lake  George, — now  first  seen  by  white 
men,  which  Jogues  afterwards  called  Lac  St.  Sacrement, — and  across 
the  wilderness  to  the  Mohawk  towns.  The  Bostonians  sent  a  supply 
of  "pastors"  to  Virginia.     Sir  Wm.  Berkeley  made  governor  of  Vir- 


224  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ginia.     Three  ships  were  built  at  Boston,  one  at  Dorchester,  and  one 
at  Salem. 

1643.  Colonies  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Plymouth  and 
New  Haven,  confederated  and  became  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England,  May  29.  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  began  an  iron-works  at  Brain- 
tree,  Mass.  Kieft  massacred  the  Hackensacks.  Mrs.  Hutchinson 
murdered  by  Indians.  The  Virginia  assembly  decreed  that  only  Epis- 
copalians could  preach,  and  that  non-conformists  depart  from  the 
colony. 

1644.  Virginia  Indians,  under  Opechancanough,  massacred  300 
settlers  in  Virginia,  April  18.  Roger  Williams  went  to  England,  and 
obtained  a  charter,  which  united  the  settlements  of  Providence  and 
Rhode  Island,  forming  the  state  of  Rhode  Island, 

1646.  Massachusetts  passed  a  law,  that  whoever  might  kiss  a 
woman  in  the  street  should  be  flogged.  Connecticut  passed  a  law, 
which  forbade  anyone  under  twenty-one  to  use  tobacco,  and  all  adult 
users  of  it  were  limited  to  one  smoke  a  day,  "ten  miles  from  any 
company,"  the  penalty  being  sixpence  for  each  offence.  The  town 
of  Breuckelen  (Brooklyn)  organized  a  municipal  government.  Father 
Isaac  Jogues  murdered  by  an  Iroquois  October  18. 

1647.  Peter  Stuyvesant,  "Old  Silverleg,"  made  governor  of  New 
Amsterdam  May  27.  The  General  Assembly  of  Rhode  Island  declared 
that  "all  men  might  walk  as  their  consciences  persuaded  them,  without 
molesting  anyone  in  the  name  of  his  God."  Massachusetts  passed  a 
law  requiring  every  township  of  fifty  householders  to  have  a  school 
house  and  a  teacher. 

1649.  Charles  I.  beheaded  January  30.  "Toleration  Act"  passed 
in  Maryland,  May  1,  making  the  colony  an  asylum  for  persecuted 
Christians  of  every  denomination.  Three  hundred  and  thirty  Cava- 
liers came  to  Virginia.  The  Burgesses  of  Virginia  declared  the  execu- 
tion of  Charles  I.  treason. 

1650.  Population  of  Virginia,  15,000.  Harvard  College  was  char- 
tered May  31.  Peter  Stuyvesant  went  to  Hartford  and  made  a  treaty 
with  the  New  Englanders,  giving  up  his  claim  to  Connecticut  and  re- 
ceiving half  of  Long  Island.  The  Long  parliament  forbade 
trade  with  Virginia  and  the  West  Indies.  Gabriel  Druilletes  came 
from  Canada  to  Boston,  and  conferred  with  Winslow,  Dudley,  Brad- 
ford, and  Sliot,  concerning  reciprocity  of  trade.  The  Iroquois  subdued 
the  Delawares. 

1651.  England  passed  Navigation  Act,  declaring  that  English 
(?olonies  should  trade  only  with  England  "in  English  ships  manned  by 
Englishmen."  A  mint  was  established  in  Boston,  the  first  in  America, 
to  coin  shillings,  sixpences,  and  threepences,  with  a  pine  tree  on  one 
side  and  "New  England"  on  the  other.  Druilletes  made  another  fruit- 
less visit  to  New  England,  to  effect   reciprocity  of  trade.     Governor 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  225 

Stuyvesant  built  Fort  Casimir,  at  Newcastle,  Delaware. 

1652.  The  Long  parliament's  ships  came  to  Jamestown,  and 
demanded  the  surrender  of  the  colony;  and  "to  prevent  the  ruin 
and  destruction  of  the  plantation,"  Berkeley  submitted  and  retired  to 
private  life.  The  Burgesses  of  Virginia,  April  30,  voted  Mr.  Richard 
Bennett   governor.     Maine   united   to   Massachusetts. 

1653.  Peter  Stuyvesant  proclaimed  New  Amsterdam  a  city,  Feb- 
ruary 2,  and  Cornells  Tienhoven,  "schout."  Roger  Green  settled  Pres- 
byterians on  the  Chowan  River,  North  Carolina.  John  Eliot  published 
a  catechism,  the  first  book  printed  in  Indian.  Oliver  Cromwell  Pro- 
tector, December  16.     Cromwell. 

1654.  Governor  Stone,  of  Maryland,  was  defeated  by  Clayborne, 
at  Severn,  near  Annapolis,  March  25.  The  Jesuit,  Le  Moyne,  visited 
Onondaga.  The  Protestants,  gaining  the  ascendancy  in  Maryland,  dis- 
franchised the  Catholics,  and  declared  them  not  entitled  to  the  pro- 
tection of  the  law.  Major  Sedgwick,  with  a  Boston  force,  took  Port 
Royal,  N.  S. 

1655.  Civil  war  in  Maryland.  The  Jesuits,  Chaumonot  and  Dablon, 
established  the  mission  of  St.  Mary's  of  Ganentaa,  at  Onondaga.  The 
Iroquois  subjugated  the  Eries.  The  Burgesses  of  Virginia  voted  Ed- 
ward Digges,  governor.     Stuyvesant  conquered  New  Sweden. 

1656;  Father  Le  Mercier  brought  a  colony  of  fifty  Frenchmen  to 
Onondaga.  Two  Quakeresses,  Mary  Fisher  and  Ann  Austin,  came  to 
Boston;  they  were  lodged  in  jail  for  a  time,  and  then  shipped  off. 
Population  of  New  Amsterdam,  1,000.  The  Burgesses  of  Virginia 
voted   Samuel   Matthews,  governor. 

1657.  New  England  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the  entrance  of 
Quakers.  A  council  in  Boston  sanctioned  the  Halfway  Covenant,  that 
baptism  without  communion  confers  political  rights-.  John  Washing- 
ton and  Lawrence  Washington,  brothers,  the  former  being  the  grand- 
father of  George  Washington,  came  from  Northamptonshire,  England, 
and  settled  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Potomac. 

1658.  Massachusetts  decreed  death  to  all  Quakers  returning  after 
banishment.  Le  Mercier  and  his  colonists  escaped  from  Onondaga. 
The  Burgesses  of  Virginia  refused  the  governor  a  seat  in  the  As- 
sembly; he  dissolved  the  House  and  threatened  to  appeal  to  Cromwell; 
they  deposed  him,  and,  to  show  their  independence,  re-voted  him  gov- 
ernor. 

1660.  Charles  II.  made  king  of  England,  April  25.  England  re- 
enacted  the  Navigation  Act,  making  its  terms  still  more  objectionable. 
The  regicides,  Ed.  Whalley  and  Wm.  Goffe,  came  to  Boston  July  27. 
Mass.  forbade  Christmas  celebration;  penalty  5s.  Mary  Dyer  was 
hung  in  Boston,  for  returning  after  banishment.  Domine  Henry 
Selyus,  first  settled  clergyman  in  Brooklyn.     Charles  II.  ^ 

1661.  John  Eliot  translated  the  New  Testament  into  Indian  (Mo- 


226  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

hegan)  and  printed  it.     Arendt  van  Curler,  called  by  the  Indians,  "Cor- 
laer,"  bought  the  "Great  Flats,"  Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

1662.  Charles  II.  gave  "The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  Eng- 
lish Colony  of  Connecticut  in  New  England"  a  charter,  May  10,  con- 
firming the  popular  constitution. 

1663.  John  Eliot  published  the  Bible  in  Indian;  it  was  the  first 
Bible  printed  in  America.  The  Chowan  River  settlement,  N.  C,  be- 
came Albermarle  County  Colony,  and  Rev.  Wm.  Drummond  was  made 
first  governor.  John  Clarke  got  a  charter  for  Rhode  Island,  from 
Charles  II.  July  8.  "Oliverian  Plot"  in  Virginia;  indentured  servants 
conspired  "to  anticipate   the  period  of  their  freedom." 

1664.  Charles  II.  gave  New  Netherland  to  his  brother  James,  the 
Duke  of  York,  Mar<?h  22.  Thos.  Gould  organized  a  Baptist  church  in 
Boston.  English  church  service  first  celebrated  in  Boston.  The  Duke 
of  York  conveyed  what  is  now  New  Jersey  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir 
Geo.  Carteret.  The  English,  under  Sir  Richard  Nichols,  took  New 
Amsterdam,  September  8,  which  became  New  York. 

1665.  Governor  Nichols  gave  New  York  City  its  first  charter,  and 
named  Thos.  Willett  mayor.  Philip  Carteret  was  made  first  governor 
of  New  Jersey,  and  Elizabethtown  was  made  the  capital. 

1666.  De  Courcelle,  governor  of  Canada,  penetrated  to  the  Mo- 
hawk country.  First  church  erected  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.  Viceroy 
Tracey  and  De  Courcelle,  from  Canada,  devastated  the  Mohawk  coun- 
try. 

1667.  Father  Jacques  Bruyas  established  the  mission  of  St. 
Francis  Xavier  among  the  Oneidas.  Father  Fremin  established  the 
mission  of  St.  Mary  of  the  Mohawks.  By  the  treaty  of  Breda,  France 
recovered  Acadia. 

1669.  Claude  Alloucz  founded  a  mission  at  Green  Bay.  Iroquois 
Christians  began  the  mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier  opposite  Montreal. 
La  Salle  and  Dollier  de  Casson  visited  the  Senecas.  La  Salle  is  sup- 
posed to  have  found  the  Mississippi.     Hudson  Bay  Company  chartered. 

1670.  King  Philip  became  unfriendly  to  the  English.  Dollier  de 
Casson  landed  on  site  of  Detroit.  John  Locke  and  Shaftesbury  drafted 
a  constitution  for  Carolina,  "The  Grand  Model,"  giving  all  powers  to 
a  privileged  class.  Huguenots,  under  Wm.  Sayle,  settled  on  the  west 
bank  of  Ashley  River,  in  Carolina.  Nicholas  Perrot  at  Green  Bay. 
Elective  franchise  in  Virginia  restricted  to  "freeholders  and  house- 
holders."    "Rev."  first  used  in  New  England. 

1671.  St.  Lusson,  Joliet,  and  Nicolas  Perrot,  at  Sault  Ste  Marie, 
declared  the  entire  west  a  French  possession.  Gov.  Berkeley  of  Vir- 
ginia, said  "I  thank  God  there  are  no  free  schools  nor  printing,  and 
I  hope  we  shall  not  have  them  these  hundred  years." 

1673.  Joliet  and  Marquette  discovered  the  Mississippi,  Missouri 
and  Arkansas.     The  Dutch  retook  New  Amsterdam  August  9,  and  An- 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  227 

thony  Colve  became  governor.  Charles  II.  gave  Virginia  to  the  Earl 
of  Arlington  and  Lord  Culpepper  for  thirty-one  years,  the  land  of  set- 
tlers held  by  valid  title  alone  being  excepted. 

1674.  By  treaty  New  Netherland  reverted  to  England;  Governor 
Colve  bid  farewell  to  New  Amsterdam,  November  9,  and  Edmund  An- 
dros  became  governor  of  New  York. 

1675.  King  Philip,  sachem  of  the  Wampanoags,  began  a  terrible 
war  with  the  colonists  of  New  England.  Jacques  Marquette  died  on 
the  west  shore  of  Michigan,  May  20.  Captain  Winslow,  with  1,000 
men,  punished  the  Narragansetts  terribly. 

1676.  Captain  Church  finished  the  career  of  King  Philip  at  Mount 
Hope,  Rhode  Island,  August  12.  Restriction  of  suffrage,  tyrannical 
trade  laws,  the  grant  to  Arlington  and  Culpepper,  and  no  protection 
against  the  Indians,  so  maddened  the  Virginians  that  they  rebelled 
under  Nathaniel  Bacon,  and  drove  Berkeley  from  Jamestown,  when 
Bacon  burnt  the  place;  Bacon  soon  dying  of  a  fever,  Berkeley  returned 
and  began  a  rule  of  terror. 

1677.  Rev.  Thos.  Thacker,  of  Boston,  published  "Brief  Guide  in 
the  Small  Pox  and  Measles,"  the  first  medical  work  issued  in  Amer- 
ica. Massachusetts  paid  the  heirs  of  Gorges  and  Mason  $6,000  for 
their  interest  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire.  The  people  of  Albe- 
marle County  Colony,  N.  C,  rebelled  against  revenue  laws,  and  im- 
prisoned their  governor.  Governor  Berkeley,  of  Virginia,  executed  23 
of  Bacon's  followers. 

1679.  La  Motte  built  La  Salle's  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  Niagara. 
Thos.  Lord  Culpepper  was  made  governor  of  Virginia.  La  Salle 
built  the  "Griffin",  the  first  vessel  on  the  Upper  Lakes.  La  Salle 
brought  the  "Griffin"  into  Lake  Michigan,  loaded  her  with  furs,  and 
sent  her  to  Niagara;  she  was  never  heard  of  again.  £200,000  fire  in 
Boston,  August  8.  La  Salle  built  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  the  St. 
Joseph  River,  in  Michigan. 

1680.  Wm.  Sayle,  with  Ashley  River  settlers,  moved  to  Oyster 
Point,  and  began  Charleston,  S.  C.  Louis  Hennepin  discovered  the 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony.  New  Hampshire  was  detached  from  Massachu- 
setts and  made  a  royal  province.  The  Iroquois  desolated  the  Illinois 
valley.  La  Salle  built  Ft.  Crevecoeur,  near  Peoria,  111.  Du  Luth  res- 
cued Hennepin  from  the  Sioux.  In  December,  appeared  the  "Great 
Comet,"  of  which  Increase  Mather  said,  "Its  appearance  was  very 
terrible,  the  Blaze  ascended  above  60  degrees,  almost  to  its  zenith." 
Culpepper  began  a  "reign  of  terror"  in  Virginia. 

1681.  Charles  II.  granted  three  degrees  of  latitude  by  five  de- 
grees of  longitude,  west  of  Delaware,  which  he  called  Pennsylvania 
(Penn's  Woods)  to  Wm.  Penn,  March  14.  Penn  sent  Wm.  Markham, 
deputy  governor,  with  settlers  to  Pennsylvania.  The  Duke  of  York 
sold  Delaware  to  Wm.  Penn. 


228  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1682.  Wm.  Penn  landed  at  Newcastle,  Del.  La  Salle  and  Tonty 
went  down  the  Mississippi  to  its  mouth,  calling  its  great  basin  Louis- 
iana and  a  territory  of  France.  Wm.  Penn  made  a  treaty  with  the 
Indians  under  an  elm  on  the  site  of  Kensington,  "probably  on  the  last 
day  of  November."  Penn  convened  the  first  assembly  of  Pennsylvania 
at  Chester,  December  4. 

1683.  Thos.  Dongan  was  made  governor  of  New  York.  Governor 
Dongan  convened  the  first  assembly  of  representatives  of  New*  York, 
who  established  a  "Charter  of  Liberties."  Seth  Sothel  was  made  gov- 
ernor of  Carolina.  Weekly  post  established  in  Philadelphia.  First 
mill  put  up  at  Chester,  Pa. 

1684.  Francis  Makemie  established  the  first  Presbyterian  Church 
in  America,  at  Snow  Hill,  Maryland.  Culpepper  deposed,  and  Vir- 
ginia made  a  royal  province.  Increase  Mather  published  "Remark- 
able Providences,"  proving  the  reality  of  witchcraft.  Charles  II. 
took  away  the  Massachusetts  charter,  and  made  the  colony  a  royal 
province.  La  Barre,  governor  of  Canada,  was  obliged  to  treat  with 
the  Five  Nations  at  Famine  Cove. 

1685.  James  II.  king  of  England,  February  6.  La  Salle  missed 
the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi,  and  landed  his  French  settlers  for 
Louisiana  at  Matagorda  Bay  February  16,  building  Ft.  St.  Louis, 
Texas.  Wm.  Bradford  set  up  a  printing  press  in  Philadelphia.  Don- 
gan granted  the  Livingston  Manor,  N.  Y.,  to  Robert  Livingston.  Phil- 
adelphia had   600   houses   and   2,500   people.     James   II. 

1686.  Du  Luth  built  a  stockade  at  Detroit,  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Strait.  Governor  Dongan  made  Albany  a  city,  July  22,  Peter 
Schuyler  being  first  mayor.  Sir  Edmund  Andros  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton  December   30,   to   govern   New   England. 

1687.  La  Salle  was  murdered  near  Trinity  River,  March  19.  Da 
Denonville,  governor  of  Canada,  with  300  men,  invaded  the  Seneca 
country  and  made  general  havoc;  he  garrisoned  Fort  Niagara.  John 
Page,  of  Rosewell,  Va.,  wrote  "A  Deed  of  Gift  to  My  Dear  Son,  Capt. 
Matt.  Page."  When  Andros  demanded  the  Connecticut  charter,  the 
candles  were  suddenly  extinguished,  enabling  Capt.  Wadsworth  to 
hide  it  in  an  oak  tree  October  31. 

1688.  At  the  command  of  the  Five  Nations,  or  Iroquois,  Denon- 
ville destroyed  his  fort  at  Niagara.  Cotton  Mather  pronounced  Mrs. 
Glover  a  witch,  beginning  the  persecution  against  witches  in  New 
England.     Francis   Nicholson   made   governor  of   New   York. 

1689.  First  war  with  the  French  and  Indians,  "King  William's 
War,"  begun.  Coode's  insurrection  in  Maryland.  Jacob  Leisler,  with 
popular  consent,  displaced  Governor  Nicholson  at  New  York.  The 
Bostonians  seized  Andros,  April  28,  and  shipped  him  to  England. 
The  French  and  Indians  took  Dover,  and  murdered  Major  Waldron 
July  7.     Fifteen  hundred  Iroquois  murdered  the  people  of  La  Chins, 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  229 

near    Montreal,    August    5.     The   French    took    Pemaquid    August    12. 
William    and    Mary, 

1690.  Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada,  sent  three  war  parties,  led 
by  Sainte-Helene,  Hertel,  and  Portneuf,  against  the  English.  First 
Anglo-American  Congress  met  in  New  York  May  1.  Sir  Wm.  Phips 
took  Port  Royal  May  11.  Sir  Wm.  Phips,  with  32  ships  and  2,200 
men,  sailed  for  Quebec  August  9.  At  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  John  Taylor 
built  the  "Falkland,"  with  54  guns,  the  first  man-of-war  built  in  the 
United  States.  In  October  Phips  bombarded  Quebec,  and  Walley 
assaulted  it  by  land,  but  Frontenac  drove  both  ofE;  to  pay  for  this 
Massachusetts  issued  the  first  paper  money  in  the  United  States. 

1691.  Henry  Sloughter  was  made  governor  of  New  York,  Leis- 
ler  and  Milborne,  for  usurping  supreme  authority,  were  executed  on 
the  site  of  Tammany  Hall,  N.  Y,,  May  16,  Maryland  was  made  a 
royal  province.  Major  Peter  Schuyler,  with  266  men,  went  from 
Albany  down  the  Richelieu  to  La  Prairie,  and  made  general  destruc- 
tion, but  was  sorely  harassed  on  his   return. 

1692.  Harvard  made  Increase  Mather  a  D,  D,,  the  first  in  Amer- 
ica, William  III.  sent  a  charter  that  made  Massachusetts,  Plymouth, 
Maine  and  Nova  Scotia  one  province,  Massachusetts.  Religious  toler- 
ation was  abolished  in  Maryland  and  the  Church  of  England  was 
made  the  state  church,  Pennsylvania  was  taken  from  Penn,  October 
31,  and  put  under  the  governor  of  New  York. 

1693.  Culture  of  rice  was  begun  in  Carolina.  Mantet,  Courte- 
manche,  and  La  Noue,  with  625  Frenchmen  and  Indians,  left  Montreal, 
and  on  snow  shoes  reached  the  Mohawk  country  February  16,  where 
they  burnt  two  towns,  killed  or  made  captive  the  people,  and  then 
departed  for  Canada,  pursued  by  Peter  Schuyler.  Rev.  James  Blair 
obtained  a  charter  for  William  and  Mary  College,  Virginia.  Post 
Ofiice  was  established  in  Boston, 

1696,  Trinity  Church,  New  York,  erected.  Frontenac,  with  2,200 
men,  came  up  the  Oswego,  and  attacked  the  Onondagas;  and  for  two 
days  destroyed  the  crops  and  stored  corn;  Vaudreuil  destroying 
Oneida.     Wm.   Bradford  began   printing   in   New  York. 

1697.  Abenaki  Indians  attacked  Haverhill,  March  15,  and  carried 
off  Hannah  Dustan,  Mary  Neff,  and  an  English  boy;  but,  while  on  their 
way  to  the  Indian  village,  the  three  prisoners  one  night  seized  hatch- 
ets, killed  their  sleeping  captors,  scalped  them,  escaped  to  Haverhill, 
and  received  £50  for  their  ten  scalps.  Treaty  of  Ryswick,  Septem- 
ber  20. 

1699.  Lemoine  d'  Iberville  built  a  fort  at  Biloxi,  La.  Capt.  Wm. 
Kidd,  the  pirate,  was  inveigled  into  Boston  and  captured, 

1700.  Wm.  Penn  suggested  a  union  of  all  the  English  colonies. 
City  Hall,  on  Wall  Street,  New  York,  built.  New  York  passed  an  act 
July  31,  to  hang  "every  popish  priest"  that  might  come  into  the  pro- 


230  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

vince.     Library  was  provided  for  Yale     College,  by     ten     clergymen, 
who   met  at   Saybrook. 

1701.  La  Mothe-Cadillac  founded  Detroit,  July  21.  French  colon- 
ists settled  at  Mobile.  The  Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel 
in  Foreign  Parts  was  established.  (Yale)  college  chartered  October  9 
and  established  at  Saybrook.  Philadelphia  was  made  a  city  October 
25;    Edward   Shippen  being  the   first  mayor. 

1702.  Second  war  with  French  and  Indians,  "Queen  Anne's  War," 
begun.  East  and  West  Jersey  united,  and  New  Jersey  made  a  royal 
province-  Queen  Ann  began  to  reign  March  8.  Governor  Moore  of 
Carolina,  led  an  expedition  against  St.  Augustine,  but  accomplished 
nothing.     Anne. 

1704.  Hertel  de  Rouville  sacked  Deerfield,  March  11,  and  carried 
off  John  Williams,  the  minister.  John  Campbell  began  the  "Boston 
Newsletter,"  April  24,  the  first  regular  newspaper  in  America. 
Peregrine  White  died  at  Marshfield  July  22. 

1705.  The  first  free  grammar  school  in  New  York  was  opened. 
Grace  Sherwood,  in  Virginia,  was  tested  for  witchcraft  by  immersion. 
Robert  Beverley  published  "History  of  Virginia." 

1706.  Benjamin  Franklin  was  born  in  Boston  January  17.  Seven 
Presbyterian  clergymen  organized  the  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia. 
Five  French  and  Spanish  men-of-war  attempted  to  take  Charleston, 
l)ut  were  beaten  off  by  the  citizens. 

1708.  Names  first  given  to  the  streets  of  Boston.  Hertel  de 
Rouville  sacked  Haverhill,  Mass.  "Saybrook  Platform"  formed, 
obliging  all  the  clergymen  of  Connecticut  to  meet  yearly  to  consider 
church  affairs.  Thos.  Short  began  printing  in  New  London,  Conn. 
Wm.  Penn  imprisoned  for  debt. 

1710.  Sir  Alex.  Spoftswood  made  governor  of  Virginia.  Colonel 
Nicholson  took  Port  Royal,  N.  S.,  Oct.  13,  and  changed  the  name 
to   Annapolis. 

1711.  Sir  Hovenden  Walker  left  Boston  August  10,  to  conquer 
C;unada;  having  failed  to  reach  Quebec,  he  lost  eight  ships  and  1,000 
men  in  the  St.  Lawrence  September  2. 

1712.  Old  State  House,  Boston,  built.  Carolina  divided  into 
North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina  (?)  The  Ontagamies  besieged 
Detroit.  Christopher  Hassey,  a  Nantucket  fisherman,  captured  the 
first  spermaceti  whale.     Copper  mine  begun  at  simsburg.  Conn. 

1713.  By  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  April  11,  England  obtained 
Acadia  (Nova  Scotia).  The  Five  Nations,  being  joined  by  the  Tus- 
caroras,  became  the   Six  Nations. 

1714.  George  I.  made  king  of  England  August  1.     George  I. 
1716.     First    lighthouse    for    Boston    harbor    erected    on    Beacon 

Island.     French    settled   Natchez,    Miss.     Maryland    restored   to    Lord 
altimore,    and   the   first   form   of     government     re-established.     Gov. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  231 

Spottswood,  of  Virginia,  with  a  body  of  choice  companions,  made  an 
expedition,  for  pleasure  and  exploration,  beyond  the  Blue  Ridge. 
Thomas  Rutter  established  the  first  iron  works  in  Pennsylvania,  near 
Pottstown. 

1717.  Great  snow  storm  in  New  England,  February  20-24,  snow 
10  to  20  feet  deep.  Yale  College  removed  from  Saybrook  to  New 
Haven.  Bellamy,  the  pirate,  wrecked  on  Cape  Cod,  where  he  and 
100  men  perished. 

1718.  M.  de  Bienville  founded  New  Orleans.  Culture  of  rice 
begun  in  Louisiana.  Death  of  Wm.  Penn,  July  30.  John  Theach, 
"Blackbeard,"  the  famous  pirate,  shot  in  Pamlico  Bay,  and  thirteen 
of  his  followers  hung  at  Williamsburg.   Va. 

1719.  Tunkers  came  to  Pennsylvania.  Potatoes  introduced  into 
Massachusetts.  The  House  of  Commons  forbade  the  manufacture  of 
iron  in  the  colonies.  The  French  settled  at  Jefferson  City,  Mo.  An- 
drew Bradford,  postmaster  of  Philadelphia,  began  the  "American 
Weekly  Mercury."  December  22. 

1723.  M.  de  Bienville  made  New  Orleans  the  capital  of  Louis- 
iana. Christ  Church,  Boston,  dedicated.  Twenty-six  pirates,  natives 
of  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut  and  New  York,  executed  at  Newport, 
Rhode  Island. 

1724.  Fort  Dummer  erected  on  site  ^f  Battleborough;  the  first 
settlement  in  Vermont.  Father  S.  Rasseles  murdered  at  Norridge- 
wock. 

1725.  James  Otis  born  at  West  Barnstable,  Mass.,  February  5. 
Governor  Burnet  of  New  York  erected  a  trading  post  at  Oswego. 
Wm.  Bradford  began  the  "New  York  Gazette,"  October  16,  the  first 
newspaper  in  New  York  City. 

1727.  Samuel  Kneeland  began  in  Boston  the  "New  England 
Weekly  Journal,"  March  20.  Burnet,  governor  of  New  York,  erected 
Fort  Oswego.  Benjamin  Franklin,  in  Philadelphia,  organized  the 
"Junto,"  a  dug  for  mutual  improvement:  In  Annapolis,  Wm.  Parks 
began  the  "Maryland  Gazette."  George  II.  made  king  of  England, 
.Tune  10.     Earthquake  in  New  England,  October  29. 

1728.  Samuel  Keimer,  in  Philadelphia,  began  the  "Pennsylvania 
Gazette."  Cotton  Mather,  son  of  Increase  Mather,  and  author  of  382 
printed  books,  died.  Vitus  Behring  passed  through  Behring  Strait, 
proving  the  insularity  of  America. 

1730.  Old  South  Church,  Boston,  built.  Lancaster,  Pa.,  settled. 
Thomas  Gowfrey,  of  Phil.,  invented  what  is  called  Hadley's  Quadrant. 
John  Moorhead  organized  the  first  Presbyterian  Church  in  Boston. 

1731.  Thos.  Whitemarsh  began  the  "South  Carolina  Gazette," 
January  8,  in  Charleston.  Verendrye  discovered  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains.    The    French    erected    Fort    Frederic,    Lake    Champlain.  .  Inde- 


232  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

pendence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  begun.     "Library  Company  of  Philadel- 
phia" organized   by   Benjamin   Franklin;    the   first   in   America. 

1782.  Richard  Henry  Lee  born  at  Strafford,  Va.,  January  20. 
Birth  of  George  Washington,  February  22.  Benjamin  Franklin  began 
to  publish  "Poor  Richard's  Almanac."  Scotch-Irish  and  Germans  set- 
tled the  Shenandoah  Valley.  James  Franklin  began  "Rhode  Island 
Gazette,"  September  27,  the  first  newspaper  in  Rhode  Island.  The 
first  stage  in  the  United  States  was  established  between  New  York 
City  and  Boston. 

1733.  General  James  Oglethorpe,  with  120  immigrants,  settled 
Savannah  February  12.  Tobacco  made  a  legal  tender  in  Maryland. 
First  Masonic  Lodge  in  America  opened  in  Boston,  July  30.  Colonel 
Wm.  Byrd  laid  out  Richmond,  Va.  John  Peter  Zenger  began  the  "New 
York  Weekly  Journal,"   November  5. 

1734.  Wm.  Johnson  came  to  America,  and  settled  in  the  Mohawk 
Valley.  Masonic  Lodge  organized  in  Philadelphia,  Benjamin  Franklin 
being  Worshipful  Master.  A  Catholic  church  was  built  and  mass  cele- 
brated in  Philadelphia.  John  Peter  Zenger,  editor  of  "New  York 
Weekly  Journal,"  imprisoned,  November  17,  for  libel;  the  first  arrest 
for  newspaper  libel  in  the  United  States. 

1735.  Benjamin  Franklin,  in  the  "Gazette,"  of  January  28,  said: 
"By  the  indulgence  of  the  Honorable  Col.  Spottswood,  Post-Master-Gen- 
eral, the  printer  hereof  is  allowed  to  send  the  'Gazettes'  by  the  post, 
postage  free,  to  all  parts  of  the  post  road,  from  Virginia  to  New 
England."  John  Peter  Zenger  tried  for  libel  and  acquitted  August  4. 
Religious  revival  in  New  England.  John  Adams  born  at  Braintree, 
Mass.,  Oct.  19. 

1736.  At  Williamsburg,  Wm.  Parks  began  the  "Virginia  Gazette," 
the  first  newspaper  in  Virginia.  Oglethorpe,  accompanied  by  John 
Wesley,  brought  300  immigrants  into  Georgia.  Wesley  first  preached 
in  America,  March  7,  at  Savannah.  Patrick  Henry  was  born  in  Vir- 
ginia, May  29. 

1740.  The  Bunkers,  at  Ephrata,  Pa.,  began  Sunday  School 
work.  Gen.  Oglethorpe,  foiled  in  taking  St.  Augustine,  returned  to 
Georgia.  George  Whitfield  arrived  in  New  England,  September  14, 
and  assisted  at  the  "Great  Awakening,"  religious  revival.  University 
of  Pennsylvania  established  in  Philadelphia. 

1741.  "The  Negro  Plot"  in  New  York;  a  succession  of  fires  in- 
duced the  belief  that  the  negroes  had  conspired  to  suppress  the  whites 
and  to  introduce  a  negro  government.  Wm.  Shirley  was  made  governor 
of  Massachusetts.     Cultivation  of  indigo  begun  in  Carolina. 

1742.  Iroquois  (Six  Nations)  chiefs,  at  Philadelphia,  told  the 
Delawares  to  leave  their  ancient  homes  and  go  to  "Wyoming  or  Sham- 
okin."  Oglethorpe  crushed  the  Spaniards  at  "Bloody  Marsh"  July  25. 
Peter  Faneuil  built  Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  and  gave  it  to  the  city. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  233 

1743.  Thos.  Jefferson  was  born  at  Shadwell,  Va.,  April  2.  Chris- 
topher Sauer  printed  the  Bible  in  German,  Luther's  version,  at  Ger- 
mantown,  Pa. 

1744.  Benj.  Franklin  organized  the  first  literary  society  in  Amer- 
ica, "The  American  Philosophical  Society,"  Thomas  Hopkinson  being 
president  and  Franklin  secretary.  Representatives  of  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  of  the  Iroquois,  met  at  Lancaster,  Pa., 
July  2,  when  the  Indians,  for  £400,  gave  the  whites  the  territory  from 
the  Alleghanies  to  the  Mississippi.  Third  war  with  the  French, 
"King  George's  War,"  begun. 

1745.  Wm.  Pepperell,  with  an  American  force,  took  Louisburg, 
Cape  Breton,  June  17.  French  and  Indians  destroyed  Saratoga  Nov- 
ember 16.     John  Jay  was  born  in  New  York  City,  December  1. 

1746.  College  of  New  Jersey,  Princeton,  founded.  Rigaud,  with 
Frenchmen  and  Indians,  took  Fort  Massachusetts,  August  28. 

1748.  The  English  formed  the  Ohio  Company  to  promote  settle- 
ments west  of  the  Alleghanies.  George  Washington  surveyed  Lord 
Fairfax's  estate.  Count  Galissonniere  advised  that  10,000  French 
peasants  be  settled  in  the  Ohio  valley.  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
October   8. 

1749.  Abbe  Picquet  began  his  mission  at  La  Presentation  (Og- 
donsburg,  N.  Y.)  Halifax.  N.  S.,  founded.  Washington  and  Lee  Uni- 
versity established  at  Lexington,  Va.  The  governor  of  Canada  sent 
Bienville  into  the  Ohio  Valley,  to  take  renewed  possession  of  the 
country,  and  to  b\iry  plates  of  lead  at  wide  intervals,  for  boundary 
n.frks. 

1751.  James  Madison  born  at  Port  Conway,  Va.,  March  16.  Sugar 
cane  first  cultivated  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi.  By  order  of  La 
Jonquiere,  governor  of  Canada,  two  English  traders  on  the  Ohio  were 
seized  and  imprisoned. 

1752.  The  Liberty  Bell  arrived  at  Philadelphia.  First  Merchants' 
Exchange  opened  in  New  York.  Rev.  Timothy  Dwight  born  in  Massa- 
chusetts, May  14.  Robert  Dinwiddle  made  governor  of  Virginia. 
Benjamin  Franklin,  by  flying  a  kite,  drew  electricity  from  the  clouds, 
proving  the  identity  of  lightning  and  electricity.  Georgia  was  made 
a  royal  province. 

1753.  George  Washington  made  a  Master  Mason,  August  4,  at 
Fredericksburg,  Va.  Lewis  Hallam's  company  opened  the  first  regular 
theatre  in  New  York,  September  17,  playing  the  "Conscious  Lover." 
Governor  Dinwiddle  sent  Washington  to  order  the  French  out  of  the 
Ohio  country.  Washington,  accompanied  by  Gist,  reached  Venango, 
December  4,  and  ordered  Captain  Joncaire  off  British  territory. 

1754.  Washington,  with  150  men,  r?ached  Great  Meadows,  May 
27.  He  met  the  French,  May  28,  when  Jumonville  was  killed.  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  English  colonies  met  at  Albany,  June  19,  to  derise 


234  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

a  way  of  checking  the  French;  Franklin  proposed  a  union  of  the 
colonies,  but  his  proposal  satisfied  neither  the  British  nor  the  colon- 
ists. Washington,  defeated  by  De  Villiers,  July  4,  abandoned  Fort 
Necessity.     King's  College  (Columbia),  New  York,  chartered  Oct.  31. 

1755.  Braddock  arrived  with  two  regiments  February  20.  Col. 
Monckton  took  Beausejour,  N.  S.,  June  16.  Braddock,  with  1,200  men, 
was  defeated  near  Du  Quesne,  July  9,  by  French  and  Indians.  Col. 
Wm.  Johnson  defeated  the  French  at  Lake  George,  Sept.  8,  and  Baron 
Dieskau  fell  into  his  hands.  Acadians  taken  from  their  homes  and 
distributed  through  the  colonies.  Indians  desolated  the  frontiers  of 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Shirley  dismissed  his  forces 
at    Oswego.     Franklin    introduced   lightning   rods. 

1756.  In  March,  Lery  took  Fort  Bull.  Great  Britain  declared 
waB  against  France  May  17.  Bradstreet  beat  off  De  Villiers,  near  Os- 
^ei^o.  Montcalm  took  Oswego,  August  14.  "New  Hampshire  Ga- 
zette" appeared,  first  newspaper  in  New  Hampshire.  Nassau  Hall, 
Princeton,  N.  J.,  built. 

1757.  Wm.  Pitt  took  control  of  affairs  in  Great  Britain.  The 
Delaware  chiefs  met  at  Baston,  and  agreed  to  peace.  Montcalm  took 
Fort  Wm.  Henry,  August  9,  Col.  Munro  not  being  assisted  by  Gen. 
Webb,  who  held  Fort  Edward,  near  by.  Beletre,  with  300  Canadians 
aj)d  Indians,  destroyed  a  German  settlement  on  the  Mohawk. 

1758.  Abercromby  was  defeated  by  Montcalm  at  Ticonderoga, 
July  8,  Lord  Howe  being  killed.  Admiral  Boscawen  and  Gen.  Am- 
herst, Wolfe  assisting,  took  Louisbourg  July  26.  Rogers,  Dalzell,  and 
Putnam  scattered  450  French,  August  8,  near  Whiteh^l.  Bradstreet, 
with  3,000  provincials,  took  Fort  Frontenac,  August  27.  Major  Grant 
was  defeated  outside  of  Fort  Du  Quesne,  losing  300  men.  Gen.  Forbes 
took  Du  Quesne  and  called  it  Fort  Pitt. 

1759.  George  Washington,  "the  tallest  and  handsomest  man  of 
the  Old  Dominion,"  married  Mrs.  Curtis,  January  6.  Johnson  took 
Niagara,  July  25.  Amherst  took  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point.  The 
Presbyterian  Annuity  and  Life  Insurance  Company  of  Philadelphia, 
the  first  of  the  kind  in  America,  was  established.  Major  Rogers 
destroyed  the  Abenakis  of  St.  Francis.  Wolfe  took  Quebec.  Septem- 
ber 18,  Wolfe  and   Montcalm   being  both   killed. 

1760.  M.  Levi  defeated  Gen.  Murray  at  Quebec,  April  4.  The 
Cherokees  took  Fort  Loudon,  August  8,  and  massacred  the  garrison. 
Amherst,  with  10,000  men,  left  Oswego,  August  10,  for  Montreal. 
Vaudreuil,  at  Montreal,  surrendered  Canada  to  Amherst,  September  8. 
Major  Rogers,  with  200  rangers,  left  Montreal,  September  13,  to  take 
possession  of  Detroit  and  other  western  posts.  George  III.  king  of 
England,  October  25.  Rogers  met  Pontiac  on  the  Lake  Erie  shore. 
Beletre  surrendered  Detroit  to  Rogers,  November  29.     George  III. 

1761.  Colonel    Grant    defeated    the    Cherokees    and    burnt    their 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  235 

towns.  "Writs  of  assistance"  passed.  English  took  possession  of 
Mackinaw.  John  Winthrop,  of  Harvard,  at  St.  Johns,  Nfld.,  observed 
the  transit  of  Venus  over  the  sun's  disk  June  6.  Capt.  Campbell,  com- 
mandant at  Detroit,  learned  that  the  Senecas  were  intriguing  with  the 
Wyandots  to  destroy  him  and  his  garrison. 

1763.  Treaty  of  Paris,  February  10;  France  ceded  her  posses- 
sions east  of  the  Mississippi  to  England,  and  Spain  ceded  Florida. 
Pontiac,  an  Ottawa  chief,  organized  a  conspiracy  and  besieged  De- 
troit May  11.  The  Indians  took  Fort  Joseph,  May  25,  and  Fort  Miami, 
May  27.  Cuyler  was  defeated  at  Mt.  Pelee,  May  28.  The  Indians 
took  Ouatanon,  June  1;  Mackinaw,  June  2;  Presqu-Isle,  June  17;  Le 
Boeuf  and  Venago,  June  19;  Bloody  Run,  July  31.  Col.  Bouquet  de- 
feated the  Indians  at  Bushy  Run,  August  6.  He  relieved  Fort  Pitt, 
August  10.  Senecas  massacred  500  soldiers  at  Devil's  Hole,  Septem- 
ber 13. 

1764.  Rhode  Island  College,  Warren,  founded.  Pierre  Chouteau 
began  St.  Louis.  Mason  and  Dixon,  two  English  surveyors,  began  to 
trace  the  line  between  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland.  Bradstreet  left 
Albany  with  an  army  for  the  Upper  Lakes.  Sir  Wm.  Johnson,  at 
Niagara,  treated  with  the  Indians.  Bradstreet  relieved  Detroit, 
August  26.  Col.  Bouquet  led  an  army  into  the  country  of  the  Dela- 
wares  and  the  Shawnees,  and  compelled  them  to  restore  all  white 
prisoners 

1765.  First  medical  school  in  America  added  to  College  of  Phila- 
delphia. Great  Britain  passed  the  Stamp  Act  March  22,  by  which 
"all  instruments  in  writing  were  to  be  executed  on  stamped  paper,  to 
be  purchased  from  agents  of  the  British  government."  The  "Sons 
of  Liberty"  showed  themselves.  Colonial  congress  met  at  New  York, 
October  7,  Timothy  Ruggles  being  president,  and  agreed  on  a  Declara- 
tion or  Rights.     The  Stamp  Act  took  effect  November  1. 

1766.  Irish  immigrants  began  to  preach  Methodism  in  New  York. 
Anthracite  coal  was  found  in  Pennsylvania.  Rutger's  College,  New 
Brunswick,  N.  J.,  founded.  Great  Britain  repealed  the  Stamp  Act 
March  18,  but  passed  the  Declaratory  Act,  contending  that  Britain 
had  power  to  "bind  the  colonies  in  all  cases  whatsoever."  Pontiac 
met  Sir  Wm.  Johnson  at  Oswego,  July  23,  and  confirmed  his  agree- 
m6?nt  to  peace. 

1767.  Andrew  Jackson  born  in  North  Carolina.  John  Holt  began 
the  "New  York  Journal."  Great  Britain  imposed  duties  on  tea,  glass, 
paper,  etc.     John  Q.  Adams  born  at  Braintree,  Mass.,  July  11. 

1768.  Royal  commissioners  seized  Hancock's  sloop,  "Liberty." 
Riots  in  Boston.  Chamber  of  Commerce,  New  York,  founded  April  5. 
John  Dickinson,  of  Pennsylvania,  published  "Farmers'  Letters  to  the 
Inhabitants  of  the  British  Colonies,"  showing  the  danger  of  submitting 
to  parliamentary  taxation.     Old  John  Street  Church,  New  York  City, 


236  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

dedicated,  October  30;   first  Methodist  church  in  the  United  States. 

1769.  John  Wesley  sent  two  preachers  to  America,-  -Boardman 
to  New  York,  and  Pilmoor  to  Philadelphia.  Daniel  Boone,  with  six 
comrades  explored  Kentuckj-.  Dartmouth  College,  Hanover,  N.  H., 
founded.  An  Illinois  Indian,  bribed  by  an  English  trader,  killed  Pon- 
tiac  at  Cahokia,  opposite  St.  Louis.  Friar  Junipero  Serra,  the  father 
of  western  civilization,  settled  at  San  Diego. 

1770.  Boston  massacre  March  5.  Great  Britain  repealed  all  du- 
ties except  that  on  tea  April  12.  John  Murray,  the  father  of  Univer- 
salism,  came  to  America.  Worcester  (Mass.)  "Spy"  appeared.  First 
church  (log)  in  St.  Louis  dedicated  June  24.  Students  at  Cambridge 
took  degrees  in  home-spun.     Southern  planters  began  to  grow  cotton. 

1771.  The  Methodist  preachers,  Francis  Asbury  and  Richard 
Wrigit,  came  to  America.  Governor  Tryon  of  North  Carolin"a,  de- 
feated the  "Regulators,"  and  hanged  six  of  them.  College  of  Rhode 
Island  moved  to  Providence.  Wm.  Tryon  made  governor  of  New 
York. 

1772.  The  royal  schooner,  'Gaspe",  having  grounded,  was  burnt 
by  Providence  men  June  10.  John  Murray,  the  Earl  of  Dunmore,  was 
made  governor  of  Virginia.  Christopher  Sower  began  the  first  type 
foundry  in   the  "United   States,   at  Germantown,   Pa. 

1773.  James  Rivington  began  "Rivington's  New  York  Gazette," 
April  22.  First  steam  engine  made  in  the  United  States,  at  Phila- 
delphia. John  Randolph  was  born  in  Virginia,  June  2.  Thomas  Ran- 
kin convened  the  first  annual  Methodist  conference  at  Philadelphia, 
July  4.  Fifty  Bostonians,  disguised  as  Indians,  boarded  the  tea  ships 
in  Boston  Harbor,  and  threw  the  tea  into  the  water,  December  16. 

1774.  Great  Britain  closed  Boston  port  March  7.  James  Harrod 
began  Harrodsburg,  Ky.  City  of  London  subscribed  $150,000  for  the 
Bostonians.  Great  Britain  passed  the  Quebec  Act,  June  18,  extending 
the  boundary  of  Canada  to  Ohio  and  Mississippi.  First  Continental 
Congress  met  in  Carpenter's  Hall,  Philadelphia,  September  5,  Peyton 
Randolph  was  president,  and  framed  a  Bill  of  Rights.  Half  of  Ply- 
mouth Rock  was  dragged  into  Plymouth  and  a  liberty  pole  put  on  it. 

1775.  The  British  marched  to  Concord,  April  19;  Paul  Revere 
aroused  the  minute  m.en;  British  driven  back  to  Boston.  Second  Con- 
tinental Congress  met  in  Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  May  10. 
Ethan  Allan  took  Ticonderoga  May  10.  Seth  Warner  took  Crown 
Point  May  12.  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill,  June  17.  Congress  made 
Washington  commander  of  the  army,  June  17.  Washington  said,  "We 
must  consult  'Brother  Jonathan,' "  (Jonathan  Trumbull,  governor  of 
Connecticut).  Montgomery  took  Montreal,  November  13.  Captain  Sears 
wrecked  Rivington's  "Gazette,"  N.  Y.,  December  4.  Montgomery  and 
Arnold  assaulted  Quebec  December  31,  and  Montgomery  was  killed. 

1776.  Gen.    Schuyler  took   Johnson   Hall,   January   19.     Treasury 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  237 

department  was  created  February  11.  Washington  seized  Dorchester 
Heights  March  4,  forcing  Howe  to  leave  Boston,  March  17.  Richard 
Henry  Lee  moved,  June  7,  "that  these  United  States  are,  and  of  right 
ought  to  be,  free  and  independent  States."  Wm.  Moultrie  beat  off 
Sir  Peter  Parker  from  Sullivan's  Island,  June  28.  Congress  adopted 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  July  4.  Battle  of  Long  Island, 
August  27.  Captain  Nathan  Hale,  of  Connecticut,  hung  as  a  spy, 
September  22.  Battle  of  White  Plains,  October  28.  Richard  Bache, 
appointed  postmaster-general  November  7.  British  captured  Gen.  Lee, 
December  13.    Washington's  victory  at  Trenton,  December  26. 

1777.  Washington  surprised  Cornwallis  at  Princeton,  January  3. 
"New  Hampshire  Grants"  became  Vermont,  January  15.  Arsenal 
founded  at  Springfield.  Congress  adopted  United  States  flag,  "Stars 
and  Stripes,"  June  14.  Stark  defeated  Baum  at  Bennington,  August 
16.  Howe  defeated  Washington  at  Brandywine,  September  11.  Bat- 
tle of  Bemis  Heights,  September  '  9.  Howe  entered  Philadelphia, 
September  26.  Battle  of  Germantown,  October  4.  Battl'e  of  Still- 
water, October  7.  Burgoyne  surrendered  to  Gates  at  Saratoga,  Octo- 
ber 17.  Congress  adopted  a  form  of  government  for  the  new  Con- 
federacy, November  15.  Washington  cantoned  his  wearied  forces 
at  Valley  Forge,  December  19. 

1778.  France  acknowledged  the  independence  of  the  United 
States,  February  6.  Captain  Cook  saw  and  named  Cape  Flattery, 
March  22.  Howe  left  Philadelphia,  June  18.  Battle  of  Monmouth 
lost  by  Lee's  misconduct,  June  2S.  Settlers  of  Wyoming,  massacred 
by  Col.  Butler  and  Tories,  July  3.  Congress  completed  thirteen 
articles  of  Confederation,  July  9.  French  fleet  came  to  aid  of  United 
States.  In  Boston,  corn  was  $150  a  bushel,  butter  $12  a  pound,  tea  $90 
a  pound,  sugar  $10  a  pound,  beef  $8  a  pound,  coffee  $12  a  pound,  and 
flour  $1,575  a  barrel.  Indian  massacre  at  Cherry  Valley,  N.  Y.,  Novem- 
ber 11.     British  took  Savannah,  December  29. 

1779.  Major  Clarke  took  Vincennes,  February  20.  Syain  declared 
war  against  England,  June  16.  Assembly  of  Pennc,ylvania  gave  to 
heirs  of  Wm.  Penn  £130,000  for  relinquishment  of  quit  rents  and 
proprietory  claims.  "Mad"  Anthony  Wayne  took  Stony  Point,  July  15. 
Major  Henry  Lee  surprised  British  garrison  at  Paulus  Hook  (Jersey 
City),  August  19.  The  "Bon  Homme  Richard,"  Captain  Paul  Jones, 
took  the  "Serapis,"  Captain  Pearson.  September  23.  Count  D'Estaing 
beaten  off  from  Savannah,  October  9.  Board  of  Admiralty  established 
by   Congress,   Ok  tober   28. 

1780.  Very  cold  winter;  New  York  Bay  frozen  over.  British  took 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  May  12.  "Dark  Day"  in  New  England, 
Friday,  May  19.  Cornwallis  defeated  Gates  at  Camden,  August  16. 
Benedict  Arnold  went  to  the  British,  September  25.  John  Paulding, 
Isaac  Van  Wart,  and  David  Williams  arrested  Major  Andre  September 


238  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

23.  Andre  executed  as  a  spy,  October  2.  Oliver  Evans,  of  Delaware, 
invented  a  grain  elevator.  British  defeated  at  King's  Mountain,  Octo- 
ber 7.     Holland  declared  was  against  Great  Britain,  December  20. 

1781.  General  Morgan  defeated  Col.  Tarleton  at  Cowpens,  Janu- 
ary 17.  Maryland  endorsed  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  March  1, 
and  they  became  the  law  of  the  Union.  Battle  of  Guilford  Court 
House,  March  15.  Greene  drove  the  British  from  Camden,  May  10. 
Arnold  burnt  New  London,  Conn.,  September  6.  Battle  of  Eutaw 
Springs,  September  8.  Cornwallis  surrendered  to  Washington  at 
Yorktown,   October  19. 

1782.  Birth  of  Daniel  Webster,  in  New  Hampshire,  January  18. 
E.  Hazard,  postmaster  general,  January  28.  Birth  of  John  C.  Calhoun, 
South  Carolina,  March  18.  The  "Hyder  Ally,"  Lieutenant  Joshua  Bar- 
ney, took  "General  Monk,"  April  8.  Great  Seal  of  the  United  States 
adopted  June  20.  British  left  Savannah,  July  11.  Robert  Aitken,  of 
Philadelphia,  published  the  first  English  Bible  in  America.  Hon. 
Tapping  Reeve  began  first  law  school  in  the  United  States,  at  Litch- 
field, Conn.  The  "America,"  the  first  74-gun  ship  built  in  the  United 
States,  launched  at  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  and  was  given  to  France. 
Preliminary  peace  declared  at  Paris,  November  30. 

1783.  Webster's  spelling  book  put  in  schools.  John  Armstrong 
wrote  "Newburg  Address,"  advising  the  army  to  act  for  itself.  Birth 
of  Washington  Irving,  April  3.  Society  of  Cincinnati  formed,  June 
19;  Washington  first  president.  Jay  negotiated  a  treaty  with  Great 
Britain,  in  Paris,  September  3.  Dickinson  College,  Carlisle,  Pa., 
founded.  Washington  made  farewell  address  to  army  November  2. 
British  evacuated  New  York,  November  25.  Washington  resigned  his 
commission  December  23.     Major  General  Henry  Knox,  December  23. 

1784.  First  trading  ship  to  China  left  New  York,  February  22. 
Eight  bales  of  cotton  were  sent  to  England  from  Charleston  as  first 
export.  King's  College,  N.  Y.,  became  Columbia,  May  1.  Captain 
John  Doughty,  June  20.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Josiah  Harmar,  August 
12.  "American  Daily  Advertiser,"  the  first  daily  newspaper  in  Amer- 
ica, was  begun  in  Philadelphia,  September  21.  The  Six  Nations  niade 
a  treaty  with  the  United  States,  at  Fort  Stanwix,  October  22.  Metho- 
dist General  Conference,  in  Lovely  Lane  Chapel,  Baltimore,  December 
24,  organized  the  American  Episcopal  Church  in  the  United  States. 

1785.  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia,  published  "The  Effects 
of  Ardent  Spirits  on  the  Human  Body  and  Mind,"  beginning  the  tem- 
perance movement.  Eagle  adopted  as  the  national  emblem.  Univer- 
sity of  Georgia,  Athens,  and  University  of  Nashville,  Tenn.,  founded. 

1786.  Rev.  John  Carroll  was  made  vicar-general  by  the  Pope, 
and  he  fixed  his  residence  at  Baltimore,  Md.  Winfield  Scott  was  born 
at  Petersburg,  Va.,  June  13.     Falmouth,  Me.,  Incorporated,  July  4,  and 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  239 

n&med  Portland.     Shay's  rebellion  in  Massachusetts,  excited  by  law- 
suits for  debts. 

1787.  A  convention  of  fifty-five  members  met  in  Philadelphia, 
May  14,  and  framed  a  constitution,  "to  form  a  more  perfect  union." 
Congress  made  laws  for  government  of  the  Northwest  territory,  July 
13,  and  expressly  forbade  slavery  in  it.  Congress,  July  23,  gave  for- 
ever Lot  No.  16  of  every  township  of  public  land  for  maintenance  of 
public  schools.  The  Constitution  sent  to  Congress,  September  17. 
Delaware  ratified  the  Constitution  December  7.  Pennsylvania  ratified 
the  Constitution  December  12.  New  Jersey  ratified  the  Constitution 
December  18. 

1788.  Georgia  ratified  the  Constitution  January  2.  Connecticut 
ratified  the  Constitution  January  9.  Massachusetts  ratified  the  Con- 
stitution February  7.  New  Englanders  settled  at  Marietta,  April  7, 
the  first  settlement  in  Ohio.  Maryland  ratified  the  Constitution  April 
28.  South  Carolina  ratified  the  Constitution  May  23.  New  Hamp- 
shire ratified  the  Constitution  June  21.  Virginia  ratified  the  Constitu- 
tion June  26.  New  York  ratified  the  Constitution  July  26.  "New 
York  Journal  and  Register"  appeared,  first  daily  in  New  York.  New 
York  City  was  made  the  capital  of  the  Union  September  13.  Mary- 
land ceded  Congress  ten  miles  square  in  Maryland  for  seat  of  gov- 
ernment, December  23.  John  Cleves  Symmes  settled  in  Cincinnati, 
December  28. 

1789.  First  Congress  met  in  New  York  March  4.  The  Constitu- 
tion was  made  the  law  of  the  Union,  March  4.  George  Washington, 
President  of  the  United  States,  April  30;  .John  Adams,  Vice  President; 
Wm.  Mooney  formed  Tammany  Society  of  New  York,  May  12.  De- 
partment of  Foreign  Affairs  established  .July  27;  War  Department  es- 
tablished August  7;  Alex.  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Sept. 
11 ;  Henry  Knox,  Secretary  of  War,  September  12 ;  Department  of  For- 
eign Affairs  made  Department  of  State,  September  15;  Office  of  At- 
torney-General established  September  24;  Thos.  Jefferson,  Secretary 
of  State;  Ed.  Randolph  Attorney-General,  and  Sam.  Osgood,  Post- 
master-General, September  26.  John  Jay  was  made  Chief  Justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  September  26.  North  Carolina  ratified  the  Con- 
stitution November  21.  Virginia  gave  ten  miles  square  for  seat  of 
Government,    December    3.     Washington. 

1790.  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia  January  4.  Patent  Office 
established  April  10.  Death  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  April  17.  First 
copyright  law  of  the  United  States  passed  April  30.  Rhode  Island 
ratified  the  Constitution  May  29.  Congress  selected  Washington,  D.  C. 
for  Federal  Capital  July  16.  Samuel  Slater  erected  a  cotton  mill  at 
.Pawtucket,  R.  I.,  beginning  the  cotton  manufacture  in  the  United 
States,    Jacob  Perkins,  of  Massachusetts,  inventetd  the  first  machine 


240  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ifor    cutting    nails.     General    Harmar    defeated    by    Indians    in    Ohio, 
October  22.     First  census;   population,  3,929,214. 

1791.  National  Bank  chartered  February  8.  New  York  State  Agri- 
cultural Society  established  February  26,  the  first  in  the  United 
States.  Vermont  added  to  Union  March  4.  Major-General  Arthur  St. 
Clair,  March  4.  Rev.  Samuel  Hopkins  published  "System  of  Theology." 
Timothy  Pickering  appointed  Postmaster  General  August  12.  Univer- 
sity of  Vermont,  Burlington,  founded.  "Territory  of  Columbia"  and 
"City  of  Washington"  named  September  9.  General  St.  Clair  defeated 
by  Indians  November  4.  First  ten  amendments  to  Constitution,  pro- 
posed in  1789,  declared  in  force  December  15. 

1792.  Mr.  Jefferson  wrote  to  Tim.  Pickering,  March  28,  "to  know 
if  the  post  which  was  then  carried  at  the  rate  of  50  miles  a  day, 
could  not  be  expedited  by  100  miles.  Major  General  Anthony  Wayne, 
April  13.  First  United  States  mint  established  at  Philadelphia,  which 
began  decimal  coinage.  Captain  Robert  Gray,  of  Boston,  entered  and 
named  the  Columbia  River,  May  11.  Kentucky  added  to  the  Union 
June  1.  Presidential  candidates:  George  Washington  and  John 
Adams,  Federalists;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Geo.  Clinton,  and  Aaron  Burr, 
Republicans.  Coinage  of  eagles,  half-eagles,  and  quarter-eagles 
(gold)   begun. 

1793.  George  Washington,  John  Adams;  Thos.  Jefferson  Secre- 
tary of  State;  Alex.  Hamilton,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  Henry 
Knox,  Secretary  of  War;  Ed.  Randolph,  Attorney-General;  Timothy 
Pickering,  Postmaster-General.  Edmond  Genet,  agent  of  the  French 
Republic,  landed  at  Charleston,  April  8,  to  seek  American  aid.  Presi- 
dent Washington  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the  capitol,  at  Washington, 
April  18.  Eli  Whitney,  of  Massachusetts,  invented  the  cotton  gin. 
Williams  College,  Massachusetts,  founded.  Wm.  Maxwell  began  the 
"Sentinel  of  the  Northwest,"  at  Cincinnati,  the  first  western  news- 
paper.    4,000  people   died  of   yellow  fever  in  Philadelphia. 

1794.  Ed.  Randolph,  appointed  Secretary  of  State,  January  2. 
Wm.  Bradford  appointed  Attorney-General,  January  27.  Whisky  rebel- 
lion in  western  Pennsylvania,  excited  by  the  excise  law.  Bowdoin 
College,  Maine,  founded.  General  Wayne  defeated  the  Indians  on  the 
Maumee,  August  20.  Fort  Wayne,  Indiana,  built  October  22.  Public 
debt,  $80,747,587. 

1795.  Tim.  Pickering  appointed  Secretary  of  War,  January  2. 
Oliver  Wolcott  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury,  February  2.  Joseph 
Habersham  appointed  Postmaster-General  February  25.  Union  Col- 
lege, Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  founded.  Lindley  Murray  published  "Eng- 
lish Grammar."  Rev.  Wm.  Patten  copyrighted  "Christianity  the  True 
Theology,"  May  9,  the  first  copyright  in  the  United  States.  Jay's 
treaty  with  Great  Britain  ratified  June  24.  John  Rutledge,  July  1. 
By  treaty,  the  United  States  got  from  Spain  the  use  of  New  Orleans 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  241 

port  for  ten  years.  Tribute  paid  to  Dey  of  Algiers  to  release  Ameri- 
cans. Timothy  Pickering  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State,  and  Chas. 
Lee  Attorney-General   December   10. 

1796.  Moses  Cleveland,  of  Connecticut,  laid  out  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
James  McHenry  appointed  Secretary  of  War,  January  27.  Oliver  Ells- 
worth, March  4.  Tennessee  added  to  the  Union  June  1.  Washington 
made  farewell  address  to  the  American  people  September  17.  Brig- 
Gen.  James  Wilkinson,  December  15.  Presidential  Candidates:  John 
Adams  and  Thos.  Pinckney,  Federalists;  Thomas  Jefferson,  Aaron 
Burr,  Sam  Adams,  etc.,  Republicans.  Baltimore,  Md.,  made  a  city, 
December  31,  James  Calhoun  being  the  first  mayor. 

1797.  John  Adams,  President;  Thos.  Jefferson,  Vice-President; 
Timothy  Pickering,  Secretary  of  State;  Oliver  Wolcott,  Secretary  of 
Treasury;  James  McHenry,  Secretary  of  War;  Chas.  Lee,  Attorney- 
General;  Jos.  Habersham,  Postmaster-General.  When  the  French 
government  demanded  "much  money"  to  keep  peace,  Mr.  Pinckney 
answered,  "Millions  for  defence,  not  a  cent  for  tribute."  First  grand 
chapter  of  Masons  in  United  States,  in  Philadelphia  October  24.  The 
French  began  hostilities  on  the   ocean.     Adams. 

1798.  Eleventh  amendment  to  the  Constitution  proposed  in  1794, 
in  force  January  8.  Congress  established  Navy  Department,  George 
Cabot,  Secretary,  May  3.  Benjamin  Stoddert  appointed  Secretary  of 
the  Navy  May  21.  Jos.  Hopkinson  wrote  "Hail  Columbia."  Congress 
passed  the  Alien  Law,  June  25,  empowering  the  President  to  banish 
dangerous  aliens.  Lieutenant-General  George  Washington,  July  13. 
Congress  passed  the  Sedition  Law,  July  14,  directed  against  oppon- 
ents of  the  government.  The  President  substituting  X.  Y.  Z,  for 
names  of  French  agents  that  asked  tribute,  referred  it  to  Congress; 
war  followed.  Virginia  passed  resolutions,  December  2,  against  the 
Alien  and  Sedition  Laws. 

1799.  The  "Constitution,"  Captain  Truxton,  took  the  French  ship, 
"L'  Insurgente,"  February  9.  Congress  passed  the  first  Quarantine 
Act,  February  23.  Navy  Yard  established  at  Washington.  "Associa- 
tion for  the  Improvement  of  Common  Schools"  formed  at  Middleton, 
Conn.  Death  of  George  Washington,  December  14.  Major  General 
Alex.  Hamilton,  Dec.  14. 

1800.  "Charleston,  (S.  C.)  Courier,  appeared  January  1.  John 
Marshall  appointed  Secretary  of  State  and  Sam  Dexter  Secretary  of 
War,  May  13.  Congress  Library  founded.  The  Navy  Yard  at 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  came  into  the  possession  of  the  United  States,  June 
12.  Gabriel's  insurrection  in  Virginia.  Brig-Gen.  James  Wilkinson, 
June  15.  Site  purchased  for  a  Navy  Yard  at  Charleston,  Mass.,  August 
30.  Presidential  Candidates:  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr,  Re- 
publicans; John  Adams,  Chas.  C.  Pinckney,  and  John  Jay,  Federals. 
Spain  secretly  ceded  Louisiana  to  France  October  1.     Congress  mfet  in 


242  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Washington  for  the  first   time,   November  17.      Population     of     the 
United    States,    5,308,483. 

1801.  Samuel  Dexter  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  January 
1.  John  Marshall,  January  31.  Roger  Griswold  appointed  Secretary 
of  War,  February  3,  and  Theo.  Parsons,  Attorney-General  February  20. 
Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  established.  Jefferson  and  Burr,  having  tied  on 
73  votes,  the  House  on  February  17,  elected  Jefferson.  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson, President;  Aaron  Burr,  Vice-President;  Jas.  Madison,  Secre- 
tary of  State;  Samuel  Dexter,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  Henry  Dear- 
born, Secretary  of  War;  Levi  Lincoln,  Attorney-General;  Benjamin 
Stoddert,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Jos.  Habersham,  Postmaster-General.  Al- 
bert Gallatin  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury  May  14.  Tripoli 
declared  war  against  the  United  States  June  10.  Gosport  Navy  Yard 
established.  Robert  Smith  appointed  Secretary  of  Navy  July  15. 
Gideon  Granger  was  appointed  Postmaster-General  November  28.  The 
President  complained,  of  office-holders,  "that  few  died  and  none  re- 
signed."    Jefferson. 

1802.  Excise  tax  repealed  March  16.  Military  Academy,  at  West 
Point,  founded.  The  Spanish  governor  of  New  Orleans  closed  the 
port  against  Americans.     Ohio  was  added  to  the  Union  November  29. 

1803.  President  Jefferson  gave  France  $15,000,000  for  the  Louis- 
iana Territory,  April  30.  Oliver  Evans,  of  Delaware,  devised  the  first 
dredge  for  deepening  the  channels  of  rivers.  Sailors  of  New  York 
City  went  on  a  strike.  First  load  of  anthracite  coal  taken  into  Phila- 
delphia. Apple  parer  invented.  Orestes  A.  Brownson  was  born  in 
Vermont,  September  16.  United  States  took  possession  of  New  Or- 
leans December  20. 

1804.  Lieutenant  Decatur  entered  harbor  of  Tripoli,  February  16, 
and  burnt  the  "Philadelphia."  Baptists  organized  the  first  Bible  So- 
ciety in  the  United  States.  Aaron  Burr  and  Alex.  Hamilton  fought  a 
duel,  July  11,  the  latter  being  killed.  Commodore  Preble  bombarded 
Tripoli  August  3.  Twelfth  amendment  to  the  Constitution  declared  in 
force,  September  25,  by  which  distinct  candidates  for  President  and 
Vice-President  be  voted 'for.  Presidential  Candidates:  Thomas  Jef- 
ferson and  George  Clinton,  Republicans;  Chas.  C.  Pinckney  and  Rufus 
King,  Federals.     Public  debt,   $82,312,150. 

1805.  New  Orleans  made  a  city,  February  17,  Joseph  Mather, 
mayor.  Thomas  Jefferson,  President;  Geo.  Clinton,  Vice-President; 
James  Madison,  Secretary  of  State;  Albert  Gallatin,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury ;  Henry  Dearborn,  Secretary  of  War ;  Robert  Smith,  Attorney- 
General;  J.  Crowinshield,  Secretary  of  the  Navy;  Gideon  Granger, 
Postmaster-General.  Peace  made  with  Tripoli,  June  4.  Hiram  Pow- 
ers, sculptor,  born  in  Verniont,  July  29.  Lewis  and  Clarke  reached 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  Helena,  July  19.     John  Breckenridge  ap- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  243 

pointed  Attorney-General   August   7.     Lewis   and   Clarke  reached  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  River  November  7.     Jefferson. 

1806.  Great  Britain  passed  an  order  in  Council,  May  16,  declar- 
ing the  blockade  of  the  European  coast  from  the  Elbe  to  Brest.  An- 
drew Jackson  and  Chas.  Dickinson  fought  a  duel,  May  30,  the  latter 
being  killed.  Webster  published  "Complete  Dictionary  of  the  English 
Language."  Zebulon  M.  Pike  discovered  Pike's  Peak.  Tailors  formed 
the  first  trades  union  in  the  United  States.  Napoleon,  at  Berlin,  de- 
clared the   British  ports  blockaded  November  21. 

1807.  Caesar  A.  Rodney  appointed  Attorney-General  January  20. 
British  frigate  "Leopard"  took  four  seamen  from  the  "Chesapeake" 
June  22,  The  "Clermont,"  the  first  successful  steamer,  devised  and 
built  by  Robert  Fulton,  went  from  New  York  City  to  Albany,  August 
11.  Aaron  Burr  tried  and  acquitted.  Great  Britain  forbade  the  neu- 
trals to  trade  with  France,  without  paying  tribute  to  Great  Britain, 
November  11.  Congress  passed  "Jefferson's  Embargo,"  December  22, 
forbidding  any  vessel  to  leave  an  American  port. 

1808.  Act  forbidding  the  importation  of  slaves  took  effect  Jan- 
uary 1.  The  Pope  created  the  Sees  of  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia, 
and  Bardstown,  Ky.,  April  8.  St.  Louis  "Republic"  appeared,  the 
first  paper  in  St.  Louis.  Jefferson  Davis  born  in  Kentucky,  August  3. 
Presidential  Candidates:  James  Madison  and  Geo.  Clinton,  Repub- 
licans;  C.  C.  Pinckney  and  Rufus  King,  Federalists. 

1809.  Edgar  Allan  Poe  born  in  Boston  January  19.  Abraham 
Lincoln  born  in  Kentucky,  February  12.  Congress  repealed  the  Em- 
bargo Act,  March  3,  and  passed  the  Non-Intercourse  Act,  forbidding 
Americans  to  trade  with  Great  Britain  or  France.  James  Madison, 
President;  George  Clinton,  Vice-President;  Robert  Smith,  Secretary  of 
State;  Albert  Gallatin,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  Wm.  Eustis,  Secretary 
of  War;  Caesar  A.  Rodney,  Attorney-General;  Paul  Hamilton,  Secre- 
tary of  Navy;    Gideon  Granger,   Postmaster-General.     Madison. 

1810.  Captain  Winship  built  the  first  house  in  Oregon.  Penn's 
"Treaty  Tree"  blown  down  March  3.  Steel  pens  came  into  use,  A 
general  postofRce  was  established  in  Washington,  April  30.  First 
Agricultural  exhibition  in  the  United  States  was  held  at  Georgetown, 
N.  C,  May  10.  The  Presbytery  of  Cumberland,  Ky.,  was  formed. 
Population  of  United  States,  7,239,881. 

1811.  Chas.  Sumner  born  in  Boston  January  6.  James  Munroe 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  April  2.  The  "President"  fired  into 
"Little  Belt"  May  16.  "Orleans"  built  at  Pittsburg,  was  the  first 
steamer  on  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi.  John  Jacob  Astor  founded  As- 
toria. Hezekiah  Niles  began  "Nilcs  Weekly  Register,"  September  7, 
in  Baltimore.  "Buffalo  Gazette"  appeared  October  ],  the  first  news- 
paper in  Buffalo.  Gen.  W.  H.  Harrison  defeated  Ellswatawa,  a  brother 
of  Tecumseh,  at  Tippecanoe,  November  7.     Wendell  Phillips  was  born 


244  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

in  Boston,  November  29.     Wm.  Pinckney  was  appointed  Attorney-Gen- 
eral December  11. 

1812.  Major  Henry  Dearborn,  January  27.  Louisiana  added  to 
the  Union,  April  30.  President  declared  war  against  Great  Britain, 
June  18.  Great  Britain  repealed  Orders  in  Council,  June  23.  "Uncle 
Sam,"  after  Samuel  Wilson  of  Troy,  came  into  use.  The  British  took 
Mackinaw  July  17.  General  Hull  surrendered  Detroit  to  Brock  August 
16.  The  "Constitution"  took  the  "Guerriere,"  August  19.  Battle  of 
Queenston  Heights,  October  13.  The  "Wasp"  took  the  British  frigate 
"Frolic"  October  18.  The  "United  States"  took  the  "Macedonian" 
October  25.  Presidential  Candidates:  James  Madison  and  Elbridge 
Gerry,  Republicans;  De  Witt  Clinton  and  Jared  Ingersoll,  Federalists. 
The  "Constitution"  took  the  "Java"  December  29. 

1813.  Wm.  Jones  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  January  12. 
John  Armstrong  appointed  Secretary  of  War  January  13.  The  "Hor- 
net" took  the  British  "Peacock"  February  24.  James  Madison,  Presi- 
dent; Elbridge  Gerry,  Vice-President;  James  Monroe,  Secretary  of 
State;  Albert  Gallatin,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  John  Armstrong,  Secre- 
tary of  War;  Wm.  Pinckney,  Attorney-General;  Wm.  Jones,  Secretary 
of  Navy;  Gideon  Granger,  Postmaster-General.  General  Dearborn 
took  Toronto  April  27.  Dearborn  took  Fort  George  May  27.  The 
"Shannon"  took  the  "Chesapeake"  June  1.  The  "Enterprise"  took  the 
British  "Boxer"  September  5.  Perry  defeated  Barclay  at  Lake  Erie, 
September  10.  Harrison  crushed  Proctor  at  Thames  October  5. 
Chrysler's  Farm,  November  11.  McClure  burnt  Newark  December  10. 
The  British  burnt  Buffalo  December  30.     Madison. 

1814.  George  W.  Campbell  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury 
February  9;  and  Richard  Rush  Attorney-General  February  10.  Return 
of  J.  Meigs,  as  Postmaster-General,  March  17.  General  Brown  de- 
feated Riall  at  Chippewa  July  5.  Battle  of  Bridgewater,  or  Lundy's 
Lane,  July  25.  General  Ross  burnt  Washington  August  24.  Commo- 
dore Macdonough  defeated  Downie,  and  General  Macomb  defeated 
Prevost,  at  Plattsburg,  September  11.  General  Ross  was  killed  at 
Baltimore  September  13.  While  the  British  bombarded  Fort  McHenry, 
September  14,  Francis  S.  Key  composed  the  "Star  Spangled  Banner." 
James  Monroe  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  September  27,  and 
Alex.  J.  Dallas  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  October  6.  The  "Hartford 
Convention"  was  held  December  15.  B.  W.  Crowninshield  was  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  the  Navy  December  19.  Treaty  of  Paris,  Decem- 
ber 24.     Public   debt  $99,833,660. 

1815.  General  Jackson  defeated  the  British  at  New  Orleans  Jan- 
uary 8,  Sir  Ed.  Pakenham  being  killed.  Wm.  Tudor  began  the  "North 
American  Review."  The  "Intelligencer"  appeared  in  Kaskaskia,  the 
first  paper  in  Illinois.  Major-General  Jacob  Brown,  June  15.  Commo- 
dore Decatur  took  two  Algerine  ships,  and,  sailing  into  the  Bay  of 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  245 

Algiers,  forced  the  Dey  to  sign  a  Treaty  June  30.  Wm.  H.  Crawford 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  August  1.  Terrific  gale  and  flood  in 
New  England   September  23. 

1816.  The  "Boston  Recorder"  appeared  .January  3.  Congress 
passed  the  Compensation  Bill,  by  which  members  were  to  get  $1,500 
a  year,  instead  of  $6.00  a  day.  U.  S.  Bank  chartered  for  twenty 
years,  April  10.  The  American  Bible  Society -was  organized  in  New 
York  City,  May  8.  The  "Ontario,"  built  at  Sackett's  Harbor,  was  the 
first  steamer  on  Lake  Ontario.  Coldest  summer  ever  known.  Wm. 
H.  Crawford  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury,  October  22.  Presi- 
dential Candidates:  James  Monroe  and  D.  D.  Tomkins,  Republicans; 
Rufus  King  and  John  B.  Howard,  Federalists.  Indiana  was  added  to 
the   Union   December  11. 

1817.  James  Monroe,  President;  D.  D.  Tomkins,  Vice  President; 
John  Q.  Adams,  Secretary  of  State;  Wm.  H.  Crawford,  Secretary  of 
Treasury;  George  Graham,  Secretary  of  War;  Richard  Rush,  Attorney- 
General;  B.  W.  Crowninshield,  Secretary  of  Navy.  Return  of  J.  Meigs, 
as  Postmaster-General.  Rush  Bagot  "Treaty",  April  28,  fixing  the 
number  of  war  vessels  that  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  may 
keep  on  inland  waters.  Governor  Clinton  of  New  York,  at  Rome, 
broke  ground  for  the  Erie  Canal  July  4.  First  Seminole  War.  The 
people  said  "The  era  of  good  feeling  has  begun."  Hartford,  Conn., 
"Times"  appeared.  John  C.  Calhoun  appointed  Secretary  of  War, 
October  8;  and  Wm.  Wirt  Attorney-General  November  13.  Mississippi 
admitted  to  the  Union  December  10. 

1818.  Daniel  Webster  successfully  argued  the  "Dartsmouth  Col- 
lege Case"  March  10.  Congress  established  the  flag  of  the  United 
States  April  4,  limiting  the  stripes  to  thirteen,  putting  twenty  stars 
in  the  Union,  and  providing  that  an  additional  star  be  inserted  for 
each  new  admitted  State.  Gen.  Jackson  executed  Alex  Arbuthnot  and 
Robert  C.  Ambrister,  for  inciting  the  Indians  to  war.  Jackson  took 
Pensacola  May  27.  Convention  with  Great  Britain,  October  20,  ac- 
knowledging the  right  of  the  United  States  to  the  Newfoundland  fish- 
eries. Illinois  admitted  to  the  Union  December  3.  Smith  Thompson 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  November  9. 

1819.  Florida  was  purchased  from  Spain  for  $5,000,000  February 
22.  The  "Savannah"  a  sidewheel  steamer,  left  Savannah  May  24, 
reaching  Liverpool  June  20.  "Walk-in-the-Water"  was  the  first 
steamer  on  Lake  Erie.  Manchester  Unity  introduced  Oddfellowship 
into  the  United  States.  Champlain  Canal  completed.  Cleveland 
"Herald"  appeared.     Alabama  admitted  to  the  Union  December  14. 

1820.  Wm.  T.  Sherman  was  born  in  Ohio,  February  8.  The  "Mis- 
souri Compromise,"  making  Missouri  a  slave  State,  but  prohibiting 
slavery  elsewhere  north  of  36^2  degrees  and  west  of  Mississippi  "was 
passed  March  2.      Maine  was  released  from  Massachusetts  and  admit- 


246  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ted  to  the  Union  March  15.  Commodore  Decatur  and  Commodore 
Barron  fought  a  duel,  March  22,  the  former  being  killed.  The  print- 
ers of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  went  on  a  strike,  originating  the  words  "scab" 
and  "rat."  First  Stock  Exchange  in  New  York.  No  President  nom- 
inated.    Population,  9,633,822. 

1821.  Grand  Lodge  of  Odd  Fellows  of  Maryland  and  the  United 
States,  instituted  February  22.  Bill  passed  to  admit  Missouri  Febru- 
ary 28.  James  Monroe,  President;  D.  D.  Tomkins,  Vice-President; 
John  Q.  Adams,  Secretary  of  State;  Wm.  H.  Crawford,  Secretary  of 
Treasury;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Secretary  of  War;  Wm.  Wirt,  Attorney- 
General;  Smith  Thompson,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Return  J.  Meigs,  Post- 
master-General. Amherst  College,  Massachusetts,  founded.  Mrs. 
Emma  Willard  began  a  school  for  women  at  Troy,  N.  Y.  Missouri 
admitted  to  Union  August  10.     Mobile   "Register"  appeared. 

1822.  "Indiana  Gazette"  "Indiana  State  Sentinel"  appeared  Janu- 
ary 28.  Boston  made  a  city  February  23,  John  Phillips  being  the  first 
mayor.  United  States  recognized  the  South  American  republics  as 
independent  sovereignties.  U.  S.  Grant  was  born  in  Ohio,  April  27. 
Extension  of  National  road  from  Wheeling  to  Mississippi.  Americans 
founded  a  negro  Republic  at  Liberia,  Africa,  for  African  freedmen. 
Cotton  mill  erected  at  Lowell,  Mass.,  beginning  the  city.  St.  Louis, 
Mo.,  made  a  city  December  9,  Wm.  Carr  Lane  being  the  first  mayor. 

1823.  "Zion's  Herald,"  of  Boston,  appeared  January  1.  The  "In- 
dianapolis Journal"  .  appeared  March  7.  John  McLean  appointed 
Postmaster-General  June  26.  Rev.  Samuel  Reed  Hall  established,  the 
first  Normal  School  for  training  teachers,  at  Concord,  Vermont.  John 
Rogers  appointed  Secretary  of  Navy  September  1.  Francis  Parkman 
born  in  Boston  September  16.  Samuel  L.  Southard  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Navy  September  16.  The  "Monroe  Doctrine,"  America  is 
for  Americans,  explicitly  announced  December  1. 

1824.  "Boston  Courier"  appeared.  The  House  of  Refuge,  New 
York  City,  conceived  by  Ed.  Livingstone,  founded;  it  was  the  first 
reform  school  for  juvenile  delinquents  in  the  world.  Clay  passed  a 
high  tariff  bill.  Detroit  made  a  city  August  5,  John  R.  Williams,  first 
mayor.  Lafayette  landed  at  New  York  August  15.  Presidential  Can- 
didates: Andrew  Jackson,  John  Q.  Adams,  W.  H.  Crawford,  and  H. 
Clay  for  President;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Nat.  Sanford,  Nat.  Macon,  and 
Andrew  Jackson  for  Vice  President.  This  was  the  "scrub"  race;  no 
candidate  got  a  majority.     Public   debt.   $83,788,432. 

1825.  The  House  made  Adams  President;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Vice- 
President;  Henry  Clay,  Secretary  of  State;  Richard  Rush,  Secretary  of 
Treasury;  James  Barbour.  Secretary  of  War;  Wm.  Wirt.  Attorney- 
General;  Samuel  L.  Southard,  Secretary  of  Navy;  John  McLean,  Post- 
master-General. "Sunday  Courier,"  of  New  York,  appeared,  the  first 
Sunday  newspaper.     Lafayette  laid  the  corner  stone  of  the  Bunker 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  247 

Hill  monument,  June  17.  Homeopathy  introduced  into  the  United 
States  by  Dr.  Hans  B.  Gram.  Navy  Yard  established  at  Pensacola. 
Rev.  Isaac  McCoy,  (Baptist)  preached  first  English  sermon  in  Chicago, 
October  9.  After  eight  years  of  great  toil,  the  Erie  Canal,  "Clinton's 
Big   Ditch,"   was  opened   October   26. 

1S2G.  Clay  and  Adams  "bargain"  hotly  debated.  "American  So- 
ciety for  the  promotion  of  Temperance"  formed  in  Boston,  February 
13.  Clay  and  Randolph  fought  a  duel  April  8,  but  neither  was  hurt. 
*'New  Orleans  Bee"  appeared.  Thomas  Jefferson  and  John  Adams  died 
July  4.  Wm.  Morgan,  of  Batavia,  N.  Y.,  having  threatened  to  expose 
Free  Masonry,  mysteriously  disappeared.  James  Kent  wrote  "Com- 
mentaries on  American  Law."     Tramway  was  built  at  Quincy,  Mass. 

1827.  A  national  convention  of  protectionists  met  at  Harrisburg, 
Pa.,  July  30,  and  declared  for  a  protective  tariff.  Alex.  Campbell 
founded  the  "Disciples  of  Christ."  An  angel  gave  Joseph  Smith  the 
plates  and  the  Urim  and  Thummim,  near  Manchester,  N.  Y.,  Septem- 
ber 22,  from  which  he  gathered  the  "Book  of  Mormon." 

1828.  Joseph  Smith  organized  the  Mormon  Church  April  6.  Con- 
gress passed  what  the  South  called  "Tariff  of  Abominations,"  May  15. 
Peter  B.  Porter  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  May  26.  Paper  first 
made  of  straw,  at  Meadville,  Pa.  Major-General  Alexander  Macomb, 
May  29.  Chas.  Carroll,  at  Baltimore,  broke  ground  for  the  first  steam 
railroad  in  the  United  States,  July  4.  Presidential  Candidates:  Andrew 
Jackson  and  John  C.  Calhoun,  Democrats,  for  President  and  Vice- 
President;  John  Q.  Adams  and  Richard  Rush,  National  Republicans, 
for  President  and  Vice-President.  Noah  Webster  published  "Diction- 
ary of  the  English  Language."     First  popular  vote  for  President. 

1829.  Andrew  Jackson,  President;  John  C.  Calhoun,  Vice-Presi- 
dent; Martin  Van  Buren,  Secretary  of  State;  Sam.  D.  Ingham,  Secre- 
tary of  Treasury;  John  H.  Eaton,  Secretary  of  War;  John  M.  Berrien, 
Attorney-General;  John  Branch,  Secretary  of  the  Navy;  Wm.  T.  Barry, 
Postmaster-General.  The  "Stourbridge  Lion,"  the  first  locomotive  in 
the  United  States,  arrived  from  England.  President  Jackson  displaced 
hundreds  of  civil  servants,  to  make  places  for  his  followers.  The 
Postmaster-General  was  made  a  cabinet  officer.  Samuel  Rust  invented 
the  Washington  press.  The  schooner  "Michigan"  for  an  exhibition, 
was  sent  over  Niagara  Falls. 

1830.  "Great  Debate  in  the  Senate,"  against  and  for  nullification. 
Thurlow  Reed  began  the  "Journal,"  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  March  22.  At 
the  President's  birthday  celebration,  he  proposed  "Our  Federal 
Union;  it  must  ba  preserved;"  the  Vice-President  followed  with  "Lib- 
erty, dearer  than  the  Union."  Peter  Cooper  built  the  first  American 
locomotive  at  Baltimore.  The  Baltimore  &  Ohio  railroad  (14  miles) 
was   opened   May   24,   being   the    first   steam   railroad   in   the   United 


248  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

States.     Jos.   B.   Worcester  published   his   Dictionary.     Audubon    pub- 
lished "The  Birds  of  America."     Population,  12,866,020. 

1831.  Wm.  Lloyd  Garrison  began  the  "Liberator,"  in  Boston, 
January  1,  the  first  abolition  paper.  New  York  University,  New  York 
City,  chartered  April  IS.  Detroit  "Free  Press"  appeared  May  5.  Levi 
Woodbury  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Navy  May  23.  Ed.  Livingstone 
appointed  Secretary  of  State,  May  24;  and  Roger  B.  Taney,  Attorney- 
General,  July  20.  Harrisburg  "Telegraph"  appeared.  Lewis  Cass  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War,  August  1.  and  Louis  McLane  appointed 
Secretary  of  Treasury,  August  8.  Wm.  T.  Porter  began  "Spirit  of 
the  Times,"  N.  Y.,  the  first  sporting  paper.  Presidential  nominations 
first  made  by  conventions.  Anti-Masons,  of  Baltimore,  September  26, 
nominated  Wm.  Wirt,  President  and  Amos  Ellmaker,  Vice-President. 
United  States  Naval  Home,  at  Philadelphia,  opened  December  4.  The 
National  Republicans,  at  Baltimore,  December  12,  nominated  Henry 
Clay,  President,  and  John   Sergeant,  Vice  President. 

1832.  Buffalo  made  a  city  April  20,  Ebenezer  Johnson,  mayor. 
The  Democrats,  at  Baltimore,  May  21,  nominated  Jackson  for  Presi- 
dent, and  M.  Van  Buren  for  Vice-President.  Senator  Marcy,  of  New 
York,  said  "To  the  victors  belong  the  spoils."  Black  Hawk  began 
war.  The  "Democrat  and  Chronicle,"  of  Rochester,  appeared.  The 
President  vetoed  the  United  States  Bank  Bill,  July  10.  Cholera. 
Cincinnati  "Times"  appeared.  Black  Hawk  was  captured.  The  State 
Convention,  at  South  Carolina,  vetoed  the  Tariff  Acts,  November  19, 
and  declared  the  supreme  sovereignty  of  the  State.  President  Jackson 
declared  the  sovereignty  of  the  Union,  December  16,  and  threatened 
niilitary  coercion,  forcing  the  nullifiers  to  yield. 

1883.  Webster,  replying  to  Calhoun,  said,  February  16,  "There 
can  be  no  secession  without  revolution."  Clay's  Compromise  Tariff 
passed  February  20.  Andrew  Jackson,  President;  Martin  Van  Buren, 
Vice-President;  Ed.  Livingstone,  Secretary  of  State;  Louis  McLane, 
Secretary  of  Treasury;  Lewis  Cass,  Secretary  of  War;  Roger  B.  Taney. 
Attorney-General;  Levi  Woodbury,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Wm.  T.  Barry, 
Postmaster-General.  Louis  McLane  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State, 
and  Wm.  J.  Duane,  Secretary  of  Treasury,  May  29.  Benj.  H.  Day 
began  the  "Daily  Sun,"  N.  Y.,  September  3,  the  first  cent  paper  in  the 
United  States.  Roger  B.  Taney,  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury, 
September  23.  Taney  took  public  funds -from  the  United  States  Bank, 
October  1.  The  sky  was  filled  with  meteors  and  falling  stars,  Novem- 
ber 13.     Benj,  F.  Butler  appointed   Attorney-General   November  15. 

1834.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  made  a  city,  April  8,  Geo.  Hall  first  mayor. 
Cyrus  Hall  McCormick  invented  a  reaping  machine,  the  first  ever  used. 
Abolition  riots  in  New  York  City.  National  Republicans  became 
Whigs.  John  Forsyth  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State,  and  Levi 
Woodbury,   Secretary   of  Treasury,  June   27.     Mahlon   Dickerson  was 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  24d 

appointed  Secretary  of  Navy,  June  30,  Indian  Territory  formed  June 
30.  Castle  Garden  Boat  Club  Association  formed,  the  first  in  the 
United  States.  A  mob  burnt  St.  Ursula  Convent,  Mount  Benedict, 
Mass;,  August  11.     Public  debt  $33,733. 

1835.  The  Buffalo  "Commercial"  appealed  January  1.  "Cold  Sat- 
urday," February  7;  Chesapeake  Bay  fro2en  over.  Osceola  began  the 
second  Seminole  War.  Samuel  Colt  began  to  make  revolving  fire 
arms  at  Paterson,  N.  J.  Amos  Kendall  appointed  Postmaster-General 
May  1.  James  Gordon  Bennett  began  the  New  York  "Herald"  May  6. 
Mints  established  at  Charlotte,  N.  C,  Dahlouega,  Ga.,  and  New  Or- 
leans. At  New  York  City  University,  Sam.  F.  B.  Morse  showed  the 
first  instrument  for  telegraphic  recording.  The  "Nashville  Union" 
appeared.  Osceola  murdered  Major  Dade  and  110  soldiers.  $20,000,000 
fire  in  New  York  City  December  16. 

1836.  Cleveland,  Ohio,  made  a  city,  March  5,  John  W.  Willey 
first  mayor.  Roger  B.  Taney,  March  15.  Sam  Houston  defeated 
Santa  Anna  at  San  Jacinto,  April  2,  making  Texas  an  independent 
State.  The  "Toledo  Blade"  appeared.  The  American  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  was  formed  in  New  York,  May  12.  Arkansas  admitted 
to  the  Union  June  15.  President  issued  "Specie  Circular,"  July  11,' 
insisting  that  public  lands  be  paid  for  in  silver  and  gold.  The  "Wis- 
consin" of  Milwaukee,  appeared.  Presidential  Candidates:  Martin 
Van  Buren  and  Richard  M.  Johnson,  Democrats;  Wm.  H.  Harrison, 
Daniel  Webster,  etc.,  Whigs.  United  States  Post  Office  and  Patent 
Office,  at  Washington,  destroyed  by  fire  December  15.  "The  Visitor," 
the  first  paper  in  Iowa,  appeared  at  Dubuque. 

1837.  New  Orleans  "Picayune"  appeared  January  25.  Michigan 
admitted  to  Union  January  26.  Martin  Van  Buren,  President;  R.  M. 
Johnson,  Vice-President;  John  Forsyth,  Secretary  of  State;  Levi  Wood- 
bury, Secretary  of  Treasury;  Joel  R.  Poinsett,  Secretary  of  War;  B. 
F.  Butler,  Attorney-General;  Mahlon  Dickerson,  Secretary  of  Navy; 
Amos  Kendall,  Postmaster-General,  Chicago  made  a  city,  March  4, 
Wm.  B.  Ogden,  mayor.  Grand  Rapids  "Democrat"  appeared.  Mas- 
sachusetts Board  of  Education  organized,  Horace  Mann,  secretary. 
Milwaukee  "Sentinel"  appeared.  The  "Baltimore  Sun"  appeared. 
Great  financial  panic.  Rev.  Elijah  P.  Lovejoy  shot  by  a  mob  at  Alton, 
111.,  November  7.  Wm.  L.  Mackenzie  arrived  in  Buffalo  December 
10.     Col.  McNab  cast  "Caroline"  over  Niagara  Falls  December  29. 

1838.  "The  Great  Western"  and  "Sirius,"  two  British  steamships, 
arrived  at  New  York,  April  23.  Members  of  "Hunter's  Lodges"  burnt 
"Sir  Robert  Peel"  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  May  29.  James  K.  Paulding 
appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  June  25.  Several  States  repudiated 
their  debts.  Felix  Grundy  appointed  Attorney-General  July  5.  Gen. 
Scott  removed  the  Cherokees  beyond  the  Mississippi.  Von  Schoulfz 
landed  180  men  at  Prescott,  Canada,  November  11. 


250  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

1839.  Virginia  Military  Academy  established  at  Lexington.  First 
general  express  in  the  United  States  was  begun  by  Wm.  F.  Harnden, 
from  Boston  to  New  York.  The  "Daily  American"  (Evening  Journal), 
appeared  April  9,  the  first  daily  in  Chicago.  Anthracite  coal  first  suc- 
cessfully used  to  smelt  iron  in  Pennsylvania.  Mormons  settled  at 
Nauvoo,  111.  First  printing  press  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  set  up 
at  Walla  Walla.  Anti-rent  troubles  in  New  York.  Ancient  Order  of 
Foresters  introduced  into  the  United  States.  The  Whigs,  at  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  December  4,  nominated  Wm.  H.  Harrison  for  President,  and 
John  Tyler  for  Vice-President. 

1840.  Henry  D.  Gilpin,  appointed  Attorney-General  January  11. 
The  Democrats,  at  Baltimore,  May  5,  nominated  Van  Buren  for  Presi- 
dent, the  States  to  nominate  a  Vice-President.  John  M.  Niles  was 
appointed  Postmaster-General,  May  19.  The  "Sub-Treasury  Act,"  the 
establishment  of  a  government  treasury,  became  a  law  July  4,  effecting 
a  "Divorce  of  bank  and  State."  Samuel  Cunard  established  the  first 
line  of  steamships  between  the  United  States  and  Liverpool.  First 
election  campaign  was  a  "Hard  cider  campaign,"  the  Whig  cry  being 
"Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too."     Population  17,069,453. 

1841.  Wm.  H.  Harrison,  President;  John  Tyler,  Vice-President; 
Daniel  S.  Webster,  Secretary  of  State;  Thos.  Ewing,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury;  John  Bell,  Secretary  of  War;  John  J.  Crittenden,  Attorney- 
General;  Geo.  E.  Badger,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Francis  Granger,  Post- 
master-General. Death  of  President  Harrison,  April  4.  John  Tyler, 
installed  President,  April  6.  Horace  Greeley  began  the  New  York 
"Tribune"  April  10.  Major  General  Winfield  Scott,  July  5.  The  Sub- 
Treasury  Act  was  repealed  August  9.  The  Bankruptcy  Act  was  passed 
August  19.  Tyler  broke  with  the  Whigs  September  9.  The  Pittsburg 
"Chronicle-Telegraph"  appeared.  John  McLean  appointed  Secretary 
of  War;  Walter  Forward,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  Hugh  S.  Lagare,  At- 
torney-General; Abel  P.  Upshur,  Secretary  of  Navy  and  Chas  A.  Wick- 
liffe,  Postmaster-General,  September  13;  John  C.  Spencer  was  appoint- 
ed Secretary  of  War,  October  12.  The  Brooklyn  "Eagle"  appeared 
October  26. 

1842.  Croton  water  system  at  New  York,  opened  July  4.  High 
tariff  imposed.  Beginning  of  fiscal  year  changed  from  January  1st  to 
July  1st,  September  28.  Daniel  Webster  and  Lord  Ashburton  fixed 
the  Maine  boundary,  made  49  degrees  the  boundary  line  from  Lake  of 
Woods  to  the  Rock  Mountains,  and  arranged  for  the  extradition 
of  criminals  September  9.  The  University  of  Michigan,  at  Ann  Arbor, 
opened  September  20.  Sons  of  Temperance  organized  in  New  York, 
September  29.  Order  of  Odd  Fellows  separated  from  Manchester 
Unity.  Cincinnati  "Enquirer"  appeared.  Dorr's  rebellion  in  Rhode 
Island.     Abraham  Lincoln  married  Miss  Mary  Todd,  November  4. 

1843.  John    C.    Spencer    was   appointed    Secretary   of   Treasury, 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  251 

March  3.  Bankruptcy  Act  repealed  March  3.  James  M.  Porter  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War  March  8.  Hugh  S.  Legare  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  State  May  9.  John  Nelson  appointed  Attorney-General  July  1. 
Abel  P.  Upshur  appointed  Secretary  of  State,  and  David  Henshaw  Sec- 
retary of  the  Navy,  July  24.  Dr.  Whitman  led  200  immigrants  into  the 
valley  of  the  Columbia  River.  Great  comet  visible  in  daytime.  The 
Liberty  Party,  at  Buffalo,  August  30,  nominated  James  G.  Birney  for 
President,  and  Thomas  Morris  for  Vice-President.  John  C.  Fremont 
and  Kit.  Carson,  in  a  leather  boat,  explored  Great  Salt  Lake. 

1844.  Wm.  Wilkins  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War;  and  Thos. 
W.  Gilmer,  Secretary  of  Navy,  February  15.  John  C.  Calhoun  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  State,  March  6;  John  Y.  Mason,  Secretary  of 
Navy,  March  14.  The  Whigs,  at  Baltimore,  May  1,  nominated  Henry 
Clay  for  President,  and  T.  Frelinghuysen  for  Vice-President.  First 
electric  telegraph  in  United  States  worked  between  Baltimore  and 
Washington,  May  24,  Professor  Morse's  message  being  "What  hath 
God  wrought?"  The  Democrats,  at  Baltimore,  May  27,  nominated 
James  K,  Polk  for  President,  and  Geo.  M.  Dallas  for  Vice-President. 
George  M.  Bibb  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury,  June  15.  Jos. 
Smith  and  his  brother,  Hiram,  were  shot  at  Carthage,  111.,  Brigham 
Young  becoming  President  of  the  Mormon  Church.  United  States 
Naval  Observatory  at  Washington,  erected.     Public  debt,  $15,925,303. 

1845.  Florida  admitted  to  the  Union  March  3.  James  Knox  Polk, 
President;  Geo.  M.  Dallas,  Vice-President;  James  Buchanan,  Secretary 
of  State;  Robert  J.  Walker,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  W.  L.  Marcy,  Sec- 
retary of  War;  Geo.  Bancroft,  Secretary  of  Navy;  John  Y.  Mason,  At- 
torney-General; Cave  Johnson,  Postmaster-General.  $10,000,000  fire 
in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  April  10.  Hosts  of  immigrants  coming  into  the 
United  States.  John  A.  Robling  erected  suspended  aqueduct  of  Penn- 
sylvania canal  across  the  Monongahela.  United  States  Naval  Acad- 
emy opened  at  Annapolis.  Dr.  Wm.  T.  J.  Morton,  of  Boston,  discov- 
ered the  anesthetic  properties  of  ether.  Texas  admitted  to  the  Union 
December  29. 

1846.  Pittsburg  "Despatch"  appeared.  Milwaukee  made  a  city, 
January  31,  Sol.  Juneau,  mayor.  Oregon  excitement,  the  cry  being 
"Fifty-four-forty  or  fight."  Sub-Treasury  Act  re-passed.  Mexicans 
began  war.  Gen.  Taylor  defeated  the  Mexicans  at  Palo  Alto  May  8. 
Congress  declared  war  against  Mexico  May  13.  Elias  Howe  patented 
his  sewing  machine.  Treaty  at  Washington,  settling  the  Oregon 
boundary,  at  49  degrees,  June  15.  "Wllmot  Proviso"  failed  to  pass. 
John  Y.  Mason  appointed  Secretary  of  Navy,  September  9.  Taylor 
took  Monterey  September  24.  Smithsonian  Institute,  at  Washington, 
established.  Nathan  Clifford  appointed  Attorney-General  October  17. 
Boston  "Herald"  appeared.    Iowa  admitted  to  the  Union,  December  28. 

1847.  Thos.  Alvin  Edison  born  in  Ohio,  February  11,    General 


252  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Taylor  defeated  Santa  Anna  at  Buena  Vista  February  23.  Adhesive 
postage  stamps,  5  cent  and  10  cent  stamps,  authorized  March  3. 
Richard  M.  Hoe,  of  New  York,  produced  the  first  rotatory  printing 
press.  Philadelphia  "Item"  appeared.  American  Medical  Association 
formed.  Chicago  "Tribune"  appeared  June  10.  Moses  G.  Farmer,  of 
Dover,  N.  H.,  showed  the  first  electric  passenger  car  July  26.  Scott 
took  the  City  of  Mexico  September  14.  The  Mormons  reached  Salt 
Lake.  Henry  Ward  Beecher  installed  pastor  of  Plymouth  Church, 
Brooklyn,  November  11. 

1848.  Gold  discovered  on  the  Sacramento  River  January  19. 
Peace  with  Mexico,  February  2;  the  United  States  getting  Upper  Cali- 
fornia and  New  Mexico,  and  paying  to  Mexico,  $15,000,000.  Free  Soil 
Party  appeared,  their  cry  being,  "Free  soil,  free  speech,  free  labor,  and 
free  men."  The  Democrats,  at  Baltimore,  May  22,  nominated  Lewis 
Cass  for  President,  and  Wm.  O.  Butler  for  Vice-President.  Wisconsin 
admitted  to  the  Union  May  29.  The  Whigs,  at  Philadelphia,  June  7, 
nominated  Zachery  Taylor  for  President  and  Millard  Fillmore  for  Vice- 
President.  Isaac  Toucey  was  appointed  Attorney-General  June  21. 
Naval  station  established  at  New  Orleans.  The  Des  Moines  "Leader" 
appeared.  The  Free  Boilers,  at  Buffalo,  August  9,  nominated  M.  Van 
Buren  for  President,  and  Chas.  F.  Adams  for  Vice-President. 

1849.  Elizabeth  Blackwell,  was  the  first  woman  to  me  a  M.  D. 
in  the  United  States.  Fortune  hunters  rushed  to  California.  Congress 
formed  the  Department  of  the  Interior,  March  3,  with  Thos.  H.  Ewing, 
Secretary.  Zachary  Taylor,  President;  Millard  Fillmore,  Vice-Presi- 
dent; John  M.  Clayton,  Secretary  of  State;  Wm.  M.  Meredith,  Secre- 
tary of  Treasury;  Geo.  W.  Crawford,  Secretary  of  War;  Reverdy  John- 
son, Attorney-General;  Wm.  B.  Preston,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Jacob 
Collamer,  Postmaster-General.  G.  H.  Corliss,  of  Providence,  R.  I.,  in- 
troduced trip  gear  in  steam  engines.     Detroit  "Tribune"  appeared. 

1850.  Webster  made  a  "Union  speech"  March  7.  Clayton-Bulwer 
Trenty,  April  19.  San  Francisco  made  a  city  May  1,  John  W.  Geary, 
Mayor.  President  died  July  9.  Millard  Fillmore  installed  July  10. 
Daniel  Webster  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State;  Thos.  Corwin, 
Secretary  of  Treasury;  Wm.  A.  Graham,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Winfield 
Scott,  Secretary  of  War;  James  A.  Pearce,  Secretary  of  Interior;  John 
J.  Crittenden  Attorney-General;  Nathan  K.  Hall,  Postmaster-General, 
Julv  23.  Clay's  Compromise  Acts  (Omnibus  Bill)  passed  July  31. 
<''has.  M  Conrad  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War,  and  Thos.  Mc- 
Kernon,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  August  15.  California  admitted 
into  the  ITnion,  September  9.  Alex.  H.  H.  Stuart,  was  appointed  Sec- 
rotary  of  the  liitorior  September  12.  Harper's  Magazine  appeared. 
Population  23,191.876. 

1851.  Y.  M.  C  A.  established  in  Boston.  Directors  of  the  Erie 
railroad  went  frori  New  York  to  Dunkirk,  April  28,  opening  the  road. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  253 

Neal  Dow's  Maine  law  (prohibition)  passed  June  2.  Wm.  L.  Critten- 
den, for  aiding  the  Cubans,  was  shot  at  Havana,  August  16.  The 
"America"  beat  the  "Aurora"  around  the  Isle  of  Wight,  August  22. 
Henry  J.  Raymond  began  the  New  York  "Times"  September  18.  "Un- 
derground railroad"  helping  fugitive  slaves,  put  in  operation.  New 
York  editors  banaiietted  Louis  Kossuth,  December  13,  originating  the 
Press  CUub,     Northwestern  University,  at  Evanston,  111.,  founded. 

18(2  Rise  of  American,  or  "Know  Nothing"  Party,  a  secret  so- 
ciety opposed  to  the  appointment  of  foreign-born  citizens  to  office. 
The  Demooats,  at  Baltimore,  June  1,  nominated  Franklin  Pierce  for 
President,  and  Wm.  R.  King,  for  Vice-President.  The  Whigs,  at  Balti- 
more, June  16.  nominated  Winfield  Scott  for  President,  and  Wm.  A. 
Graham  for  Vice-President.  John  P.  Kennedy  was  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  Navy,  July  22.  The  "Globe  Democrat"  of  St.  Louis,  appeared. 
Harvard  and  Yale  had  their  first  boat  race  August  3.  Free  Soil  Demo- 
crats, at  Pittsburg,  August  11,  nominated  John  P.  Hale  for  President, 
and  Geo.  W.  Julian,  for  Vice-President.  Sam.  D.  Hubbard  was  ap- 
pointed Postmaster-General  August  31.  Great  Britain  and  France  sug- 
gested the  "Tripartite  Treaty,"  to  guarantee  Cuba  to  Spain. 

1853.  Franklin  Pierce,  President;  Wm.  R.  King,  Vice-President; 
Wm.  L.  Marcy,  Secretary  of  State;  James  Guthrie,  Secretary  of  Treas- 
ury; Jefferson  Davis,  Secretary  of  War;  James  C.  Dobbin,  Secretary 
of  Navy;  Robert  McClelland,  Secretary  of  the  Interior;  Caleb  Gushing, 
Attorney-General;  James  Campbell,  Postmaster-General.  The  United 
States  paid  Mexico  $10,000,000  for  the  Mesilla  Valley.  Navy  Yard 
establishel  at  Mare  Island,  Cal.  New  York  Central  Railroad  organ- 
ized April  2.  The  seizure  of  Martin  Kostza,  an  Austrian  claiming 
American  citizenship,  and  his  rescue  by  an  American  man-of-war,  ex- 
cited the  naturalization  question.  Second  world's  fair  opened  in  New 
York  July  14.  New  York  clearing  house  established  October  11,  the 
first  in  the  United  States.     Public  debt.  $35,586,956. 

1854.  The  "Black  Warrior"  was  confiscated  in  Havanna,  Febru- 
ary 28th.  Mint  was  established  in  San  Francisco.  Congress  passed 
Stephen  A.  Douglass'  "Kansas-Nebraska"  Bill,  May  31,  dividing  Neb- 
raska into  Nebraska  and  Kansas,  and  making  slavery  optional  to  set- 
tlers. A  naval  station  was  established  at  Key  West.  Reciprocity 
Treaty  with  Canada  was  ratified  June  5.  The  Northern  Whigs  be- 
came "Anti-Nebraska"  men.  Messrs,  Buchanan,  Mason  and  Soule 
were  sent  from  Aix-la-Chapelle,  to  Congress,  the  "Ostend  Circular," 
advising  the  acquisition  of  Cuba,  by  purchase  or  by  force. 

1855.  First  registration  of  letters.  The  President  dismissed 
the  British  Minister  and  the  British  Consuls  at  New  York,  Philadelphia 
and  Cincinnati,  for  sanctioning  the  enlistment  of  men  for  the  British 
army.  Missourians  traversed  Kansas  and  terrorized  the  settlers  op- 
posed to  slavery,    Wm.  Walker  and  H.  L.  Kinney  tried  to  establish 


254  THE  DAILY  TBLEGItAPH-HBRALD'S 

an  American  colony  on  Mosquito   coast.     John  A.  Roebling  finished 
the  Niagara  Suspension  Bridge. 

1856.  The  American  Party  at  Philadelphia,  February  22,  nomin- 
ated Millard  Fillmore  President,  and  A.  J,  Donelson  Vice-President. 
The  "Anti-Nebraska"  men  became  Republicans.  Preston  S.  Brooks 
brutally  assaulted  Chas.  Sumner  in  the  Senate  May  22.  The  Demo- 
crats, at  Cincinnati,  June  2,  nominated  James  Buchanan  President, 
and  John  C.  Breckenridge  Vice-President.  Autobiography  of  Peter 
Cartwright  appeared.  The  Republicans,  at  Philadelphia,  June  17,  nom- 
inated John  C.  Fremont  President  and  Wm.  L.  Dayton  Vice-President. 
Ocean  telegraph  was  laid  from  New  York  to  St.  Johins,  Newfoundland. 
The  San  Francisco  "Call"  appeared^ 

1857.  James  Buchanan,  President;  John  C.  Breckenridge,  Vice- 
President;  Louis  Cass,  Secretary  of  State;  Howell  Cobb,  Secretary  of 
the  Treasury;  John  B.  Floyd,  Secretary  of  War;  Jeremiah  S.  Black, 
Attorney-General;  Issac  Toucey,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Aaron  V.  Brown, 
Postmaster-General;  Jacob  Thompson,  Secretary  of  Interior.  Justice 
Taney  decided  against  Dred  Scott,  Harch  6,  a  negro  that  claimed  free- 
dom because  he  had  sojourned  in  a  free  state;  Taney  decided  that  a 
slave,  not  being  a  citizen,  could  not  bring  a  case  into  court.  There 
was  a  financial  panic,  many  banks  stopping  payment.  The  "National 
Emancipation  Society"  was  formed  at  Cleveland,  August  26,  to  end 
slavery  by  government  purchase. 

1858.  Gold  was  discovered  in  Colorado.  The  Comstock  silver 
lode  was  discovered  in  Nevada.  Minnesota  added  to  the  Union  May 
11.  Iron  deposit  boxes  for  letters  were  first  used  in  the  streets  of 
Boston,  August  2.  The  first  Atlantic  cavle  was  put  down;  it  soon 
failed.  First  overland  mail,  that  left  St.  Louis,  September  16,  reached 
San  Francisco,  October  10. 

1859.  Oregon  admitted  to  the  Union  February  14.  Jos.  Holt  was 
appointed  Postmaster-General  March  14.  The  Boston  "Commercial 
Bulletin"  appeared.  Col.  Drake  sank  the  first  successful  oil  well  near 
Titusville,  Pa.  Severe  frost  in  the  northern  part  of  the  United  States 
June  4.  Denver  "Rocky  Mountain  News"  appeared.  John  Brown 
captured  Harper's  Ferry  and  attempted  to  liberate  the  slaves;  he  was 
captured,  tried,  and  hung  December  2. 

1860.  The  Republicans,  ^t  Chicago,  May  16,  nominatel  Abraham 
Lincoln,  for  President,  and  Hannibal  Hamlin  for  Vice-President.  The 
American  Party,  at  Baltimore,  May  19,  nominated  John  Bell  for  Presi- 
dent, and  Ed  Everett  for  Vice-President.  The  President  vetoed  the 
Homestead  Bill,  which  would  have  given  settlers  land  for  25  cents  an 
acre.  The  Douglass  Democrats,  at  Baltimore,  June  18,  nominated 
Stephen  A.  Douglass  for  President,  and  H.  V.  Johnson  for  Vice-Presi- 
dent. The  Southern  Democrats,  at  Baltimore,  June  28,  nominated 
John  C.  Breckenridge  for  President  and  Jos.  Lane  for  Vice-President. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  255 

Philip  S.  Tliomas  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury  December  12. 
Jeremiah  S.  Black  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State  December  17. 
The  "Crittenden  Compromise"  was  offered  December  18.  Ed.  M.  Stan- 
ton was  appointed  Attorney-General  December  20,  South  Carolina 
seceded  from  the  Union  December  20.     Population,  31,443,321. 

1861.  Confederates  fired  on  the  "Star  of  the  West"  January  9th, 
beginning  the  Civil  War.  Mississippi  seceded  January  9;  Florida 
seceded  January  10;  Alabama  seceded  January  11;  John  A.  Dix  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury  January  11,  and  os.  Holt  Secretary 
of  War,  January  18.  Georgia  seceded  January  19;  Louisiana  seceded 
January  26.  Kansas  admitted  to  Union  January  29.  Texas  seceded 
February  1.  The  Confederate  States  of  America  were  formed  at 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  February,  with  Jefferson  Davis  as  President  and 
Alexander  H.  Stephens  as  Vice-President.  Horatio  King  was  appoint- 
ed Postmaster-General  February  12,  Abraham  Lincoln,  President; 
Hannibal  Hamlin,  Vice-President;  Wm.  H.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State; 
Salmon  P.  Chase,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  Simon  Cameron,  Secretary 
of  War;  Ed.  Bates,  AttorneyGeneral ;  Gideon  Welles,  Secretary  of  the 
Navy;  Montgomery  Blair,  Postmaster-General;  Caleb  B.  Smith,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior.  Major  Anderson  evacuated  Fort  Sumpter  April 
14.  Virginia  seceded  April  17.  The  Confederates  took  Harper's  Ferry 
April  18.  The  *Tlug-uglies"  of  Baltimore  attacked  the  Sixth  Massa- 
chusetts regiment  April  19.  The  Confederates  took  the  Norfolk  Navy 
Yard  April  20.  Argansas  seceded  May  6;  North  Carolina  seceded 
May  20.  Col.  Ellsworth  was  shot  at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  May  24. 
Tennessee  seceded  June  8,  Beauregard  defeated  McDowell  at  Bull 
Run  July  21.  General  Lyon  was  defeated  and  killed  at  Wilson's 
Creek  August  10.  Fort  Hatteras  was  captured  August  29.  The  Fed- 
erals were  defeated  at  Ball's  Bluff  October  21.  Major-General  Geo. 
B.  McClellan  appointed  November  1.  Point  Royal  captured  November 
7.  Captain  Chas.  Wilkes  of  the  "San  acinto"  took  from  the  "Trent" 
John  Slidell  and  John  Y.  Mason,  November  8. 

1862.  Lidell  and  Mason  released  January  1.  Ed.  M,  Stanton  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War,  January  15.  Grant  took  Fort  Donelson 
February  16.  "Greenbacks"  were  made  a  legal  tender.  Duel  of  the 
"MonHor"  and  the  "Merrimac"  March  9.  Battle  of  Shiloh  April  6-7. 
Commidcre  Farragut  and  General  Butler  took  New  Orleans  April  25. 
Bureau  of  Agriculture  created  May  15.  Battle  of  Fair  Oaks  May  31. 
Sioux  Indian  massacre  in  Minnesota.  Seven  Days'  battle,  June  ?.3 
to  July  1.  Major-General  Henry  W.  Halleck  appointed  July  23.  Jack- 
son defeated  Pope  at  Bull  Run  August  30.  Battle  of  Antietam  Septem- 
ber 17.  Lee  defeated  Burnside  at  Fredericksburg  December  13 
Resccrans  defeated  Bragg  at  Murfreesboro  December  31. 

1863.  I'roclamation  of  Emancipation,  freeing  all  slaves  in  seceded 
states,  went  into  effect  January  1.    John  P.  Usher  was  appointed  fe'fec- 


256  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

retary  of  the  Interior  January  8.  Act  establishing  National  Banks 
was  passed  February  23.  Habeas  Corpus  Act  suspended.  Conscrip- 
tion Act  passed  March  3.  Battle  of  Chancellorsvills  May  3.  West 
Virginia  admitted  to  the  Union  June  19.  Titian  J.  Coffee  appointed 
Atorney-General  June  22.  Free  mail  delivery  established  July  1. 
Meads  repulsed  Lee  a  Gettysburg  July  1-3.  Grant  took  Vicksburg 
July  4.  Draft  riots  in  New  York  City  July  13-16.  Letter  postage  made 
uniform  at  three  cents.  New  Orleans  "Times"  appeared.  Battle  of 
Chickamauga  September  19.     Battle  of  Chattanooga  November  23-25. 

1864.  General  U.  S^  Grant  commissioned  March  9.  Assay  office 
established  at  Denver.  Battle  of  the  Wilderness  May  5-6.  Battle  of 
Spottsylvania  Court  House  May  12.  The  Radicals,  at  Cleveland,  May 
31,  nominated  J.  C.  Fremont  for  President,  and  John  C.  Cochrane  for 
Vice-President.  Battle  of  Cold  Harbor  June  3.  The  Republicans  at 
Baltimore,  June  6,  nominated  Lincoln  for  President,  and  Johnson  for 
Vice-President.  The  "Kearsarge"  sank  the  "Alabama"  June  19.  Wm. 
P.  Fessenden  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury  July  1^  Farragut 
entered  Mobile  Bay  August  5.  The  Democrats,  at  Chicago,  August  29, 
nominated  G.  B.  McClellan  for  President,  and  George  H.  Pendleton 
for  Vice-President.  Sherman  took  Atlanta  September  2.  Wm.  Denni- 
son  was  appointed  Postmaster-General  September  24.  Nevada  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union  October  31.  James  Speed  appointed  Attorney- 
General  December  2.  Salmon  P.  Chase  appointed  December  6.  Sher- 
man took  Savannah  December  21.     Public  debt,  $2,680,647,869. 

1865.  The  San  Francisco  "Chronicle"  appeared  January  16. 
Freedmen's  Bureau  established  March  3.  Abrahm  Lincoln  President; 
Andrew  Johnson,  Vice-President;  Wm.  H.  Seward,  Secretary  of  State; 
Hugh  McCulloch,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  Ed,  M,  Stanton,  Secretary 
of  War;  James  Speed,  Attorney-General;  Gideon  Welles,  Secretary 
of  the  Navy;  Wm.  Depnison,  Postmaster-General;  John  P.  Usher,  Sec- 
retary of  the  Interior.  Grant  took  Petersburg  April  2,  and  Richmond 
April  3.  Lee  surrendered  April  9.  John  Wilkes  Booth  shot  Lincoln 
April  14.  Andrew  Johnson  took  oath  of  office  April  15.  Jeff  Davis 
captured  May  10.  Kirby  Smith  surrendered  May  26,  ending  the  Civil 
War.  The  San  Francisco  "Examiner"  appeared.  The  "Reconstruction 
Committee"  was  appointed  December   4. 

1866.  Reciprocity  Treaty  with  Canada  ended  March  17.  Grand 
Army  of  the  Republic  was  organized  by  Dr.  Benj.  F.  Stephenson,  at 
Decatur,  Illinois,  April  6.  Civil  Rights  Law  was  passed  over  the 
President's  veto  April  9.  Fenians  raided  Canada.  $15,000,000  fire  in 
Portland,  Maine.  Tennessee  readmitted  into  the  Union  July  23.  Henry 
Stanbery  appointed  Attorney-General  July  23.  Alevander  W.  Randall 
appointed  Postmaster-General  July  25.  Orville  H.  Browning  appointed 
Secretary  of  Interior,  July  27.  The  Atalntic  cable  was  successfully 
put  down,  and  first  message  sent  July  29.     The  first  encampment  of 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  257 

the  G.  A.  R.  was  held  at  Indianapolis,  November  20.     The  "Carpet 
Baggers"  began  to  work  the  South. 

1867.  Mr.  Ashley  charged  the  President  with  "high  crimes  and 
misdemeanors"  January  7.  Nebraska  was  admitted  to  the  Union 
March  1.  The  Tenure  of  Office  Act  was  passed  over  the  President's 
veto  March  2,  which  forbade  the  President  to  dismiss  Cabinet  Officers 
without  the  Senate's  consent.  Congress  passed  a  bill  over  the  Presi- 
dent's veto,  March  2,  dividing  the  disorganized  States  into  military 
districts.  Alaska  purchased  from  Russia  for  $7,200,000.  President 
made  General  Grant  Secretary  of  War  August  12,  displacing  Mr.  Stan- 
ton.   The  Grangers,  "Patrons  of  Industry"  /ormed  in  Washington. 

1868.  Senate  re-installed  Mr.  Stanton  as  Secretary  of  War  Jan- 
uary 14.  The  President  again  displaced  Mr.  Stanton,  February  21, 
making  General  Thomas  Secretary  of  War.  Congress  impeached  the 
President  February  24.  Trial  of  impeachment  begun  March  5.  Navy 
Yard  established  at  League  Island,  Pa.  The  first  Grange  was  opened 
at  Fredonia,  N.  Y.,  April  16.  President  declared  "not  guilty"  May  16. 
The  Republicans,  at  Chicago,  May  20,  nominated  U.  S.  Grant  for 
President,  and  Schuyler  Colfax,  for  Vice-President.  John  M.  Schofield 
was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  May  28.  The  Democrats,  at  New 
York,  July  4,  nominated  Horatio  Seymour  for  President  and  Francis 
P.  Blair  for  Vice-President.  The  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  con- 
stitution declared  in  force  July  28.  The  St.  Paul  "Despatch"  ap- 
peared. The  Ku-Klux-Klan  was  formed  in  Tennessee.  The  Kansas 
City  "Times"  appeared. 

1869.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  President;  Schuyler  Colfax,  Vice-Presi- 
dent; Elihu  B.  Washburne,  Secretary  of  State;  George  S.  Boutwell, 
Secretary  of  Treasury;  John  A.  Rawlins,  Secretary  of  War;  Ebenezer 
R.  Hoar,  Attorney-General;  Adolph  E.  Borie,-  Secretary  of  Navy; 
John  A.  J.  Croswell,  Postmaster-General;  Jacob  D.  Cox,  Secretary  of 
Interior.  Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  commissioned  March  8.  Hamilton 
Fish  appointed  Secretary  of  State  March  11.  Last  tie  of  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  laid  at  Ogden  May  10.  G.  A.  R.  met  in  Cincinnati  May  12. 
Peace  Jubilee  held  in  Boston  June  15.  George  M.  Robeson  appoint- 
ed Secretary  of  Navy  June  25.  The  Dubuque  Telegraph  established 
July  7.  Wm.  T.  Sherman  appointed  Secretary  of  War  September  9. 
"Black  Friday"  in  Wall  Street,  New  York,  September  24.  Wm.  W. 
Belknap  appointed  Secretary  of  War  October  25.  Knights  of  Labor 
organized  in   Philadelphia.    Louisville   "Commercial"   appeared. 

1870.  Weather  Bureau  established  February  9.  Fifteenth  amend- 
ment to  the  constitution  in  force  March  30.  G.  A.  R.  met  in  Wash- 
ington May  11.  Philadelphia  "Record"  appeared  May  14.  Depart- 
ment of  Justice  created  June  22.  Amos  T.  Ackerman  appointed  Attor- 
ney-General June   23.    Mint  established  at  Carson   City.    Columbus 


258  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Denalo   appointed    Secretary   of   Interior   November    1.      Population, 
38,558,371. 

1871.  In  January  all  the  states  were  represented  in  Congress  for 
the  first  time  since  1860.  Reform  in  Civil  Service  authorized  March 
3.  Los  Angeles  "Express"  appeared.  "Joint  High  Commission"  met 
in  Washington,  May  8,  and  decided  that  maters  in  dispute  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  be  referred  to  a  tribunal  of  arbi- 
tration. G.  A.  R.  met  in  Boston  May  10.  Los  Angeles  "Herald"  ap- 
peared. Omaha  "Bee"  appeared.  $200,000,000  fire  in  Chicago  October 
9.  Great  forest  fires  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  Minnesota.  George 
H.  Williams,  appointed  AttorneyGeneral  December  14.  Tribunal  of 
Arbitration  met  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  December  15. 

1872.  Ed.  S.  Stokes  shot  James  Fisk  in  New  York  January  6. 
Chicago  "Inter-Oceon"  appeared  March  25.  Post  cards  were  intro- 
duced. The  Limeral  Republicans  at  Cincinnati,  May  1,  nominated 
Horact  Greeley  for  President  and  B.  Gratz  Brown  for  Vice-President. 
The  G.  A.  R.  met  in  Cleveland  May  8.  The  Amnesty  bill  was  passed 
May  22.  The  Republicans  at  Philadelphia,  June  5,  nominated  Grant 
for  President  and  Henry  Wilson  for  Vice-President.  The  Democrats, 
at  Baltimore,  July  9,  endorsed  the  nomination  of  the  Liberal  Repub- 
licans. The  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  decided,  September  14,  that  Great 
Britain  pay  the  United  States  $15,500,000  for  losses  of  Confederate 
cruisers.  Horace  Greeley  died  November  29,  "Credit  Mobilier"  in- 
vestigation was  begun. 

1873.  President's  salary  was  raised  from  $25,000  to  $50,000  and 
Congressmen's  from  $5,000  to  $7,500,  "Salry  grab,"  March  3.  U.  S. 
Grant,  President;  Henry  Wilson,  Vice-President;  Hamilton  Fish,  Sec- 
retary of  State;  Wm.  A.  Richardson,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  Wm. 
of  the  "Virginius"  November  8.  Wm.  Marcy  Tweed,  Tammany  "boss" 
W.  Belknap,  Secretary  of  War;  Columbus  Delano,  Secretary  of  the 
Interior.  The  G.  A.  R.  met  at  New  Haven,  May  14th.  New  Haven 
"Union"  appeared.  Great  financial  panic.  The  "tramp"  began  to 
show  himself.     Spaniards,  at  Santiago  de  Cuba,  murdered  53  sailors 

1874.  Salaries  of  Congressmen  reducetf  to  $5,000,  January  30. 
Morrison  R.  Waite  born  January  21.  Lewis  Miller,  of  Ohio,  and  Rev. 
Dr.  J.  H.  Vincent  of  New  York,  originated  the  Chautauqua  Assembly. 
The  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Harrisburg,  May  13.  Benjamin  H.  Bristow  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury  June  4.  Charley  Ross,  four  years 
old,  was  abducted  from  his  home  at  Germantown,  Pa.,  July  1.  The 
St.  Louis  and  Illinois  bridge,  the  first  metal  arched  bridge  in  the 
world,  devised  by  Captain  Jas.  B.  Eads,  opened  July  4.  James  W. 
Marshall  was  appointed  Postmaster-General  July  7.  Marshall  Jewell 
was  appointed  Postmaster-General  August  24.  Public  debt,  $2,232,- 
284,531. 

1875.  The  New  Orleans  "Democrat"  appeared.    The  Philadelphia 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  259 

"Daily  Times"  appeared  March  13.  Edward  Pierrepont  was  appointed 
Attorney-General  April  26.  Archbishop  McCloskey,  of  New  York, 
made  Cardinal,  April  27th,  the  first  American  to  get  the  dignity. 
The  "Whiskey  Ring"  was  exposed  in  the  west,  May  1,  being  a  collu- 
sion between  distillers  and  revenue  officers  to  defraud  the  govern- 
ment. The  G.  A.  R.  met  in  Chicago,  May  12.  Captain  James  B. 
Eads  began  to  build  petties,  and  parallel  piers  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi.  Zachariah  Chandler  appointed  Secretary  of  Interior 
October  19. 

1876.  Alphonso  Taft  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War  March  8. 
The  President  opened  the  Centennial  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia  May 
10.  '  The  Greenbackers,  at  Indianapolis,  May  17,  nominated  Peter 
Cooper  for  President  and  Sam.  F.  Gary  for  Vice-President.  James  D. 
Cameron  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War,  and  Alph.  Taft  Attorney- 
General  May  22.  The  Republicans,  at  Cincinnati,  June  14,  nomin- 
ated Rutherford  B.  Hayes  for  President,  and  Wm.  A.  Wheeler  for 
Vice-Presidfent'.  General  Custer  and  his  column  were  massacred 
June  25.  The  Democrats,  at  St.  Louis,  June  28,  nominated  Samuel 
J.  Tilden  for  President,  and  Thos.  A,  Hendricks  for  Vice-President. 
The  G.  A.  R.  met  in  Philadelphia,  June  30.  C.  M.  B.  A.  was  organ- 
ized at  Niagara  Falls,  July  3.  Lot  M.  Morrill  appointed  Secretary 
of  Treasury  July  7,  and  James  N.  Tyner  Postmaster-General  July  12. 
Colorado  admitted  to  the  Union  August  1. 

1877.  The  Washington  "National  Tribune"  appeared.  Electoral 
Committee  was  created  to  decide  disputed  election,  January  29.  Prof. 
A.  Graham  Bell  used  his  telephone  February  13.  Rutherford  B. 
Hayes,  President;  Wm.  A.  Wheeler,  Vice-President;  Wm.  M.  Evarts, 
Secretary  of  State;  John  Sherman,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  George  W. 
McCrary,  Secretary  of  War;  Chas.  Devens,  Attorney-General;  Richard 
W.  Thompson,  Secretary  of  the  Navy;  David  M.  Key,  Postmaster- 
General;  Carl  Schurz,  Secretary  of  Interior.  Thomas  A.  Edison  in- 
vented the  phonograph.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Providence,  June  26.  Rail- 
road strikes.  Washington  "Post"  appeared.  Halifax  Commission  de- 
cided, November  27,  that  the  United  States  pay  $5,500,000  for  fishing 
privileges  for  twelve  years. 

1878.  St.  Paul  "Globe"  appeared  January  15.  Bland's  silver  bill 
restoring  the  use  and  coinage  of  silver  dollars,  passed  over  the  Presi- 
dent's veto  February  6.  The  National  Labor  Party  amalgamated 
with  the  Greenback  Party.  The  Minneapolis  "Journal"  appeared.  G. 
A.  R.  met  at  Springefild,  Mass.,  June  4.  Southern  cities  were  scourged 
with  yellow  fever,  4,000  dying  in  New  Orleans.  The  American  Bar 
Association  was  organibed  at  Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  August  21. 
The  Cleveland  "Press"  appeared  November  2.  Gold  sold  at  par  De- 
cember 17th. 

187^.     Resumption  of  special  payment  January  1.     Women  allow- 


260  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

ed  to  practice  before  the  Supreme  Court  February  15.  Hordes  of 
negroes  migrated  from  the  South  to  Kansas.  The  Salvation  Army 
came  to  New  York.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Albany,  N.  Y.,  June  17.  Bennett, 
N.  Y.,  sent  the  "Jeanette"  on  an  exploring  trip  through  Behring 
Strait.  The  Denver  "Republican"  appeared.  Alexander  Ramsey  ap- 
pointed Secretary  of  War  December  12. 

1880.  The  Pittsburg  "Times"  appeared  February  2.  Hocking 
Valley  strikes  begun.  The  Republicans,  at  Chicago,  June  7,  nomin- 
ated James  A.  Garfield  for  President  and  Chester  A.  Arthur  for  Vice- 
Presilent.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Dayton,  Ohio,  June  8.  The  Greenbackers, 
at  Chicago,  June  9,  nominated  James  B.  Weaver  for  President  and 
Benjamin  J.  Chambers  for  Vice-President.  The  Prohibitionists,  at 
Cleveland,  June  17,  nominated  Neal  Dow  for  President  and  A.  M. 
Thompson  for  Vice-President.  The  Democrats,  at  Cincinnati,  June  22, 
nominated  Winfield  S.  Hancock  for  President  and  W.  H.  English  for 
Vice-President.  The  ojDelisk,  given  by  the  Khedive  of  Egypt,  arrived 
in  New  York,  July  21.  Horace  Maynard  appointed  Postmaster-General 
August  26.  The  Kansas  City  "Star"  appeared  August  19.  Population 
of  the  United  States,  50,155,783. 

1881.  Nathan  Goff  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy  January  6. 
James  A.  Garfield,  President;  Chester  A.  Arthur,  Vice-President;  Jas. 
G.  Blaine,  Secretary  of  State;  Wm.  H.  Windom,  Secretary  of  Treasury; 
Robert  T.  Lincoln,  Secretary  of  War;  Wm.  H.  Hunt,  Secretary  of 
Navy;  Wawne  McVeagh,  Atorney-General ;  Thomas  L.  James,  Post- 
master-General; Samuel  J.  Kirkwood,  Secretary  of  Interior.  The 
Chicago  "Record"  appeared  March  21.  The  Chicago  "Times-Herald" 
appeared  May  10.  Aurora,  Illinois,  was  the  first  city  in  the  world 
to  light  its  streets  with  electricity.  The  "Saturday  Globe,"  of  Utica, 
N.  Y.  appeared.  Guiteau  shot  the  President,  July  2.  President  Gar- 
field died  September  19.  C.  A.  Arthur  installed  into  President's  office 
September  20.  Chas.  J.  Folger  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury 
October  27;  F.  T.  Frelinghuysen,  Secretary  of  State,  December  12; 
Benjamin  H.  Brewster,  Atorney-General,  Devember  16,  and  Timothy 
O.  Howe,   Postmaster-General,  December  20. 

1882.  100,000  people  were  made  homeless  in  Louisiana  by  the 
inundation  of  the  Mississippi.  Edmund's  bill  passed  ,March  22,  dis- 
franchising polygamists.  Wm.  E.  Chandler  was  appointed  Secretary 
of  Navy,  April  1;  and  Henry  M.  Teller  Secretary  of  Interior,  April  6. 
G.  A.  R.  met  in  Baltimore,  June  21.  Chas.  Guiteau,  hung  June  30. 
First  meeting  of  the  Chautauqua  Literary  and  Scientific  Society, 
August  12.  "Star  Route  Trial,"  for  fraudulent  practices  in  postal 
service,  in  progress.  Infantry  and  Cavalry  school  opened  at  Fort 
Leavenworth. 

1883.  Act  passed  to  improve  the  Civil  Service,  January  16. 
Postal  notes  were  first  issued  March  3.    Walter  Q.  Gresham  was  ap- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  261 

pointed  Postmaster-General,  April  3.  Brooklyn  Bridge,  constructed  by 
John  A.  Roebling,  was  opened  May  24.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Denver,  July 
25.  Naval  station  established  at  Port  Royal,  S.  C.  Postage  on  letter, 
not  more  than  half  ounce,  2  cents.  Northern  Pacific  railroad  was 
completed  September  8.  The  "Buffalo  Express,"  (illustrated)  appear- 
ed. General  Philip  H.  Sheridan  appointed  November  1.  Standard 
railroad  time  went  into  effect  November  18. 

1884.  Tornado  in  Central  States  February  9.  The  Greenbackers, 
at  Indianapolis,  May  29,  nominated  Benjamin  F.  Butler  for  President, 
and  A.  M.  West  for  Vice-President.  The  Republicans,  at  Chicago, 
June  7,  nominated  James  G.  Blaine  for  President,  and  John  A.  Logan 
for  Vice-President.  The  Democrats,  at  Chicago,  July  8,  nominated 
Grover  Cleveland  for  President  and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks  for  Vice- 
President.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Minneapolis  July  23.  The  Prohibitionists, 
at  Pittsburg,  July  23,  nominated  John  P.  St.  John  for  President  and 
Wm.  Daniel  for  Vice-President.  Walter  Q.  Gresham  appointed  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury  September  24;  Frank  Hatton  appointed  Postmas- 
ter-General October  14;  and  Hugh  McCulloch,  Secretary  of  Treasury, 
October  28.     Public  debt,  $1,876,424,275. 

1885.  The  Dubuque  Telegraph  and  Democrat  were  consolidated 
under  the  name  of  The  Telegraph,  January  5.  Grover  Cleveland, 
President;  Thom.  A.  Hendricks,  Vice  President;  Thomas  F. 
Bayard,  Secretary  of  State;  Dan.  Manning,  Secretary  of  Treas- 
ury; Wm.  C.  Endicott,  Secretary  of  War;  Wm.  C.  Whitney, 
Secretary  of  Navy;  L.  Q.  C.  Lamar,  Secretary  of  Interior; 
Wm.  F.  Vilas,  Postmaster-General;  August  H.  Garland,  Attorney- 
General.  I^etter  postage  was  fixed  at  one  ounce  or  less  for  two  cents. 
G.  A.  R.  met  at  Portland,  Maine,  June  24.  General  Grant  died  July 
23  The  street  car  strike  in  St.  Louis  caused  business  trouble.  The 
first  electric  street  railway  in  the  United  States  opened  September  1, 
f-.om  Baltimore  to  Hampden,  Maryland.  The  Vice-President  dying 
November  25,  Senator  John  Sherman  became  President  of  the  Senate. 
Sudden  death  of  W.  H.  Vanderbilt,  December  8,  worth  $200,000,000. 

1886.  The  Presidential  Succession  Act  was  passed  January  19, 
providing,  that,  if  the  President  and  Vice-President  die,  the  Secretary 
of  State,  or  the  next  Cabinet  Officer,  in  order  of  seniority,  shall  be 
President.  The  year  of  strikes;  employers  kept  "black  list";  em- 
ployees relied  on  the  "boycott."  Civil  Service  commission  organized 
April  1.  Haymarket  riot  (anarchists)  at  Chicago,  May  4.  President 
Cleveland  married  Miss  Frances  F.  Folsom,  June  2.  Archbishop  Gib- 
bons of  Baltimore,  made  Cardinal,  June  7.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  San  Fran- 
cisco August  4.  Earthquakes  at  Charleston,  S.  C,  August  27  to  Sept. 
1.  Statue  of  Liberty,  on  Bedloe's  Island,  N.  Y.,  unveiled  October  28. 
The  Brooklyn  "Citizen"  appeared. 

1887.  By  Act  of  Congress  passed  March  2,  the  electors  of  Presi- 


262  THE  t)AILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

dent  and  Vice-President  shall  cast  their  votes  on  the  second  Monday 
in  January.  Interstate  Commerce  Act  passed  February  3,  securing 
uniform  railroad  fares  for  passengers  and  freight.  Tenure  of  Office 
Act  repealed;  The  Mormon  Church  was  dissolved  March  3.  Chas.  S. 
Fairchild  appointed  Secretary  of  Treahury^  April  1*  G.  A.  R.  met  at 
St.  Louis,  September  28»  The  Rochester,  N.  Y.  "Times"  appeared. 
The  anarchists,  Engel,  Fischer,  Parson  and  Spies  were  hung  in  Chi- 
cago November  11.     The  New  York  "Press"  appeared. 

1888.  Wm.  F.  Vilas  was  appointed  as  Secertary  of  State,  and 
Don  M.  Dickinson  Postmaster-General  January  16th.  The  Prohibi- 
tionists, at  Indianapolis,  May  30,  nominated  Clinton  B.  Fisk  fos  Presi- 
dent, and  John  A.  Brooks  for  Vice-President.  The  Democrats,  at  St. 
Louis,  une  5,  nominated  Grover  Cleveland  for  President,  and  Allan 
G.  Thurman  for  Vice  President.  The  Republicans,  at  Chicago,  June 
19,  nominated  Benjamin  Harrison  for  President,  and  Levn  P.  Morton 
for  Vice  President.  Melville  W.  Fuller,  July  20.  Lieutenant  General 
John  McAllister  Schofield,  August  14.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  September  12.  Lord  Sackville  West,  the  British  Minister,  for 
writing  "Murchison  Letter,"  was  dismissed   October  30. 

1889.  Department  of  Agriculture  was  created  February  11,  with 
N.  J.  Coleman  as  Secretary.  Benjamin  Harrison,  President;  Levi  P. 
Morton,  Vice  President;  James  G.  Blaine,  Secretary  of  State;  Wm. 
Windom,  Secretary  of  Treasury;  Redfield  Proctor,  Secretary  of  War; 
Wm.  H.  H.  Miller,  Attorney-General;  Benjamin  F.  Tracey,  Secretary 
of  Navy;  John  Wanamaker,  Postmaster-General;  John  W.  Noble, 
Secretary  of  Interior;  Jeremiah  M.  Rusk,  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 
Oklahoma  Territory  opened  for  settlement  April  22.  Johnston,  Pa., 
inundated,  May  31,  and  over  2,000  drowned.  Catholic  University  of 
America  established  at  Washington,  D.  C.  Minneapolis  "Times"  ap- 
peared. G.  A.  R.  met  in  Milwaukee,  August  28.  Pan-American  Con- 
gress met  at  Washington.  October  2.  North  Dakota  and  South 
Dakota  admitted  to  Union,  November  3.  Montana  admitted  to  Union 
November  8.     Washington  admitted  to  Union,  November  11. 

1890.  W.  C.  T.  L.  organized  at  Cleveland,  January  23.  A  tor- 
nado visited  Louisville,  March  27.  University  of  Chicago  founded. 
Merchants'  Bridge,  St.  Louis,  finished  May  3.  Acts  against  Trusts 
and  Combinations  passed  July  2.  Idaho  admitted  to  Union,  July  3. 
Wyoming  admitted  to  Union,  July  7.  Congress  passed  Sherman's 
Silver  Purchase  and  Coinage  Act,  July  14,  empowering  the  Treasurer 
to  buy  140  tons  of  silver  every  month  and  coin  it  into  dollars.  Wm. 
Kemmler  electrocuted  at  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  August  6.  G.  A.  R.  met  at 
Boston,  August  13.  McKinley  Tariff  went  into  effect  October  6. 
Population,  62,622,250. 

1891.  International  Monetary  Conference  in  Washington,  Jan- 
uary 7.    Chas.  Foster  appointed  Secretary  of  Treasury,  February  25. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  263 

The  International  Copyright  Act  passed  March  3.  The  citizens  of 
New  Orleans  lynched  eleven  Italians  for  murdering  Chief  of  Police 
Hennessey,  March  14.  Death  of  P.  T.  Barnum,  April  7.  G.  A.  R. 
met  at  Detroit,  August  5.  St.  Clair  River  Tunnel  opened  September 
19.  Stephen  B.  Elkins,  appointed  Secretary  of  War,  September  22. 
Chilians  assaulted  the  crew  of  the  "Baltimore,"  October  16,  for  which 
Chili  made  reparation. 

1892.  Great  floods  in  the  West.  "High  Water  Mark  Monument" 
at  Gettysburg,  dedicated  June  2.  The  Republicans,  at  Minneapolis, 
June  7,  nominated  Benj.  Harrison  for  President,  and  Whitelaw  Reid 
for  Vice  President.  The  Democrats,  at  Chicago,  June  21,  nominated 
Grover  Cleveland  for  President,  and  Adlai  E.  Stevenson  for  Vice 
President.  The  Prohibitionists,  at  Cincinnati,  June  29  nominated 
John  Nidwell  for  President  and  Jas.  B.  Cranfill  for  Vice  President. 
John  W.  Foster  appointer  Secretary  of  State,  June  29.  The  Grand 
Rapids  "Herald"  appeared  July  1.  The  People's  Party,  at  Omaha, 
July  2,  nominated  Jas.  B.  Weaver  for  President  and  Jas.  G.  Field  for 
Vice  President.  Gold  Standard  established  August  2.  G.  A.  R.  met 
at  Washington,   September  21. 

1893.  Grover  Cleveland,  President;  Adlai  E.  Stevenson,  Vice 
President;  Walter  Q.  Gresham,  Secretary  of  State;  John  G.  Carlisle, 
Secretary  of  Treasury;  Dan.  S.  Lamont,  Secretary  of  War;  Richard 
Olney,  Attorney-General;  Hilary  A.  Herbert,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Wil- 
son S.  Bissell,  Postmaster-General;  Horace  Smith,  Secretary  of  In- 
terior; J.  Sterling  Morton.  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  The  President 
opened  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago,  May  1.  En- 
gine No.  999  on  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  went  112i^  miles  an 
hour  May  11.  The  Paris  Tribunal  of  Arbitration  decided,  August  15, 
that  Behring  Sea  be  open  and  seals  protected.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  In- 
dianapolis, September  6.  The  World's  Parliament  of  Religions,  met 
at  Chicago,  September  11.  Carter  H.  Harrison,  Mayor  of  Chicago, 
assassinated  October  28. 

1894.  The  Lenox  Committee,  for  investigating  the  police  depart- 
ment of  New  York  City,  began  January  30.  Coxey's  "Industrial 
Army" — idle  men,  tramps,  and  criminals — straggled  from  Ohio  to 
Washington.  Republic  of  Sandwich  Islands  established  July  4,  and 
recognized  by  the  United  States.  During  a  strike  of  the  Pullman 
car  builders,  Chicago,  Eugene  V.  Debs  became  prominent;  United 
States  troops  stopped  the  rioting.  The  Wilson  Tariff  became  a  law 
August  27.  G.  A.  R.  met  at  Pittsburg,  September  12.  Death  of 
Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  October  7.     Public  debt,  $1,701,033,661. 

1895.  Soldiers  dispersed  street  car  strikers  in  Brooklyn,  January 
19.  Wm.  L.  Wilson  appointed  Postmaster-General  March  1.  Con- 
gress suppressed  lottery  traffic  March  2.  Richard  Olney  appointed 
Secretary  of  State,  June  8.    G.  A.  R.  met  at  Louisville,  September  11. 


264  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

Major-General  Nelson  Appleton  Miles,  October  5.  Judson  Harmon 
appointed  Attorney-General  March  12.  The  President,  December  17, 
submited  the  correspondence  to  reestablish  the  Venezuela  boundary 
to  Congress. 

1896.  Utah  admitted  to  the  Union,  January  4.  H.  H.  Holmes, 
the  greatest  murderer  of  modern  times,  executed  at  Philadelphia,  May 
7.  Cyclone  swept  through  St.  Louis,  May  27.  The  Prohibitionists,  at 
Pittsburg,  May  28,  nominated  Joshua  Levering  for  President  and 
Hale  Johnson  for  Vice  President.  The  Republicans,  at  St.  Louis,  June 
18,  nominated  Wm.  McKinley  for  President,  and  Garret  A.  Hobart  for 
Vice  President.  The  Socialistic  Labor  Party,  at  New  York,  July  9, 
nominated  Chas.  H.  Matchett  for  President,  and  Mat.  Maguire  for  Vice 
President.  The  Democrats,  at  Chicago,  July  10,  nominated  Wm.  J. 
Bryan  for  President,  and  Arthur  Sewall  for  Vice  President.  David  R. 
Francis  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  September  1.  G.  A. 
R.  met  at  St.  Paul,  September  3. 

1897.  Immigration  Restriction  Bill  passed  over  the  President's 
veto,  March  3.  Wm.  McKinley,  President;  Garret  A.  Hobart,  Vice 
President;  John  Sherman,  Secretary  of  State;  Lyman  J.  Gage,  Sec- 
retary of  Treasury;  Russell  A.  Alger,  Secretary  of  War;  John  D. 
Long,  Secretary  of  Navy;  Cornelius  N.  Bliss,  Secretary  of  Interior; 
Jos.  McKenna,  Attorney-General;  Jas.  A.  Gary,  Postmaster-General; 
James  Wilson,  Secretary  of  Agriculture.  Ambassador  Bayard  ob- 
tained the  log  of  the  "Mayflower"  April  29.  Greater  New  York  in- 
corporated May  4.  The  Dingley  Bill  went  into  effect  July  24.  G.  A. 
R.  met  at  Buffalo,  August  26.  Rush  for  Alaskan  gold  fields.  Death 
of  Chas.  A.  Dana,  October  17.  Robert  A.  Van  Wyck  elected  first 
mayor  of  Greater  New  York,  November  2. 

1898.  Six  members  of  a  family  cremated  at  Jersey  City,  Jan.  3. 
Railroad  accident  near  Bangor,  Maine;  four  killed  and  many  injured, 
January  30;  Battleship  "Maine"  sunk  at  Havana  Harbor,  with  nearly 
all  on  board  lost,  Februarp  17.  $50,000,000  placed  at  the  disposal  of 
the  President;  William  O.  LaVake  murdered  at  Dubuque,  Iowa;  Coro- 
ner's jury  accuse  John  McGarry  of  the  murder,  March  9.  Press 
Feeders'  strike  in  Chicago;  about  500  out,  April  6.  Great  English  vic- 
tory on  the  Nile;  great  snowslide  in  Alaska  in  which  seventy-five  lives 
were  lost,  April  11.  Spanish  Minister  demands  passport  and  leaves 
Washington;  North  Atlantic  squadron  sailed  from  Key  West  to  block- 
ade Havana,  April  21.  Spanish  Cabinet  decides  to  treat  American 
Privateers  as  pirates,  April  24.  $500,000,000  bonds  authorized  to  be 
issued;  Spanish  capture  steamer  "City  of  Paris"  worth  $5,000,000,  April 
25.  Bombardment  of  Mantanza;  W.  J.  Bryan  offers  his  services  in  our 
Spanish  war,  April  28.  Spanish  fleet  at  Manila  destroyed.  May  1. 
First  American  blood  spilled,  Ensign  Bagley  and  two  sailors  killed. 
May  12.     Members  of  Spanish  Cabinet  resign,  May  16.     Call  for  75,000 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  265 

more  volunteers;  Warship  "Oregon"  arrived  safe  at  Juniper  Inlet,  Pla., 
May  25.  W.  J.  Bryan,  offered  his  services  to  the  President;  received 
no  reply,  May  30.  The  "Merrimac"  sunk  in  channell  at  Santiago  by 
Hobson,  June  4.  Filipinos  declare  their  independence,  June  21.  The 
Spanish  fleet  destroyed  by  Schley  and  Sampson,  July  3.  Bombard- 
ment of  Santiago  commenced;  Spain  asks  for  a  ten  days'  truce,  July 
11.  Santiago  surrendered,  July  14.  Servera  and  his  fellow  prisoners 
attend  Divine  Worship,  July  18.  Bryan's  Nebraska  Silver  Batallion, 
on  the  way  to  the  front,  July  19.  Spain  humbly  asks  for  peace,  July 
27.  Spain  accepts  terms  of  peace  offered  by  the  United  States,  August 
6.  Peace  proclaimed;  panic  in  Madrid,  August  15.  W.  J.  Bryan,  a 
hero  among  the  sick  and  wounded,  September  16.  The  warships  "Ore- 
gon" and  "Iowa"  ordered  to  Manila;  W.  J.  Bryan  stricken  with  malarial 
fever,  September  28. 

1900.  William  Goebel  mortally  wounded  by  assassin's  bullet,  Jan- 
uary 30.  Fire  by  an  explosion  at  Norwich,  Conn.,  loss  $1,000,000,  Feb- 
ruary 3.  Fire  in  St.  Louis,  loss  about  $1,000,000,  February  4.  125  men 
buried  in  an  explosion  at  Red  Ash  Mine,  West  Virginia,  March  6.  Four 
men  killed  by  an  explosion  at  Pomplon,  N.  J.,  March  9.  Columbia 
Theater,  Chicago,  burned,  loss  $200,000,  March  30.  Fire  at  Newport, 
Ark.,  loss  $500,000,  April  2.  Fire  at  Brooklyn,  flames  swept  over  nine 
acres,  April  10.  Gen.  Otis  relieved  from  command  by  Gen.  McArthur, 
May  5.  Prier,  McCormick  &  So.,  Exchange  Brokers,  failed,  liabilities 
$13,000,000,  May  24.  Rev.  Dr.  Richard  S.  Slovis,  famous  Congrega- 
tional minister,  died  at  age  of  81  years,  June  5.  McKinley  and  Roose- 
velt nominated  at  Philadelphia  by  acclamation,  June  21.  Bryan  was 
nominated  by  the  Democrats  at  Kansas  City,  July  5.  Galveston  dis- 
aster, 7,000  deaths  and  loss  $25,000,000,  September  8.  American  troops 
ordered  to  be  withdrawn  from  Pekin,  China,  September  25.  Tornado 
in  Minnesota,  ten  killed  and  property  loss  $500,000,  October  6.  John 
Sherman,  ex-Secretary  of  State,  died  October  21.  Census  bureau  an- 
nounce population  of  United  States  as  74,627,907,  October  30.  McKin- 
ley and  Roosevelt,  Republican  candidates  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent elected,  McKinley  7,26,266;  Bryan  (Democrat)  6.415,387.  Eight 
persons  drowned  by  shipwreck  during  a  storm  on  Lake  Erie,  December 
9th. 

1901.  Steamer  Jagua  lost  on  reef  at  Golden  Gate,  Cal.,  and  30  to 
40  drowned,  January  4.  Theater  panic  in  Chicago,  eight  crushed  to 
death  and  twenty  injured,  January  12.  Prince  of  Wales  proclaimed 
king,  with  title  of  Edward  VII.,  January  26.  Dynamite  disaster  at 
Durango,  Mexico,  87  killed,  February  7.  General  Miles  promoted  to 
Lieutenant-General,  February  18.  Steamship  "Rio  Janeiro"  foundered 
and  128  lost,  February  22.  Ex-President  Harrison  died  at  Indianapolis, 
Ind.,  aged  68,  March  12.  Patrick  Donahue,  the  founder  of  the  Boston 
"Pilot"  died  at  the  age  of  90,  March  18.    Aguinaldo,  the  Filipino  leader 


266  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

captured  by  Gen.  Funston,  March  25.  Heavy  freshets  in  Eastern  and 
Central  States,  loss  $3,000,000,  April  20.  Floods  in  East  Tennessee; 
eight  lives  lost;  damage  over  $1,000,000,  May  22.  Mine  explosion  near 
Dayton,  Tenn.,  in  which  21  miners  were  killed,  May  27.  Flood  disaster 
in  the  Elkhorn  Valley,  W.  Virginia,  36  killed,  June  24.  Intense  heat 
in  Eastern  States;  435  deaths  in  New  York  in  two  days,  July  2.  Presi- 
dent McKinley  proclaimed  free  trade  between  Porto  Rico  and  the 
United  States,  July  25.  Steamer  "Golconda"  capsized  near  Paducah, 
Ky.,  and  35  were  drowned,  August  19.  President  McKinley  shot,  Sep- 
tember 6.  President  McKinley  died,  September  14.  Czolgoez,  the 
assassin  of  President  McKinley,  sentenced,  September  26.  Czolgosz 
executed,  October  28.  The  Dubuque  Telegraph  and  Herald  consoli- 
dated under  the  title  of  "The  Telegraph-Herald  November  1;  the  latter 
was  the  oldest  paper  in  Iowa.  Shipwreck  in  a  severe  gale,  160  lives 
lost,  November  13.  Earthquake  at  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  November  13, 
causing  a  $500,000  damage.  Supreme  Court  decided  that  he  Philip- 
pine Islands  are  American  Territory  within  the  meaning  of  the  tariff 
laws,  December  2.  Marconi  received  the  first  wireless  message  across 
the  Atlantic,  December  12.  The  Court  of  Inquiry  censured  Schley  on 
the  following  points:  Disobedience  of  orders  in  the  Colon  attack  of 
May  31st,  the  Brooklyn  loop,  injustice  to  Hodson  and  misleading  re- 
ports. Admiral  Dewey  alone  held  that:  the  voyage  to  Cienfunegas 
and  Santiago  was  made  with  all  possible  dispatch;  that  Schley's 
blockade  was  effective,  and  that  he  is  entitled  to  the  credit  for  the 
victory  of  July  3. 

1902.  Steamship  Walla  Walla  sunk  and  forty  people  drowned, 
January  3.  General  F.  J.  Herron  died  in  New  York  City,  age  62,  Jan- 
uary 8.  Forty-four  miners  drowned  by  the  flooding  of  the  Juniper 
Mine,  January  14.  Earthquake  shocks  in  Missouri,  Kansas  and 
Illinois,  January  25.  Heavy  fall  of  sleet  in  Arkansas,  damage  in  Little 
Rock  $500,000,  January  29.  Thirteen  men  killed  by  explosion  of  gas 
main  in  Chicago,  February  6.  Fire  in  Patterson,  N.  J.,  twenty-six 
blocks  burned;  loss  $6,000,000,  February  9.  Fire  in  Park  Avenue 
Hotel,  eighteen  killed,  February  22.  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia  arrived 
in  New  York,  February  23.  Fourteen  killed  and  many  injured  by  a 
snow  slide  at  Telluride,  Colo.,  February  28.  The  overflow  of  the 
Tennessee  River  caused  death  of  twenty  and  loss  of  $4,000,000,  March 
30.  Sixteen  biners  killed  by  an  explosion  at  Dayton,  Tenn.,  March  31. 
Rev.  T.  DeWitt  Talmage  died,  April  12.  The  burning  of  the  steamer 
City  of  Pittsburg  cost  60  lives,  April  20.  Volcanic  eruption  of  Mount 
Pelee,  burned  150  persons.  May  3.  Steamer  in  Bay  of  Bengal  founder- 
ed and  over  700  persons  were  lost.  May  6.  Eruption  of  Mt.  St.  Pierre, 
loss  of  life  30,000;  St.  Vincent  same  day  1,700,  May  8.  An  explosion  of 
naptha  near  Pittsburg  caused  great  loss  of  life,  and  damage  of  $600,000 
May  12.  Gas  explosion  at  mine,  Soal  Creek,  Tenn.,  220  killed,  May  19. 
Tornado  in  Illinois,  11  people  killed  and  $2,000,000  damage,  June  11. 


History  op  iowa  and  county  directory.         267 

'  Destructive  wind  and  rain  at  Alton,  Illinois,  loss  $1,000,000,  June  29. 
The  President  issues  proclamation  declaring  Filipino  war  at  an  end, 
July  3.  Fourth  of  July  casualties  in  the  United  States  31  killed.  Pope 
Leo  XIII.,  twenty-fourth  anniversary  of  his  coronation,  July  6.  Ex- 
plosion in  mine  near  Johnstown,  Pa.,  115  miners  killed,  July  10.  Severe 
earthquake  shock  felt  in  California,  July  30.  Storms  at  Kansas  City, 
Mo.,  loss  $100,000,  and  at  Trenton,  N.  J.,  $250,000,  August  10.  Chas. 
L.  Fair  and  wife  killed  by  an  automobile  accident  August  14.  One 
hundred  and  five  drowned  by  the  sinking  of  a  pontoon  in  Siberia, 
August  18.  Earthquake  in  the  Philippine  Islands,  50  killed,  August 
27.  Eruption  of  Mount  Pelee  again,  1,600  lives  lost,  August  30.  An- 
other eruption  of  Mount  Pelee,  2,000  killed,  September  3.  Steamship 
"Kronprinz  Wilhelm"  sailed  from  Cherburg  to  New  York  in  five  days 
11  hours  and  57  minutes,  September  16.  Fifty  thousand  houses  de- 
stroyed and  2,000  killed  by  a  typhoon  in  Japan,  October  18.  Armour 
&  Co.,  Sioux  City,  Iowa,  burnt  out,  loss  $900,000,  November  15.  Boiler 
explosion  at  Swift  &  Co's,  Chicago,  13  killed,  November  29.  Lincoln 
Hotel,  Chicago,  destroyed  by  fire,  14  killed,  December  3. 

1903.  Disastrous  hurricane  and  tidal  wave  at  Society  Island,  1,000 
lives  lost;  violent  storm  swept  over  Indiana,  Illinois  and  Ohio,  Febru- 
ary 5.  Fire  at  Rockford,  111.,  loss  $2,000,000,  February  11.  The 
steamer  Olive  went  down  in  a  cyclone,  20  lives  lost,  February  16.  Fire 
in  Cincinnati,  loss  $2,000,000,  February  26.  Nineteen  men  drowned  by 
the  capsizing  of  a  ferryboat  at  Speir  Falls,  March  7.  The  explosion 
of  an  oil  tank  at  Clean,  N.  Y.,  killed  twenty  persons  March  9.  Ten 
persons  killed  by  an  explosion  at  Minneapolis,  April  25.  Convention 
for  good  roads  held  at  St.  Louis  April  27.  Mysterious  upheaval  in 
Turtle  Mountain  at  French,  N.  W.  T.  caused  56  deaths  and  destroyed 
$1,500,000  worth  of  property  April  29.  Physicians  and  surgeons  met 
at  Washington,  May  12.  Floods  at  North  Topeka,  Kan.,  48  deaths  and 
$2,000,000  of  property  destroyed,  May  27.  Cyclone  at  Gainesville,  Ga., 
100  killed  and  200  injured,  loss  $500,000  June  1.  Ames  &  Co.,  bankers, 
of  Toronto,  failed,  liabilities  $10,000,000,  June  2.  Lou  Dillon  made 
world's  wagon  record  for  trotters,  2:04%  at  Cleveland,  June  28.  Two 
hundred  miners  killed  by  fire  damp  explosion  at  Hanna,  "Wya.,  June  30. 
Flood  at  Oakford,  Pa.,  killed  50  persons,  July  5.  Christian  Endeavor 
Congress  at  Denver,  Colo.,  July  9.  Pope  Leo  XIII.  died  at  the  age  of 
93,  July  20.  The  Benevolent  Order  of  Elks  met  at  Baltimore,  July  21. 
General  Miles  retired  from  U.  S.  Army,  August  8.  The  Colombia  sen- 
ate rejected  the  Panama  canal  treaty,  August  31.  The  Reliance  de- 
feated the  British  yache  "Shamrock  III."  winning  the  cup,  September 
1.  Violent  hurricane  in  New  York,  18  deaths,  September  16.  Fast 
Mail  train  on  the  Southern  railroad  fell  75  feet  from  a  trestle  Septem- 
ber   29. 

1904.    Fire  in  State  Capitol,  Des  Moines,  loss  $500,000,  January  1. 
Collision  on  Rock  Island  railroad  at  Willard,  Kan.,  17  killed  and  57 


268  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

injured,  January  6.  Storm  at  Moundville,  Ala.,  killed  37  and  wounded 
100,  January  22.  Sixteen  killed  by  falling  of  a  cage  and  190  by  fire 
damp  at  Victor  Colo.,  January  26.  The  reply  of  Russia  to  Japan's 
note  by  Viveroy  Alexeroff,  February  6.  Fire  at  Baltimore,  140  acres 
in  heart  of  city  destroyed,  loss  $50,000,000;  actual  hostilities  begun  by 
Japan  February  8.  The  canal  treaty  with  Panama  ratified  by  the 
United  States,  February  23.  Fire  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  loss  $2,500,000, 
February  26.  Hotel  under  construction  at  New  York  collapsed  killing 
21,  March  2.  Great  flood  at  Wyoming  Valley,  damage  $6,500,000, 
March  10.  Earthquake  shocks  in  New  England,  March  21.  Pettingell 
&  Co.,  newspaper  advertising  agents,  failed  for  $1,000,000,  March  26. 
Two  thousand  pounds  of  powder  exploded  in  board  the  U.  S.  Battle- 
ship Missouri,  killing  29,  April  12.  World's  Fair  opened  at  St.  Louis 
with  inaugural  ceremonies,  April  30.  Cloudburst  in  Colorado  caused 
20  deaths,  April  21.  Fire  at  Peoria,  15  deaths  and  property  loss  about 
$1,300,000,  June  4.  The  New  York  excursion  steamer  "General  Slo- 
cum"  burned  and  812  lives  were  lost,  June  15.  Republican  National 
Convention  at  Chicago  June  21.  Roosevelt  and  Fairbanks  nominated 
by  the  Republicans  at  Chicago,  for  President  and  Cice  President,  June 

23.  Steamer  Norje,  bound  for  New  York  sung  and  800  were  lost,  June 
28.  Wreck  on  the  Wabash  railroad,  19  killed  and  40  inujured,  July  3. 
Democratic  National  Convention  met  at  St.  Louis  July  6,  and  nomin- 
ated Parker  and  Davis  for  President  and  Vice  President,  July  10. 
72,000  butchers  strike  in  Chicago,  July  12.  Wrech  of  an  excursion 
train  near  Chicago,  18  killed  and  80  injured,  July  12.  30,000  operatives 
in  cotton  mills  at  Fall  River  strike  July  25.  Japan  demands  the  sur- 
render of  Port  Arthur;  refused,  August  20.  Fifteen  persons  killed  in 
a  tornado  at  St.  Paul;  property  loss  $2,500,000,  August  22.  Railroad 
collision  at  New  Market,  Tenn.,  62  killed  and  125  injured,  September 

24.  Wreck  on  the  Missouri  Pacific,  20  killed  and  60  injured,  October 
10.  New  York  electric  underground  subway  opened  to  the  public, 
October  27.  The  election  for  President  in  the  U.  S.  resulted  as  fol- 
lows: Roosevelt,  7,640,661;  Parker,  5,094,091.  General  attack  on 
Port  Arthur  began  November  26.  Japanese  captured  203  Meter  Hill, 
December  1,  First  armistice  at  Port  Arthur  for  burying  the  dead, 
December  3. 

HOW  TO    IMPROVE   THE    MIND. 

This  is  a  question  that  springs  spontaneously  in  the  mind  of  every 
progressive  boy  and  girl  as  well  as  man  and  woman.  It  is  said  that 
the  mind  is  susceptible  of  a  high  state  of  improvement.  The  writer 
when  a  boy  read  a  statement  to  this  effect,  and  one  of  his  teachers, 
an  old  gentleman,  filled  with  sober  thought,  speaking  on  the  subject, 
said:  "The  mind  could  be  improved  to  a  very  high  degree,  much 
higher  than  the  muscular  system,"  but  he  never  read  or  heard  how 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY-  269 

the  mind  could  be  improved,  hence  he  was  compelled  to  solve  that 
problem  for  himself.  He  devoted  considerable  time  and  thought  to 
the  subject.  He  debated  it  over  and  over  to  himself;  but  inasmuch  as 
there  is  nothing  tangible  about  the  mind  he  was  unable  to  see  how  it 
could  be  improved. 

He  understood  how  putty,  wood  or  heated  steel  could  be  worked 
and  shaped  at  pleasure;  but  those  were  tangible  substances.  It  was 
different  with  the  mind.  It  had  neither  form  nor  shape  nor  color 
nor  substance  that  could  be  modeled,  modified  or  improved.  It  was 
invisible,  intangible  and  incomprehensible,  and  the  profound  conclu- 
sion which  he  arrived  at  was  that  the  mind  could  not  be  improved; 
that  it  was  inflexible  and  whatever  way  nature  had  gifted  it,  so  it 
must  be  and  remain.  It  was  something  beyond  human  power,  con- 
ttrol  or  conception. 

Up  to  this  time  he  had  read  but  little  of  Shakespeare,  Milton, 
Byron,  Burns,  Moore,  or  in  fact  any  of  the  authors,  and  he  did  not 
conceive  how  the  mind  could  be  improved  until  he  attained  the 
period  of  manhood. 

It  then  dawned  upon  him  that  the  mind  might  be  improved  by 
exercise,  the  same  as  the  muscular  system  could  be  improved  by 
exercise;  that  while  the  exercise  for  the  muscular  system  consisted  of 
physical  labor,  walking,  sawing  wood,  etc.,  the  exercise  for  the  mind 
consisted  of  thinking,  memorizing,  fixing  dates,  etc.,  and  by  a  proper 
application  of  thought,  conditions  being  equal,  the  mind  can  be  im- 
proved more  rapidly  than  the  muscular  system  by  physical  exercise. 
And  the  best  feature  of  it  is,  the  mind  can  be  exercised  and  improved 
without  loss  of  time  or  neglect  of  business.  For  instance,  while  a 
man  or  boy  is  plowing,  hoeing,  or  at  any  other  kind  of  work,  instead 
of  letting  his  mind  run  to  frivolous,  perhaps  licentious  thoughts,  let 
him  think  over  subjects  which  he  has  read  or  heard  discussed;  or 
he  can  recall  the  names,  features  and  wearing  apparel  of  persons 
whom  he  met  during  the  previous  day,  week  or  month,  and  recall  the 
conversations  had,  if  any.  Then  let  him  memorize  select  poems  and 
prose.  He  will  find  this  difficult  at  first,  but  perseverence  will  accom- 
plish it.  Let  him  write  the  article  to  be  memorized  and  refer  to  it 
frequently  until  he  has  it  fixed  in  his  memory.  After  a  little  time  he 
will  observe  how  much  easier  it  is  for  him  to  memorize.  Observe 
also  how  the  words  are  used  to  express  the  idea.  By  all  means 
memorize  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  Patrick  Henry's  great 
speech  delivered  at  the  Virginia  Convention,  March  23,  1775,  closing 
with  "Give  me  liberty  or  give  me  death!"  Then  let  him  fix  in  his 
mind  the  dates  of  the  important  events  in  our  national  history  as  set 
forth  in  this  volume.  Then  let  him  name  the  Presidents  of  the  United 
States  and  when  their  respective  terms  of  office  expired.  Then  let 
him  think  over  and  fix  in  his  memory  the  principal  events  and  dates 


270  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

in  the  history  of  Iowa.  He  will  find  it  difficult,  at  first,  to  fix  dates 
in  his  memory,  but  let  him  keep  on  thinking  and  trying  until  he  suc- 
ceeds. What  may  seem  almost  impossible  at  first  will,  after  a  little 
practice,  become  easy.  Let  him  also  remember  that  he  has  a  whole 
lifetime  to  work  at  improving  his  mind;  that  he  must  keep  constantly 
at  work  exercising  his  mind  by  thinking  and  acquiring  knowledge  as 
the  day  he  discontinues  he  commences  to  go  down.  Memory  is  con- 
tinually fading  and  unless  the  void  caused  by  this  loss  is  filled,  by 
new  acquisition  of  knowledge,  we  shall  have  lost  ground.  In  order 
to  keep  our  place  in  the  social  and  intellectual  world  we  must  work 
continually.  For  while  we  are  idly  looking  on  the  varied  fate  of  our 
neighbors,  we  are  sinking.  It  is  like  placing  a  man  in  a  boat  in  the 
current  of  a  river.  In  order  to  retain  his  place,  relative  to  points  on 
shore,  he  must  work  at  the  oars  continually,  because  the  current  is 
continually  drawing  him  down. 

So  it  is  with  the  mind,  the  fading  of  memory  is  continually  going 
on  and  we  must  work,  in  order  to  keep  from  sinking.  This  continual 
work,  however,  should  not  discourage  us,  especially  when  we  con- 
sider the  reward  which  it  brings.  Moreover  once  we  get  our  minds 
trained  in  the  art  of  thinking,  we  derive  the  greatest  pleasure  from 
the  exercise. 

Let  us  not  indulge  in  the  thought,  so  common  among  men,  that 
great  men  are  born  not  made,  because  this  is  a  mistake.  If  George 
Washington,  spent  his  boyhood  days  and  his  youthful  prime  and  vigor- 
ous manhood,  in  thinking  of  balls  and  parties  and  pleasure,  perhaps 
wine  and  women,  he  would  not  have  died  the  father  of  his  country, 
beloved  by  all;  and  if  Abraham  Lincoln,  had  depended  on  the  limited 
scholastic  opportunities  afforded  him,  he  would  not  have  been  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States  and  the  world's  greatest  liberator.  And 
so  it  is  with  all  the  self-made  men,  who  have  attained  distinction 
among  their  fellowmen,  they  acquired  their  knowledge  and  talent  by 
reading  and  studying,  by  lamp  light,  and  while  at  the  plow  or  hoe 
or  other  manual  labor  mentally  reviewing  what  they  had  read  and 
originating  thoughts  and  theories  and  plans.  Thus  acquiring  knowl- 
edge and  improving  the  mind  by  close  study  and  thinking  and  the 
same  road  is  open  to  every  young  man  and  woman  in  this  republic. 

While  you  are  memorizing  poems  and  prose  and  dates  of  events, 
etc.,  don't  overlook  the  Beginning  of  the  Gospel  according  to  St.  John, 
for  it  is  the  grandest  production  in  our  language — we  might  say  in 
any  language.  In  order  that  you  may  more  fully  understand  and 
appreciate  it,  learn  and  study  the  facts  and  circumstances  which 
prompted  the  great  apostle  to  write  it.  Remember  also  that  this  "life 
is  but  a  narrow  vale  between  the  cold  and  barren  peaks  of  two 
eternities,"  and  that  its  relation  to  eternity  is  but  the  merest  dot  in 
the  firmament.    And  what  is  Eternity? 


i 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY.  271 

The  Schoolmaster  might  put  it  in  this  way:  "Let  us  suppose  the 
earth  to  be  composed  of  fine  sand,  and  once  in  a  thousand  years  a 
single  grain  of  that  sand  is  annihilated  and  so  the  slow  process  goes 
on;  a  single  grain  of  sand  at  the  end  of  each  thousand  years  disap- 
pears, until  the  whole  mass  is  gone.  Now  suppose  a  man  had  an 
option  to  spend  this  vast  period  in  misery  and  forever  after  in  bliss 
or  vice  versa,  which  would  the  wise  man  select?  It  might  seem  that 
the  vast  period  consumed  in  annihilating  the  sand  was  an  eternity  in 
itself,  but  vast  and  incomprehensible  as  it  would  be  it  bears  no  greater 
relation  to  eternity  in  fact,  than  the  unit  bears  to  the  greatest  num- 
ber— 

"Eternity    thou    pleasing    dreadful    thought." 
Look  therefore  to  the  great  hereafter  though  it  is  shut  out  from 
our  limited  vision  by  cold  and  barren  peaks. 

And  look  not  alone  to  youthful  prime, 
Or  manhood's  vigorous  might; 

Man  then  is  useful  to  his  kine 
Supported  in  his  right. 

But  see  him  on  the  edge  of  life, 
With  cares  and  sorrows  worn 

With  age  and  pain  O,  ill  matched  pair 
Shows  man  was  made  to  mourn. 
Work,  study  and  persevere,  and  be  sure  you  are  right  and  "brave 
nobly  then,  but  conscious  of  your  trust; 

As  ever  warm  and  bold,  be  ever  just, 

Nor  court  applause  in  these  degenerate  days,  * 

The  villain's  censure  it  extorted  praise. 

But  please  be  steady,  in  an  noble  end,  and  show 

Mankind  that  truth  has  yet  a  friend. 

'Tis  mean  for  sake  of  paltry  wit  to  write, 

As  foplins  grin  to  show  their  teeth  are  white. 

To  brand  a  doubtful  folly  with  a 

Smile  or  madly  blaze  unknown  defescts  is  vile. 

'Tis  doubly  vile  when  but  to  show  your  art. 

You  fix  an  arrow  in  a  blameless  heart." 


Remember,  however,  that  honesty — strict  integrity,  at  all  times 
and  with  all  persons,  is  the  only  true  road  to  permanent  success.  If, 
therefore,  you  have  no  higher  motive  than  that  of  policy,  it  is  well  to 
be  honest  for  policy's  sake.  But  let  your  integrity  arise  from  a  higher 
motive  than  that  of  policy.  Let  your  aim  be  to  "do  to  others  as  you 
would  have  others  do  to  you,"  and  ultimate  success,  in  your  business 
will  be  assured.  And  in  addition,  you  will  enjoy  the  pleasing  thought 
of  having  played  your  part  toward  your  fellow  man,  by  rendering  full 
measure  as  pramptly  and  as  faithfully  as  you  have  exacted  it. 


272 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HBRALO'S 


CHAPTER  LVIII. 
DICTIONARY    OF   PROPER    NAMES. 


Aaron 

Abbato 

Abbott 

Abdo 

Abeln 

Abing 

Abitz 

Able 

Abraham 

Abresch 

Abry 

Accola 

Achen 

Ackels 

Acker 

Ackerer 

Ackerman 

Ackley 

Adam 

Adams 

Addinsell 

Addyman 

Ade 

Adelman 

Adelsberger 

Aepli 

Agard 

Agnew 

Ah  earn 

Ahem 

Ahlers 

Ahrendt 

Ahrens 

Airhart 

Akins 

Albee 

Albert 

Albinger 

Albrecht 

Alden 

Alderson 

Aldrich 

Alexander 

Alford 

Algase 

Aliesch 

A Hanson 

Alleil 

Allen 

AllendOTf 

Allgeier 

Allgeyer 

Allison 

Allyn 

Almenrode 

Alstot 

Altenbern 

Althaus 

Althauser 

Altman 

Amann 

Ambler 

Ambs 

Amende 

Ames 

Amesbury 

Amsden 

Arders 

Anderson 

Andre 

Andreggr 


Andres 

Bakey 

Bechel 

Bever 

Andresen 

Baldwin 

Bechely 

Beversdorf 

Andrianos 

Bale 

Bechtel 

Bewer 

Andricks 

Balker 

Beck 

Beyer 

Anglin 

Ball 

Becke 

Beyhl 

Angster 

Ballantine 

Becker 

Biasi 

Angus 

Ballard 

Beckert 

Bicksler 

Anners 

Ballaugh 

Beckett 

Bideaux 

Anson 

Ballhausen 

Beckius 

Bieber 

Antrim 

Baltus 

Beckler 

Biebermann 

A  pel 

Baltzer 

Beckman 

Bieg 

A.ppel 

Bambrough 

Beckwith 

Bieger 

Apphun 

Bame 

Beddall 

Biehl 

Archer 

Banck 

Bedenbender 

Biever 

Arduser 

Banfleld 

Beebe 

Blgelow 

Arendt 

Bangs 

Bedenbender 

Biggens 

Arensdorf 

Bank 

Beedle 

Bigley 

Arid 

Bankson 

Beekman 

Eilderback 

Arling 

Bannon 

Behel 

Bilger 

Armbruster 

Banwarth 

Behl 

Billasch 

Armitage 

Banzer 

Behlmer 

Billionaire 

Armour 

Bardill 

Behm 

Bingay 

Armstrong 

Bardon 

Behnke 

Bingel 

Arne 

Bargmann 

Behrens 

Bingham 

Arno 

Barker 

Beier 

Blnhoff 

Arnold 

Barkof 

Beigard 

Bintner 

Aronofsky 

Barmeier 

Beiler 

Bippus 

Arrick 

Barnard 

Beitzel 

Birch 

Arthofer 

Barnell 

Belden 

Bird 

Arthur 

Barnes 

Belknap 

Birkel 

Artus 

Barr 

Bell 

Birmingham 

Asbury 

Barrett 

Belsky 

Birn 

Ashley 

Barrington 

Belz 

Birner 

Ashmore 

Barron 

Bemes 

Bisanz 

Ash  ton 

Barry 

Bend  a 

Bischoff 

Ashworth 

Bartel 

Ben  del 

Bisconet 

Asmussen 

Bart  els 

Bender 

Bishop 

Astner 

Barter 

Beneman 

Bisping 

Atchison 

Barson 

Bengemann 

Bissell 

Atherton 

Barth 

Bonish 

Bissick 

Atkins 

Barthel 

Benites 

Bistram 

Atkinson 

Bartle 

Bf nkendorff 

Bitter 

Atwill 

Bartlett 

Benkert 

Bitters 

Audubon 

Bartley 

Bc-nnett 

Bitzberger 

Ault 

Barto 

Bensch 

Biver 

Aureden 

Bassett 

Benson 

Bixby 

Auring 

Bassler 

Bentley 

Blackburn 

ATistin 

Bastian 

Benty 

Blades 

Avenarius 

Bateman 

Benz 

Blake 

Avery 

Bates 

Benzer 

Blanchard 

Aver 

Batteram 

Berends 

Blankenberg 

Ayers 

Bauck 

Berens 

Blasen 

Bauer 

Berg 

Blaser    . 

B. 

Bauernschmitt 

Bergener 

Blau 

Baule 

Berirmann 

Blaubach 

Baal 

Baum 

Bcrgunde 

Blaul 

Babcock 

Bauman 

Beringer 

Blauser 

Bach 

Baumann 

Berkley 

Blessing 

Bacher 

Baumer 

Berndsen 

Blewett 

Backes 

Baumgartner 

Berndt 

Blichman 

Backus 

Baumhover 

Berner 

Blickendoerfer 

Bacon 

Bavendick 

Bernhard 

Blieley 

Bade 

Baxter 

Berry 

Blmdert 

Badger 

Bayless 

Bertella 

Blindt 

Baecker 

Baynes 

Bertling 

BlJsh 

Baehler 

Beach 

Bertsch 

Bliss 

Baertschy 

Beachler 

Berwanger 

Blitsch 

Bahl 

Beacom 

Besch 

Blocker 

Bahwell 

Bean 

Besser 

Blocklinger 

Baier 

Beatty 

Bestoval 

Blondin 

Bailey 

Beatz 

Bethke 

Bloasch 

Baird 

Beaubien 

Betz 

Blosch 

Baker 

Beaver 

Beutin 

Bluecher 

HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


273 


Eluesch 

Blume 

jblumenthal 

Jioard 

Bobzien 

Bochert 

Bock 

Bode 

Boden 

Bceding 

Boehme 

Boesch 

Boesen 

Boettcher 

Bohemia 

Boliler 

Bohlman 

Bchn 

Bohr 

Boland 

Boldt 

Bolen 

Bolger 

BoU 

Bo  lien 

Bolman 

Boltz 

Bommers 

Bonanza 

Bonath 

Bondleon 

Bonson 

Bonts 

Bonz 

Boock 

Boone 

Booth 

BQpthby 

Borchet 

Bcrdner 

Bormann 

Born 

Bornhauser 

Bossard 

Bosshart 

Boston 

Bosveld 

Bothwell 

Botsford 

Bott 

Bottoms 

Botzet 

Boul 

Bouquet 

Eour 

Bourdeau 

Bourg 

Boust 

Bovee 

Bowden 

Bowe 

Bowen 

Bower 

Bowers 

Bowker 

Bowles 

Bowman 

Boxleiter 

Boyce 

Boyd 

Beyer 

Boy  Ian 

Bcyington 

Boyle 

Boysen 

Bracher 

Brachtenbach 


Blacker 

Bruess. 

Butler. 

Chalder. 

Bi  ackett 

Brugger. 

Butlett. 

Chaloupka. 

Braconier 

Biuxan. 

Butt. 

Chalus, 

Brada 

Brumni. 

Butters. 

Chamberlain 

Bradford 

Brunaugh. 

Euttikofer. 

Chambers. 

Bradley 

Brundage. 

Buttles. 

Chandler. 

Bradshaw 

Brunhardt. 

Buxton. 

Chapin. 

Bradstreet 

Brunkow. 

Byard. 

Chapman. 

Bradwell 

Bruns. 

Byers. 

Chappell. 

Brady 

Brunskill. 

Byrne. 

ChaSe. 

Brahm 

Bryan. 

Byrnes. 

Chaterdon. 

Brainard 

Bryant. 

Byron. 

Chatheld. 

Bramet 

Brychta. 

Cheetham. 

^rand. 

Buchacker. 

C. 

Cheney. 

Brandel. 

Buclianan. 

Chevalier. 

Erandner. 

Buchet. 

Cadman. 

Chewning. 

Brandon. 

Buchholz. 

Cady. 

Chihak. 

Brundenberger 

.  Buciimann. 

Caesar. 

Childers. 

Brandt. 

Buckingliam. 

Cahill. 

Childs. 

Brant. 

Buckler. 

Cain. 

Chilton, 

Brasher. 

Buckley. 

Caldwell. 

Chisholm. 

Biatsberg. 

Buckwalter. 

Calehan. 

Christ. 

Brauhn. 

Budde. 

Calkins. 

Christenson. 

Braun. 

Budden. 

Callaghan. 

Christman. 

Bray. 

Buddin. 

Calvert. 

Christoft". 

Brayton. 

Buddy. 

Cameron. 

Christoffer. 

Bready. 

Budweiser. 

Campbell. 

Christopher. 

Breckler. 

Buesciiel. 

Campion. 

Chrysler. 

Brede. 

Buechele. 

Campman. 

Churchill. 

Breen. 

Buechler. 

Canavan. 

Chuta. 

Breithaupt. 

Buehler. 

Candler. 

Clancy, 

Bremer. 

Buelow. 

Candrian. 

Clarasey. 

Brendel. 

Buesch. 

Canfield. 

Clardy. 

Brenke. 

Buettell. 

Capesius. 

Clark. 

Brenker. 

Buhman. 

Capretz. 

Clarkson. 

Brennan. 

Bulger. 

Carberry. 

Clause. 

Brenner. 

Bull. 

Carbine. 

Clausen. 

Breslin. 

Bullen. 

Garden, 

Clay. 
Cleary. 

Breson. 

Bullock. 

Carew. 

Brett. 

Bulman. 

Carey. 

Cleaveland. 

Brew. 

Bundy. 

Carkeek. 

Cleaver. 

Brewbaker. 

Bunting. 

Carl. 

Clemens. 

Brewer. 

Buol. 

Carley, 

Clementson. 

Brewster. 

Burch. 

Carlin. 

Clerk. 

Brezinsky. 

Burd. 

Carmody. 

Cleveland. 

Brich. 

Burden. 

Carnegie. 

Clewell. 

Erichta. 

Burds. 

Carney. 

Clifford. 

Bridges. 

Burdt. 

Caron. 

Cline. 

Briel. 

Burg. 

Carpender. 

Close. 

Bries. 

Burgi. 

Carpenter. 

Closs. 

Briggs. 

Burggraff. 

Carr. 

Clough. 
Clow. 

Brightbill. 

Burgmeyer. 

Carragher. 

Brimeyer. 

Burkhart. 

Carroll. 

ciune. 

Erin. 

Burke. 

Carswell. 

Coan. 

Brindle. 

Burkel. 

Carter. 

Coates 

Brinkman. 

Burkey. 

Cartigny. 

Coble. 

Brinkmoeller. 

Burkhalter. 

Carver. 

Cody. 
Coffee. 

Eritton. 

Eurkhard. 

Cary. 

Broadhurst. 

Burlingham. 

Cascade. 

Coffey. 

Coffin, 

Brock. 

Burlington. 

Case. 

Brockman. 

Burnett. 

Casey. 

Ccgan. 

Erode. 

Burns. 

Cassel. 

Cohn. 

Broderick. 

Burrell. 

Casserly. 

Colander. 

Broell. 

Burridge. 

Cassidy. 

Colbert. 

Broessel. 

Burroughs. 

Cassutt. 

Coldiron. 

Brooke. 

Burrows. 

Castelh. 

Cole, 

Brophy. 

Burt. 

Castel. 

Coleman. 

Brose. 

Burtch. 

Cassady. 

Coleet. 

Broughton. 

Burton. 

Castrischer. 

Collette 

Brouhard, 

Burwell. 

Casutt. 

Collier. 

Erouillette. 

Busby. 

Catlin. 

CoUings 

Brown. 

Busch. 

Caufield. 

Collins. 

Brownson. 

Euse. 

Cavanaugh. 

Collinsoii. 

Brubaker. 

Buseman. 

Caverly. 

Collis. 

Bruchs. 

Bush. 

Cawrey. 

Colvin. 

Bruechert, 

Euskirk. 

Cellner. 

Commerford. 

Bruesch. 

Busse. 

Chadwick. 

Ccmpton. 

274 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Conchar. 

Condon. 

Conigiski. 

Conigisky. 

Cjonkieman. 

Conlan. 

conley. 

Conlin. 

connell. 

Connelly. 

Connole.  • 

Connolly. 

Connor. 

Connors. 

Conrad. 

Conrow. 

Conroy. 

Considine. 

Consoer. 

consor. 

Conter. 

Converse. 

Convey. 

Conway. 

Conzett. 

Coohey. 

Cook. 

Cooledge. 

Cooley. 

Cooney. 

Coonrad. 

Cooper. 

Coover. 

Cctppex. 

Borbett. 

Corbin. 

Corcoran. 

Cornelisen. 

Cornell. 

Ccrkey. 

Cornelius. 

Corpstein. 

Corrance. 

Correll. 

Cortell. 

Cosgrove. 

Cosley. 

Costelli. 

Ccta. 

Cotasky. 

Cotter. 

Cottingham. 

Cotton. 

Couch. 

Coughlin. 

Coultas. 

Coulter. 

Couper. 

Courtade. 

Courtney. 

Courtwright. 

Cousin. 

Cousley. 

Cowley. 

Cox. 

Coy. 

Coykendall. 

Coyle. 

Coyne. 

Ctabtree. 

Cragin. 

Crahan. 

Craig. 

Cram. 

Cramer. 

Crane. 

Crawford. 


Cieighton. 

Ciemer. 

Crenion. 

Crimmins. 

Crisford. 

Crocker. 

Cionin. 

Cronmiller. 

Crosby. 

Crosier. 

Crctty. 

Crcusaz. 

Crouse. 

Crowe. 

Crowley. 

Crowshaw, 

Cudmore. 

Culbex'tson. 

Cullen. 

Culp. 

Cummings. 

Cummins. 

Cumpton. 

Cunning. 

Cunningham. 

Curran. 

Curtis. 

Cushing. 

Cutler. 

Cutts. 

Czizek. 


Daescher. 
Dahl. 

Dahme. 

Dahms. 

Daignan. 

Dalkermeyer. 

Daley. 

Daly. 

Damann. 

Dambacher. 

Dana. 

Bangelmeyer. 

Daniels. 

Danzer. 

Darling. 

Darrah. 

Dashman. 

Date. 

Daugherty. 

Dausch. 

Dautermann. 

Davidsaver. 

Davies. 

Davis. 

Daw^son. 

Dax. 

Day. 

Daykin. 

Deal. 

Dean. 

Dearborn. 

Debes. 

Decher. 

Deckert. 

Deegan. 

Deery. 

De  Fontaine. 

De  Fore. 

Deggendorf. 

Degitz. 

Degnan. 

Degriselles. 

Dehring. 


Deininger. 

Delaney. 

DeLapp. 

Delfs. 

DeLisle. 

Dell. 

DeLiorimier. 

Dement. 

Dtming. 

Demkier, 

DeMorse. 

Dempsey. 

DeMutli. 

Dendinger. 

Denell. 

Dennert. 

Dennis. 

Derneden. 

Dersch. 

Derwent. 

Desch. 

Desmond. 

Dethng. 

Dettermann. 

Deuss. 

Devaney. 

Devereaux. 

Deville. 

Devins. 

Devlin. 

Dew. 

DeWald. 

Dewey. 

Dewhirst. 

DeWolf. 

Dexter. 

Deyen, 

Dibble. 

Dick. 

Dickel. 

Dickens. 

Dickey. 

Dickinson. 

Dickson. 

Didesch. 

Diener. 

Dierstein. 

Dieterich. 

Dietl. 

Dietrich. 

Dietzhold. 

Difterding. 

Digman. 

Dike. 

Dikeman. 

Dilger. 

Dillon. 

Dilworth. 

Dimmet. 

Diocese. 

Disch. 

Dissell. 

Dix. 

Dixon. 

Doberstein. 

Dobler. 

Dobmeyer. 

Dockstader, 

Dodds. 

Dodson. 

Dody. 

Doerfler. 

Doerr. 

Doerrer. 

Doerrmann. 

Doescher. 

Doft. 


Doherty. 

Dolan, 

Doll. 

Dollenbacher. 

Dolson. 

Dolter. 

Dombacher. 

Domenig. 

Demenig. 

Donahue. 

Donath. 

Donegan. 

Donlon. 

Donnelly. 

Donner. 

Donoghue. 

Donohoe. 

Dcnohoo. 

Donohue. 

Donovan. 

Dooling. 

Dopp. 

Dorak. 

Doran. 

Doremvis. 

Dorgan. 

Dorman. 

Dornbacli. 

Dome. 

Domes. 

Dorrington. 

Dorsey. 

Doty. 

Dougherty. 

Dovi. 

Dow. 

Dowdell. 

Dower. 

Dowling. 

Downes. 

Downey. 

Doyle. 

Drease. 

Drahn. 

Drake. 

Dresda. 

Draulard. 

Dreazy. 

Drees. 

Dreher. 

Dress. 

Dressen. 

Drew. 

Drewelow. 

Drexel. 

Drisch. 

Driscoll. 

Droese. 

Droessler. 

Drost. 

Drumm. 

Drummond. 

Drummy. 

Drysdale. 

Dubler. 

Dubmcyer. 

Dubraks. 

Dubuque. 

Duccini. 

Ducey. 

Duehr. 

Duenser. 

Duerstein. 

Duertscher. 

Duesing. 

Duess. 

Duesse, 


Duesther. 

Duffin, 

Duffy. 

Dugan. 

Duggan. 

Dulany. 

Dumas. 

Dun. 

Duncan. 

Dunham. 

Dunkley. 

Dunlavey. 

Dunlea. 

Dunleavy. 

Dunleith. 

Dunn. 

Dunnebeck. 

Dunphy. 

Durand. 

Durbin. 

Duscheck. 

Dusehen. 

Duscher. 

Duster. 

Duttle. 

Dwyer. 

Dye. 

Dyer. 


Eagan. 

Eagle. 

Earl. 

Eearly. 

Eastabrook. 

Eastman. 

Eaton, 

Eberhardt. 

Eberl. 

Eberle. 

Eberlein. 

Eckert. 

Eckstein. 

Eddy. 

Ede. 

Eden. 

Edson. 

Edwards. 

Efferding. 

Egan. 

Egelhof. 

Eggenberger, 

Eggers. 

Eggleston. 

Ehlers. 

Ehmer. 

Ehrlich. 

Eichacker. 

Eisehacker. 

Eichhorn. 

Eichman. 

Eighmey. 

Eisbach. 

Eisenegger. 

Eisert. 

Eltel. 

Eibert. 

Elks. 

EUefson. 

EUerman. 

Ellermann. 

Elligen. 

Elliott. 

Ellis. 

Ellison. 

Ellwanger. 


HISTORY  OP  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


275 


Elmer. 

Fannon. 

Finzel. 

Priedrich. 

Gassmann. 

Elsaesser. 

Fanslow. 

Firzlaff. 

Fries. 

Gatena. 

Elwell. 

Fanzun. 

Fisch. 

Frisch. 

Gau. 

Ely. 

P'arandeau. 

FJ&cher. 

Frith. 

Gaiier. 

Emerson. 

F  arley. 

Fish. 

Fritsche. 

Gavin. 

Emery. 

Farmer. 

Fishel. 

r'ritscliel. 

Gay  lor. 

Emig. 

I'arnan. 

Fiske. 

P'ritz. 

Gearstkamp 

Emsley. 

Farni, 

Fitzz. 

Froebel. 

Geary. 

Ender. 

Farqnar. 

Fitzgerald. 

Froehlich. 

Geasland. 

Engel. 

Farrell. 

Fitzgibbons. 

P'rohm. 

Geeting. 

Engelken. 

Parwell. 

Fitzpatrick. 

Frohs. 

Gehler. 

Engels, 

Fasselius. 

Fitzsimmons. 

Fromm. 

Gehrig. 

Engler. 

Fath. 

Fix. 

Frommelt. 

Gehrke. 

Enloe. 

Fatka. 

Flaherty. 

p'rost. 

Geiger. 

Ennis. 

Faulhaber. 

Flanagan. 

Frudden. 

Geimer. 

Ennor. 

r'aust. 

Flannerty. 

P'rueh. 

Geinzer. 

Enos. 

Pautch. 

PMechsig. 

Pry. 

Geipel. 

Enright. 

P"'autsch.  . 

Fleck. 

Fuellman. 

Geisel. 

Eiiser. 

Fawcett. 

Fleckenstein. 

P^uenfstueck. 

Geiser. 

Entringer. 

Fawkes. 

Fleischmann. 

p'uerst. 

Geisheker. 

Enz. 

Fawley. 

Fleming. 

Fuerstenberg. 

Geisler. 

Enzler. 

Fay. 

Fletcher. 

Fuhrmann. 

Geilling. 

Eppler. 

P'ecker. 

Flick. 

P^ullarton. 

Gengler. 

Epps. 

P'ederspiel. 

Flood. 

Fuller. 

Gensburg. 

Epstein. 

Feeney. 

Florence. 

Fulmer. 

Genszler. 

Edrenberg. 

Foilden. 

Flcrey. 

Fulton. 

Genthe. 

Erickso-n. 

Feilen. 

Floyd. 

Funchion. 

George. 

Erner. 

Feinen. 

FUickinger. 

Funk. 

Gere. 

Ernest. 

Felder. 

Fluhr. 

Fury. 

Gerhard. 

Ernsdorff. 

Peldestein. 

Flynn. 

Fyett. 

Gerken. 

Ernster. 

Felenzer. 

Foell. 

Gerlach. 

Erwln. 

Feigner. 

Foerst. 

G. 

Germain. 

Esch. 

Fellbaum. 

Fogarty. 

German. 

Echen. 

Feller. 

Fogeli. 

Gabriel. 

Gerst. 

Eslinger. 

P^ls. 

Folbrecht. 

Gadient. 

Gertenbach. 

E?pe. 

Folter. 

Foley. 

Gadsen. 

Giamara. 

Ess. 

Fc^ltgen. 

Folk. 

Gaenshirt. 

Gibbons. 

Esslinger. 

Penelon. 

Foot. 

Gaertner. 

Gibbs. 

Essman. 

Fengler. 

Ford. 

Gager. 

Gibson. 

Essmann. 

Fennawald. 

Forester. 

Gagne. 

Gieger. 

Esson. 

Fennell. 

Forgrave. 

Gaines. 

Giegerich. 

Esterbrook. 

Fenner. 

Forrett. 

Gaither. 

Gielhs. 

p;ttenberg. 

P'enton. 

Forster. 

Galer. 

Gienke. 

Eltenshon. 

Fenzloff. 

Fortmann. 

Galice. 

Gierens. 

Evilberg. 

Ferber. 

Fortune. 

Gallagher. 

Giese. 

E\jstice. 

P'er°ruson  . 

Pc'sselmann. 

Galle. 

Giesemann. 

E\ans. 

Ferlanto. 

Foster. 

Gallen. 

Giesen. 

Even. 

Fern. 

Fauhy. 

Galliart. 

Giesey. 

Everett. 

Fernald. 

Fowler. 

Gallov/ay. 

Giesler. 

Evert. 

Ferring. 

Fowlston. 

Galow. 

Gifford. 

Evison. 

Ferris. 

Fox. 

Galvin. 

Gilbert. 

Ewart. 

Fessler. 

Fraatz. 

Ganahl. 

Gilchrist. 

Ewen. 

Fest. 

Frabel. 

Gandoifo. 

Gildea. 

Ewing. 

Fetschele. 

Fralick. 

Gannon. 

Gill. 

Ewcrt. 

Fett. 

Francois. 

Gansen. 

Gilleas. 

Fettgather. 

Frank. 

Ganson. 

Gilliam. 

F. 

Feyen. 

Franke. 

Gantenbein. 

Gilligan. 

Fitcher. 

Franklin. 

Gantert. 

Gilloon. 

Eaatz. 

Fickbohm. 

Fran sen. 

Garard. 

Gilmore. 

Faber. 

Ficke. 

Frantz. 

Garbelman. 

Gilrain. 

Fabricius. 

Fidler. 

Frantzen. 

Gardiner. 

Gindorff. 

Faoace. 

Fiebelkorn. 

Franz. 

Gardner. 

Ginter. 

Fackery. 

Fiedler. 

P^ashier. 

Garland. 

Gira. 

Fagan. 

Fiegonbaum. 

Frater. 

Garner. 

Girard. 

Faherty. 

Pjeld. 

P'razier. 

Gamier. 

Giroux. 

Fahey. 

Fields. 

Freeland. 

Garrabrant. 

Gisel. 

Fahje. 

Fifield. 

Freihoefer. 

Garrigan. 

Glab. 

Fahndrich. 

Figge. 

Freimark. 

Garrison. 

Gladwin. 

Faig. 

Fnibach. 

French. 

Garrity 

Glanville. 

Fairbanks. 

Fine. 

Frenzel. 

Garth. 

Glasby. 

Faldorf. 

Finerty. 

Freres. 

Gartman. 

Glaser. 

Falenzer. 

F.'nicle. 

Fretter. 

Gartner. 

Glass. 

Falkenhainer. 

Pink. 

P^rey. 

Garver. 

Glasser. 

Pall. 

Finkenauer. 

Preyman. 

Garvey. 

Giasson. 

Fallis. 

Finley. 

Prick. 

Gary. 

Gleichn«r, 

Falor. 

Finn. 

Pricke. 

Gassen. 

Glenn. 

Fanning. 

P'mne^E^n. 

Friedgei^. 

Q&sisev- 

Gline^, 

276 

Golden. 

Gloeckner. 

Glover. 

Glynn. 

Gmehle. 

Gmiender. 

Gniffke. 

Goard. 

Gobat. 

Goble. 

Godert. 

Goebel. 

Goebelt. 

Goebert. 

Goerdt. 

Goerg-ens. 

Goermer. 

Goffet. 

Gog-gin. 

Goldberg-er. 

Goldstein. 

Goldthorpe. 

Goldwood. 

Golinvaux. 

Gollobitz. 

Gommers. 

Gong-aware. 

Gonner. 

Gonniea. 

Gonser. 

Gooding. 

Goodman. 

Gcodmann. 

Goodrich. 

Coolsby. 

Gordon. 

Gorman. 

Gcrr. 

Gorrell. 

Gotto. 

Gould. 

Govier. 

Govro. 

Gow. 

Grab. 

Granbinar. 

Grabow. 

Grace. 

Grader. 

Graessle. 

Graf. 

Graff. 

Graham. 

Grand  jenet. 

Grant. 

Granville. 

Grashorn. 

Grass. 

Grassel. 

Gratriex, 

Gratiot, 

Gratzz. 

Graver. 

Graves. 

Gray. 

GrelDin. 

Green. 

Gieenberg. 

Grpene. 

Grenfield. 

Greenho-w, 

Greenly. 

Grenwood. 

Greer. 

Gregoire. 

Gregory. 

Greiner. 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Gressel. 

Grether. 

Grew. 

Grice. 

Griesinger. 

Griffin. 

Griffith. 

Grigg. 

Grill. 

Grimes. 

Giimm. 

Grimme. 

Grings. 

Grinzig. 

Gritte. 

Groat. 

Grobe. 

Grobstich. 

Grcde. 

Groff. 

Grohman. 

Grommersch. 

Gronau. 

Gronen. 

Groppe. 

Grose. 

Gross. 

Grosstick. 

Grosvenor. 

Grote. 

Groth. 

Grover. 

Grow. 

Grube. 

Gruber. 

Grubstich. 

Grue. 

Gruenfelder, 

Gruensig. 

Gruetzmacher. 

Grundy. 

Grunenflder. 

Grutz. 

Guderian. 

Guehler. 

Guenter. 

Guenther. 

Guernsey. 

Guheen. 

Guilbert. 

Guilfoil. 

Guillien. 

Guekeisen. 

Guler. 

Gunderson. 

Gunn. 

Gunter. 

Gurnee. 

Gurtner. 

Gutenkauf. 

Guthrie. 

Gysbers. 

H. 

Haardt. 

Haas. 

Ifaber. 

Habicht. 

Habletzel. 

Hachmann. 

Hack. 

Hacker. 

Hackett. 

Maoking. 

Hackney. 

Hadley. 


Haferman. 

Hafey. 

Hafley. 

Hafner. 

Hager. 

Hagerty. 

Hagge. 

Haggerty. 

Hagin. 

Hahn. 

Hail. 

Hairgrove. 

Haisch. 

Hale. 

Haley. 

Hall. 

Hallahan. 

Haller. 

Halpin. 

Ham. 

Hamblin. 

Hambrecht. 

Ham  el. 

Hamer. 

Hames. 

Hamilton. 

Hamlin. 

Hammann. 

Hammel. 

Hammermeister 

Hammond. 

Hampton, 

Hanapel. 

Hancock. 

Hand. 

Handel. 

Handley. 

Haney. 

Hani  fan. 

Hanks. 

Hanley. 

Hanlon. 

Hanna. 

Hannan. 

Han  nig. 

Hannon. 

Hanover. 

Hansen. 

Hanson. 

Hantelmann. 

Hapelt. 

Hardie. 

Hardwick. 

Harger. 

Hargrave. 

Hargus. 

Harker. 

Harkett. 

Harlen. 

Harley. 

Harmann. 

Harms. 

Harper. 

Harragan. 

Harrington. 

Harris. 

Harrison. 

Karrity. 

Harron. 

Harroim. 

Hart. 

Harter. 

Hartig. 

Hartley. 

Hartman. 

Hartmann. 

Hartwig. 


Hartz. 
Harughty. 
Harvey. 
Haschke. 
Hasel. 
Haskell. 
Hasler. 
Hassett. 
Hastings. 
Hathaway. 
Hatfield. 
Hatzenbuhler. 
Haubner. 
Haudenshield. 
Hauer. 
Haug. 
Haughey. 
Haupert, 
Haus. 
Hauser, 
Hauth. 
Haverland. 
Havlik. 
Hawe. 
Hawley. 
Haxmeier. 
Hay. 
Hayden. 
Haye. 
.  Hayes. 
Haynes. 
Haynie. 
Haywood. 
Hazel. 
Hazelton. 
Heacock. 
Headford. 
Healey. 
Healy. 
Hearity. 
Heaton. 
Heber. 
Hebrew. 
Heck. 
Heckr. 
Hecklinger. 
Heckmann. 
Hedley. 
Hedrick. 
Heeb. 
Heeney. 
Heer. 
Heeren. 
Heet. 
Hefel. 
Hcffern. 
Heffernan. 
Hefty. 
Hehir. 
Heiden. 
Heiderscheldt. 
Heil. 

Heilwagon. 
Heim. 
Hein. 
Heinerich. 
Heinkel. 
Heins. 
Heinz. 
Heinzle. 
Heise. 
Heisel. 
Heisler. 
Heiter. 
Heitter. 
Heitz. 
Heitzmann, 


Helbig. 

Helbing. 

Heles. 

Heller. 

Helm. 

Helmer. 

Helmrich. 

Hemer, 

Hemlben. 

Hemmeldr. 

Hemmer. 

Hemmi. 

Henderson. 

Hendle, 

Hendricks, 

Hendy. 

Henge. 

Henion. 

Henkel. 

Henkels. 

Henker. 

Henneberry. 

Hennenger. 

Hennessey. 

Henney. 

Hennig. 

Hennings. 

Henry. 

Henschel. 

Hense, 

Hensel. 

Hentrich. 

Hepp. 

Herancourt. 

Herber. 

Herbst. 

Herburger, 

Herget. 

Heri. 

Herkes. 

Hermann. 

Hermes. 

Herod. 

Herrig. 

Herrington. 

Herrmann. 

Herron. 

Hersche. 

Hersey. 

Herst. 

Herting. 

Hertley. 

Hertner. 

Hervey. 

Herzog. 

Hesling. 

Heslup. 

Hess, 

Hessel. 

Hessling. 

Hestroffer. 

Hetherington. 

Hetzler. 

Heuchelin. 

Heuser. 

Heustis. 

Hevlcon. 

Hewitt. 

Heyne. 

Hibbard. 

Hibbe. 

Hickey. 

Hickok. 

Hicks. 

HIckson. 

Hier. 

Higbee. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


277 


Higgins. 

Higgi. 

Higi. 

Higley. 

Hilbe. 

Hilbert. 

Hilby. 

Hildermann. 

HJlders. 

Hilger. 

Hilkin. 

Hill. 

T£illard. 

Hillary. 

Hille. 

Hillebrand. 

Hiller. 

Hillery. 

Hillsing-er. 

Hillson. 

Hilton. 

Hilty. 

Hinds. 

Hines. 

Hmg. 

Hinkel. 

Hinkey. 

Hinkley. 

Hinkson. 

Hinman. 

Hintrager. 

Hinz. 

Hipman. 

Hird. 

Hirsch. 

Hirth. 

Hirtz. 

Hitchcock, 

Hoag. 

Hoar. 

Hoare. 

Hobbs. 

Hochberger. 

Hochensteiner. 

Hocking. 

Hodel. 

Hoefflin. 

Hoefler. 

Hoefs. 

Hcermann. 

Hoerner. 

Hoerr. 

Hcerstmann, 

Hoes. 

Hoev. 

Hoff. 

Hoffman. 

Hoffmann. 

Hoftender. 

Hogan. 

Hogrefe. 

Hohenadel. 

Hohnecker. 

Holcomb. 

Holden. 

Holl. 

Holland. 

Hollenbeck. 

Hollenfelz, 

Holliday. 

Hollingsworth. 

HoHnagel. 

Holmberg. 

Holman. 

Holmes. 

Holscher. 

Holsinger. 


Holter. 

Holtz. 

Holz. 

Holzmann. 

Homan. 

Honer. 

Hood. 

Hook. 

Hooper. 

Hoopes. 

Hoorvich. 

Hoover. 

Hopkins. 

Hopper. 

Horan. 

Horch. 

Horchem. 

Horn. 

Horner. 

Horning. 

Hornney. 

Hornung. 

Horr. 

Horrig. 

Horsfall. 

Horsley. 

Horst. 

Hos. 

Hosford. 

Hoskins. 

Hostert. 

Hottman. 

Hough. 

Houghton. 

Houlihan. 

Houps. 

Hovey, 

Howe. 

Howard. 

Howarth. 

Howes. 

Howie. 

Hoyne. 

Hrubesky. 

Hurby. 

Hubbard. 

Hvber. 

Hubert. 

Huebsch. 

Huekels. 

Huelshoff. 

Huelsman. 

Hueneke. 

Huether. 

Huffmire. 

Hug. 

Hughes. 

Hulse. 

Humke. 

Hummel. 

Humphries. 

Huner. 

Hunker. 

Hunt. 

Hunter. 

Huntington. 

Huntoon. 

Hurd. 

Hurley. 

Husky. 

Husg 

Hussey. 

Hussmann. 

Husted. 

Hutlenmeiser. 

Hutter. 

Hutton. 


Hyde. 
Hyman. 
Hymes. 
Hynes. 

I. 

Ibash. 

Igo. 

Ihde. 

Ihrcke. 

Ihrke. 

Her. 

lies. 

Ilg. 

Ilgen. 

Imhof. 

Imhoff. 

Immisch. 

Ingalls. 

Ingerson. 

Inghram. 

Ingram. 

Ingwerson. 

Ireland. 

Irish. 

Irmscher. 

Irving. 

Irwin. 

Isbern. 

Isett. 

Issell. 

Itnyre. 

Ives. 

Ivison. 

J. 

Jack. 

Jackson. 

Jacobi. 

Jacobs. 

Jacobson. 

Jacquinot. 

Jaeger. 

Jaeggi. 

Jaffee. 

Jahreis. 

Jakobi. 

James. 

Janggen. 

Jansen. 

Janssen. 

Jsrding. 

Jarrett. 

Jass. 

Jauert. 

Jecklin. 

Jeez. 

Jehring. 

Jellison. 

Jenkins. 

Jenn. 

Jenne. 

Jenness. 

Jenni. 

Jennings. 

Jensen. 

Jeoffroy. 

Jess. 

Jestel. 

Jeuck. 

Jobsen. 

Jochum. 

Jogerst. 

Johannes. 

Johannsen. 


Johns. 

Johnson. 

Jonas. 

Jones. 

Joos. 

Jordan. 

Joseph, 

Joss. 

Jost. 

Joy, 

Joyce. 

Jraaff. 

Juen. 

Juergens. 

June, 

Jungbluth, 

Jungles, 

Jungers, 

Jungfermann. 

Jungk. 

Jungwirth. 

Junker. 

Junkermann. 

Just. 

K. 

Kabat. 

Kadon, 

Kaefer. 

Kaep. 

Kaesbauer. 

Kahl. 

Kahle, 

Kahn. 

Kainniry, 

Kaiser, 

Kallenberg. 

Kalmus. 

Kamm. 

Kammiller. 

Kammrath. 

Kammueller. 

Kampman. 

Kamps. 

Kane. 

Kangley. 

Kannolt. 

Kantlehner. 

Kaplan. 

Kapp. 

Kappes. 

Karberg. 

Karsch, 

Kas. 

Kaschewski. 

Kasel. 

Kasper. 

Kass. 

Kassler. 

Kastner. 

Katholisher. 

Katz. 

Kauffmann. 

Kaufman. 

Kautz. 

Kavanaugh. 

Kay. 

Kean. 

Keane. 

Kearney. 

Krarns. 

Keas. 

Keast. 

Keating. 

Keatley. 

Keck. 


Keckevoet. 

Keckeis. 

Keefe. 

Keeley. 

Keen. 

Keenan. 

Keesecker. 

Keffeler. 

Kegler. 

Keher. 

Kehoe, 

Kehr, 

Keiley, 

Keller. 

Keiley. 

Kelly. 

Kelsen. 

Kelsh. 

Kemerer. 

Kemler. 

Kemp, 

Kemper, 

Kempf. 

Kemps. 
Kempter, 

Kendall. 

Kendrick. 

Kenefick. 

Kenety. 

Kenkel. 

Kenline. 

Kenna. 

Kenneally. 

Kennedy, 

Kennelly, 

Konney, 

Kenniker, 

Kensel. 

Kenyon, 

Keogh. 

Kepner, 

Keppi«r. 

Kepps. 

Kerin. 

Kern, 

Kernan. 

Kerner, 

Kersch. 

Kertz. 

Kerwin. 

Kessler. 

Kettenhofen. 

Kettler. 

Kelp. 

Keys, 

Kibby, 

Kidder. 

Kiebel. 

Kiebler. 

Kiefer. 

Kieffer, 

Kieler. 

K?ely. 

Kien, 

Kiene. 

Kienzle, 

Kies, 

Kiesel, 

Kietzmann. 

Kilbourn. 

Kilburg. 

Kile. 

Klley. 

Kllleen. 

Killen. 

Kilty,    . 

Kimball, 

Kimmach. 


278 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Kimmerle. 

Kincaid. 

Kind. 

Kinder. 

King. 

Kingman. 

Kmg-sley. 

Kinley. 

Kinne. 

Kinney. 

Kinnier. 

Kinsella. 

Kmser. 

Kinsey. 

Kinsley. 

Kinsman, 

Kintzinger. 

Kipper. 

Kirby. 

Kirch. 

Kirchberger. 

K^rcher. 

Kirchheck. 

Kirk. 

Kirkby. 

Kirkhoff. 

Kirkley. 

Kirmse. 

Kirner. 

Kissling. 

Kisting. 

Kistler. 

Klaas. 

Klaeske. 

Klafsky. 

Klang, 

Kiarman. 

Klauer. 

Klavitter. 

Klecan, 

Kiee. 

Kleeman. 

Kleih. 

Klein. 

Kleine. 

Kleinschmidt. 

Kleinschrodt. 

Kleis. 

Kleispis. 

Kley. 

Kline. 

Kling. 

Klingel. 

Klingenberg. 

Klinkhammer. 

Klonus. 

K!uck. 

Klumpp. 

Knabenbauer. 

Knapp. 

Knaus. 

Kneal. 

Knebel. 

Kneip. 

Kneisler. 

Kness. 

Knickerbocker 

Knight. 

Knights. 

Knippel. 

Knockel. 

Knoernschlld. 

Knoll. 
Kriopp. 

KnoTT. 
Knott. 

Knowlton, 


Knudson.  ' 

Knaltz. 

Koch. 

Kochendorfer. 

Koeck. 

Koehler. 

Koempel. 

Koenemann. 

Koenlg. 

Koepfli. 

Koepke. 

Koerner. 

Koester, 

Koetz. 

Kohl. 

Kohler. 

Kohlman. 

Kohlmann. 

Kohn. 

Kohl. 

Kolb. 

Kclck. 

Kolf. 

Kolfenbach. 

Kolle. 

Kombaecher. 

Kommes. 

Kons. 

Kop. 

Kopland. 

Kopatsky. 

Kopel. 

Kopp. 

Kopple. 

Kopsa. 

Kopsac. 

Kormann. 

Korn. 

Korsten. 

Kort. 

Kortemeyer. 

Kotze. 

Kowalski. 

Krafft. 

Krahl. 

Krakow. 

Kramer. 

Kranert. 

Kratz. 

Kraus. 

Krause. 

Kraut. 

Krayer. 

Kreamer. 

Kreft. 

Kregle. 

Kreimann. 

Kreis. 

Krentz. 

Kreps. 

Kress. 

Kretschmer. 

Kretz. 

Krichberg. 

Kriebs. 

Krier. 

Kringle. 

Krische. 

Krise. 

Krocheski. 

Kroening. 

Kroesche. 

Kroesen. 

Kroll. 
Kronfeldt. 

Kroning. 
Kronost. 


Krueger. 

Krumbach. 

Kruse. 

Krutz. 

Kubetz. 

Kuch. 

Kuchera. 

Kudobe. 

Kuehler. 

Kuehnel. 

Kuehnle. 

Kuempel. 

Kuenzzel. 

Kueper. 

Kuethe. 

Kuhl. 

Kuhn. 

Kulas. 

Kulow. 

Kumpf. 

Kundert. 

Kunkel. 

Kunlow. 

Kunnen. 

Kunnert. 

Kuntz. 

Kuntzmann. 

Kunz. 

Kupferschmidt. 

Kure. 

Kurt. 

Kurz. 

Kusche. 

Kutell. 

Kutsch. 

Kuttler. 

Kyne. 


L.aba. 

L.a  Barge. 

La  Briga. 

La  Burne. 

Lacey. 

Lachner. 

Lacock. 

I..acy. 

Lafferty. 

Lagen. 

Lahey. 

Lakeman. 

Lalk. 

Lally. 

Lamb. 

Lambert. 

Trammers. 

Lampe. 

Landolt. 

Landon. 

Landeschulz. 

Lane. 

Lang. 

Langdon. 

Lange. 

Langen. 

Langenbach. 

Langham. 

Langkamp. 

T.angmann. 

T^angner. 

Langworthy. 

La  Nicca. 

Lanser. 

Lansing. 

Lantzky. 

La  Page. 


Laracey. 

Larem. 

Large. 

Larimer. 

Larish. 

Larkln. 

Larkins. 

Larson. 

Lasher. 

Lassance. 

Latenser. 

I^^throp. 

Latour. 

Latourelle. 

Tjattner. 

Latz. 

Laude. 

Laugges. 

Laughlin. 

Launspach. 

Laury. 

Lavender. 

La  Verie. 

Lavery. 

Lavin. 

Law. 

Lawler. 

Lawlor. 

Lawrence. 

Lawsen. 

Lawther. 

Laxson. 

Layng. 

Lazzy. 

liCach. 

Leahy. 

Leamey. 

Lear. 

Leary. 

Leathers. 

Lechner. 

Lecht. 

Lee. 

Leekley. 

Leffert. 

Lehman. 

Lehmann. 

Lehner. 

Lei  bo  Id. 

Leicht. 

Leidinger. 

Leierer. 

Lelk. 

Leiltz. 

Leiser. 

Leithold. 

Leitner. 

Lembke. 

Lemeir. 

Lcmmer. 

Lemper. 

Lenehan. 

Lenihan. 

Lentz. 

Lenz. 

Lenzing. 

Leonard. 

Lcrcher. 

Lesch. 

Lf  slie. 

Lesser. 

Lester. 

Tiestina. 

Letch. 

Letts. 

Leuschner. 

Leute. 


Leuthold. 

Li€van. 

Levens. 

Levi. 

Levin. 

Levins. 

Lewin. 

Lewis. 

Ley. 

Leyendecker. 

Libby. 

Licht. 

Lichtenberger. 

Liddle. 

Lieben. 

Liebig. 

Lierheimer. 

Liers. 

Lies. 

Liest. 

Lightcap. 

Lillge. 

Lillie. 

Lillig. 

Lillis. 

Lincoln. 

Lindecker. 

Lindemann. 

Linden. 

Lindenberg. 

Linderman. 

Lindsay. 

Linehan. 

Link, 

Linwood. 

Lipp. 

lappe. 

Lippert. 

Lippman. 

Lippstock. 

Lischner. 

Lister. 

Laston. 

Litscher. 

LIttig. 

Little. 

Littlefield. 

Llttrell. 

Litz. 

Livingston. 

Lloyd. 

Lobdell. 

Lcbstein. 

Lochmaier. 

Lochner. 

Lochridge. 

Lodge. 

Loeck. 

Loeffelholz. 

Loeffler. 

Lees. 

Loetscher. 

Loftus. 

Lcgan. 

Logelin. 

Lohrmann. 

Lohetreter. 

Loibel. 

Lonergan. 

Long. 

Longhurst. 

Lcngueville. 

Lconey. 

Lorang. 

Lorenz. 

Lorenzson, 

Lorez. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


279 


Loringett. 
i^omrop. 
i^eugJiUn. 
j^ourey. 

x-iuv  eland. 

ijovett. 

i^owry. 

J-iUbCK.. 

i^ucas. 

j.>ucn, 

j^uculinger. 

i^ucnternana. 

j^uck. 

j^ucKritz. 

i^udescner. 

j^uaiow. 

i.uawig. 

i^uis. 

j^uKas. 

I    i^ukenbach. 

i^unibert. 

i^umley. 

L.und.beck. 

i-iunger. 

i^ungwitz. 

L,uscii. 

i^usciian. 

i^uscomb. 

i^usienberger. 

L.utenberg. 
I    L(Utgen. 
I    J^uthe. 

L.uther. 

Lutiimers. 

i^vitzke. 

L.UX. 

L«ymburner. 

i^ynch. 

L.ynn. 

Lyon. 

L.yons. 

Liyster. 

Lytle. 

Mc. 

McAleece. 

McAllister. 

McAloon. 

McAndrews. 

McAron. 

McArthur. 

McBeth. 

McBride. 

McCabe. 

McCaffery. 

McCaleb. 

McCallum. 

McCann. 

:..icCants. 

McCarron. 

McCarten. 

McCarthy. 

McCaughey. 

McCauley. 

McCeney. 

McCherry. 

McClain. 

McClelland. 

McClernon. 

McCloskey. 

McCoUins. 

McComish. 


McConalogue. 

McConeghy. 

i-;lcConnell. 

McCool. 

McCormick. 

McCotter. 

McCoy. 

McCracken. 

McCraney. 

McCue. 

McCuUough. 

McCune. 

McCurdy. 

McDade. 

McDaniel. 

McDermott. 

McDivitt. 

McDonald. 

McDonnell. 

McDonough. 

Mcf!]nany. 

McKnroe. 

McEvoy. 

McEwen. 

McFadden. 

McFarland. 

McEarlane. 

McGaughey. 

McGauran. 

McGee. 

McGinley. 

McGinnis, 

McGivern. 

McGloughlin. 

McGovern. 

McGrane. 

McGrath. 

McGraw. 

McGreevey. 

McGregor. 

McGuigan. 

McGuinness. 

McGuire. 

McHenry. 

McHugh. 

Mcllwain. 

Mclnerney. 

Mcintosh. 

Mclntyre. 

McKail. 

McKenna. 

McKay. 

McKee. 

McKenzie. 

McKeown. 

McKernan. 

McKinley. 

McKinney, 

McKlnnon. 

McKnight. 

McLaren. 

McL.aughlin. 

McLean. 

McMahon. 

McManigal. 

McManus. 

McMillan. 

McMullen. 

McNally. 

McNamara. 

McNear. 

McNeil. 

McNerney. 

McNulty. 

McParland. 

McPherron. 

McPoland. 


McQuillan. 
McQuillen. 
Mc  Williams. 

M. 

Maas. 

Macabe. 

MacDonald. 

MacEarlane. 

Mack. 

Mackey. 

Maekay. 

MacKenzie. 

Macker. 

Mackie. 

Mackin. 

Maclay. 

Madden. 

Madigan. 

Madl. 

Madlener. 

Magdal. 

Magee. 

Maginnis. 

Magner. 

Magnes. 

Magson. 

Maguire. 

Maher. 

Mahon. 

Mahoney. 

Mahowald, 

Mai. 

Maine. 

Mains. 

Mai  re. 

Majerus. 

Maker. 

Mall. 

Malloy. 

Malone. 

Maloney. 

Maloy. 

Manahau. 

Manahl. 

Manderscheld. 

Manger. 

Manhardt. 

Hanhoff. 

Manley. 

Mann. 

Mannos. 

Mannstedt. 

Mansfield. 

Manson. 

Mantell. 

Marble. 

Marceau. 

Maresli. 

Mareske. 

Margadant. 

Marietta. 

Markee. 

Markey. 

Markle. 

Markward. 

Marley. 

Marlin. 

Maroney. 

Marquardt. 

Marquard. 

Marquette. 

Marra. 

Marsch. 

Marsh. 

Marshall. 


Marston. 

Marte. 

Marten. 

Marten. 

Martens. 

Marti. 

Martin. 

Martinek. 

Marty. 

Marugg. 

Marxer. 

Marzenkovski. 

Maser. 

Mason. 

Massey. 

Masters. 

Masterson. 

Masuen. 

Masulir. 

Mathes. 

Mathias. 

Mathis. 

Mathous. 

Matte. 

Matteson. 

Mattliews. 

Matthiesen. 

Matz. 

Mauer. 

Maus. 

Alaxwell. 

May. 

Maybanks. 

Mayer. 

Mayerle. 

Mayne. 

Mead. 

Mcaglier. 

Meaney. 

Mecklenburg. 

Meehan. 

Meeker. 

Meggenburg. 

Meggison. 

Mehl. 

Mehlhop. 

Mehrl. 

Meier. 

Meinert. 

Meis. 

Meissner. 

Meister. 

Melclioir. 

Mellen. 

Melloy. 

Meloy. 

Mengis. 

Mentele. 

Mentz. 

Menzel. 

M(u-eness. 

Mergen. 

Merkes. 

Merriam. 

Merritt. 

Mersch. 

Merten. 

Mertes. 

Mertin. 

Mertlik. 

Martz. 

Merz. 

Mesliinger. 

Messerknecht. 

Messersmith. 

Messink. 

Messner. 


Messon. 

Metcalf. 

Mets. 

Mattel. 

Metz. 

Meuegain. 

Meuer. 

Meukel. 

Meurisse. 

Meuser. 

Meyer. 

Meyers. 

Michaels. 

Michel. 

Michels. 

Middendorf. 

Middleswortli. 

Middleton. 

Mihm. 

Mikesch. 

Milan. 

Millar. 

Millenberg. 

Miller. 

Mlllerleily. 

Millheim. 

Millohlen. 

Milligan. 

Mlllius. 

Mills. 

Mjndorfer. 

Miner. 

Minerd. 

Minert. 

Minges. 

Minium. 

Mink. 

Minney. 

Mitchell. 

Mltzner. 

Moad. 

Maon. 

Moch. 

Meckel. 

Moehl. 

Moer. 

MoTey. 

Moes. 

Moesinger. 

Moffat. 

Mohr. 

Moir. 

Molitor. 

Mollart. 

MoUoy. 

Mole. 

Moloney. 

Molumby. 

Monalian. 

Monger. 

Mont. 

Monteith. 

Montgomery. 

Montz. 

Moody. 

Moon. 

Mooney. 

Moore. 

Moran. 

Morgan. 

Morarity. 

Moritz. 

Morley. 

Morphew. 

Morrill. 

Morris. 

Morrison. 

Morrissey. 


^80 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD^^ 


xvlorrow. 

Nehls. 

ODea. 

Ouellett. 

..J  orse. 

Neill. 

O'iJonnell. 

uwle. 

Mersey. 

Is'eilson. 

O'Donoghue. 

Owston. 

JViosbauer. 

Nejedly. 

O' Far  r  ell. 

Moschin. 

Nell. 

U  Gorman. 

F. 

Moser. 

Nellis. 

U' Grady. 

Paar. 

M  osgrove. 

iSelson. 

O'llagen. 

Packer, 

Moss. 

Nesen. 

O'Halloran. 

Paczoch. 

Most. 

Nesler. 

O'Hara. 

Pagan. 

Motsch. 

Neu. 

O'Hare. 

Page. 

M  otter. 

Neubauer. 

O'Hea. 

Paine. 

Motulsky. 

Neubold. 

O'Hearn. 

Paisley. 

Mould. 

Neuhaus. 

0'L.aughlin. 

I'alen. 

Moulton. 

Neuman. 

O'Leary. 

Paley. 

Mount. 

Neumann. 

O -Lougnlen. 

Pulrn. 

Moy. 

Neumeister. 

O'Maliey. 

Palmer. 

Moyer. 

Neumiller. 

OMeara. 

Pais. 

Moyes. 

Neuwoehner. 

O'Neil. 

Pancratz. 

Muecke. 

Nevins. 

O'Heagan. 

Pape. 

MuehL 

Newburgh. 

O -Rourke. 

Papenthien. 

.Muekel. 

Newell. 

O'Shea. 

Parquette. 

Mueller. 

Newman. 

O' Toole. 

Parker. 

Muellerleily. 

Newmeyer. 

Parkhurst. 

ivj  uellich. 

Ney. 

O. 

Parkin. 

iviuennig. 

Neyens. 

Parks. 

Muenster. 

Nicholas. 

Oakleaf. 

Parlin. 

Muesse. 

Nicholls. 

Oakley. 

Parmelee. 

Mugli. 

Nichols. 

Oaks. 

Parmlee. 

Muir. 

Nickels. 

Oatey. 

Parnell. 

Mulflnger. 

Nickloas. 

Ober. 

Parr. 

Mulgrew. 

Nicks. 

Oberhoffer. 

Parsons. 

Mulnolland. 

Nicol. 

Ocker. 

Pasbach. 

Mulkern. 

Nicoll. 

Ode. 

Patch. 

iVlullady. 

Niedermyer. 

Odell. 

Patey. 

Mullally. 

Nienstedt. 

Odermatt. 

Patsche. 

Mnllane. 

Nieter. 

Oertly. 

Patscheider 

Mullany. 

Nigg. 

Oestnnger. 

Patterson. 

Mullen. 

Nigntingale. 

Oeth. 

Pattie. 

iuullenberg. 

Nihill. 

Off. 

Paul. 

iVi  uUigan. 

Niles. 

Offerman. 

Paulding. 

MuUin. 

Nilles. 

Ogelvie. 

Paule. 

Mulqueeny. 

Nimrick. 

Ogilby. 

Paulson. 

Mulroy. 

Nipp. 

Oglesby. 

Paulus. 

M  ulvey. 

Nissle. 

Ohde. 

Pauly. 

Munch. 

Nitterauer. 

Ohlandt. 

Pautz. 

Muncy. 

Nitzsche. 

Ohlekopf. 

Pauw. 

Mundt. 

Nix. 

Ohmert. 

Pawlaczky. 

Munn. 

Noe. 

Ohnesorge. 

Payne. 

Munro. 

Noel. 

Oldham. 

Paxton. 

Munsch. 

Noesen. 

Oidridge. 

Payton. 

Munsell. 

Nohe. 

Olds. 

Peabody. 

Muntz. 

Nolan. 

Oldt. 

Peacock. 

Murphy. 

Nolte. 

Oleson. 

Pearce. 

Murray. 

Nolting. 

Olinger. 

Peaslee. 

Muschitsch. 

Noonan  . 

Oliver. 

Peat. 

Mussehl. 

Noone. 

Oiler. 

Peck. 

Mutschler. 

Norman. 

Olsen. 

Pedersen. 

Myers. 

Norris. 

Olson. 

Pedretti. 

North. 

Oneyear. 

Peed. 

N. 

Ncrthey. 

Oppelt. 

Pegel. 

Northup. 

Organ. 

Peiffer. 

Nachbaur. 

Norton. 

Orr. 

Peil. 

Nagel. 

Nowashek. 

Orrick. 

Pein. 

Nag-ele. 

Nowlin. 

Orsinger. 

Penberthy. 

Nagelmaker. 

Noyes. 

Orton. 

Penfield. 

Nagle. 

Nunan. 

Ortscheid. 

Penn. 

Narin. 

Nurse. 

Orvis. 

Penning. 

Nank. 

Nusbauni. 

Osboi^n. 

Perkins. 

Nash. 

Nutt. 

Osel. 

Perleth. 

Naslund. 

Nutz. 

Oser. 

Perry. 

Nattrass. 

Oster. 

Pertjens. 

Naumann. 

O'. 

Osterberger. 

Peryon. 

Nead. 

Ostrem. 

Peschang. 

Neary. 

O'Brien. 

Oswald. 

Peter. 

Needham. 

OCallaghan. 

Otley. 

Feterka. 

Neenan. 

O'Connell. 

Ott. 

Petermann. 

Neese. 

O'Connor. 

Otto. 

Peters. 

Petersen. 

Peterson. 

Petry. 

Petsch. 

Petty. 

Peusch. 

Pfaff. 

Pfeffer. 

Pfeiffer. 

Pfersch. 

Ptiffner. 

Pfohl. 

Pfotzer. 

Phelan. 

Phelps. 

Phlllipp. 

Phillips. 

Phllpot. 

Phoeny. 

Pickery. 

Pickett. 

Pickety. 

Pickley. 

Pickup. 

Pieffer. 

Piekenbrock. 

Pieples. 

Pier. 

Pierce. 

Piersol. 

Pierson. 

Pihart. 

Pike. 

Pile. 

Pilkington. 

Pillard. 

Pilmaier. 

Piltz. 

Pilz. 

Pinch. 

Pinger. 

Pinnell. 

Pinsch. 

Plrkl. 

Pitschner. 

Pitts. 

Fitzen. 

Plalster. 

Plamondon. 

Plasch. 

Piatt. 

Plein. 

Plesser. 

Pletchett. 

Pline. 

Ploeger. 

Plondke. 

Pluym. 

Pochter. 

Poeckes. 

Pohl. 

Poire. 

Pollard. 

Pollin. 

Pollock. 

Polmyer. 

Folsean. 

Pomeroy. 

Pontius. 

Poole. 

Poor. 

Popel. 

Popp. 

Porter. 

Portland. 

Post. 

Fostlewaite. 

Potgeter. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


281 


Rath. 

Katz. 

Rauch. 

Rausch. 

1,'autenkranz. 

Ravers. 

Raw. 

Rawlings. 

Rawson. 

Raxworthy. 

Rayhouser. 

Raymond. 

Reagan. 

Reamer. 

Reardon. 

Reavell. 

Rebman. 

Roche. 

Rechsteiner. 

Rack. 

Recker. 

Reckord. 

Redd. 

Reddin. 

Reding. 

Redman. 

Redmond. 

Redo. 

Reed. 

Reeder. 

Regan. 

Regent. 

Reger. 

Reh. 

Rehbaum. 

Rehder. 

Rtlifeldt. 

Reibert. 

Reich. 

Reichmann. 

Reid. 

Reisteck. 

Re;  ley. 

Reilley. 

Reimann. 

Reinecke. 

Reinert. 

Reinfried. 

Reinhard. 

Reinicke. 

Reinker. 

Reinold. 

Reis. 

Reisch. 

Rellihan. 

Remington. 

Remackel. 

Remus. 

Remy. 

Rcnnacker. 

Renk. 

Reno. 

Repphun. 

Resek. 

Retallick. 

Rettenmaier. 

Retz. 

Reu. 

Reuschel. 

Renter. 

Revenig. 

Reving. 

Rey. 

Reynolds. 

Reehl. 

Rheinfrank. 

Rhomberg. 


Rlioner. 

Rice. 

Rich. 

Ricliard. 

Richards. 

Richardson. 

Richert. 

Richman. 

Richey. 

Richter. 

Richwick. 

Rickard. 

Rickauer. 

Ricketts. 

Rickey. 

Rickliff. 

Riddell. 

Rider. 

Rieck. 

Rieder. 

Riedi. 

Rieger. 

Riemann. 

Riepitsch. 

Ries. 

Rigdon. 

Riggers. 

Riggin. 

Riggs. 

Rigler. 

Riker. 

Riland. 

Riley. 

Ring. 

R-nk. 

Rinker. 

Rippe. 

Ris. 

Rischatsch. 

Risdon. 

Riss. 

Ritscher. 

Rittenburg. 

Riltenhouse. 

Ritter. 

Rittmier. 

Rivers. 

Roach. 

Robbins. 

Roberts. 

Robinson. 

Robison. 

Robothem. 

Roddy. 

Rodgers. 

Rodham. 

Roe. 

Roeber. 

Roedell. 

Roeder. 

Roediger. 

Roehl. 

Roehig. 

Roelle. 

Roepsch. 

Roesch. 

Roescheise. 

Roesner. 

Roeth. 

Rogan. 

Roger. 

Rogers. 

Roggensack. 

Rohlmann. 

Rohner. 

Rohr. 

Rokusek. 


Rolhns. 

St. 

Rolof. 

Romacker. 

Schaffhauser. 

Rome. 

Romig. 

S. 

Ronan. 

Rood. 

Saad. 

Roof. 

Saam. 

Rconey. 

Sachs. 

Roescamp. 

Sachsenmaier 

Roschi. 

Sack. 

Roschitsch. 

Sacks. 

Roscup. 

Sadler. 

Rose. 

Sadtler. 

Rosecrans. 

Saefkow. 

Rosemire. 

Sage. 

Rosenberg. 

Sagehorn. 

Rosenquist. 

Sahm. 

Rosenthal. 

Salot. 

Roshek. 

Salter. 

Roshon. 

Sr.mer. 

Ross. 

Sammis. 

Rossbach. 

Samson. 

Rosser. 

Samuel. 

Rosskopp. 

Sander. 

Rost. 

Sanders. 

Roth. 

Sanderson. 

Roths. 

Sandry. 

Rottler. 

Sandusky. 

Rcurke. 

Sanner. 

Rowan. 

Sargent. 

Rowe. 

Sartor. 

Rowell. 

Sass. 

Rowland. 

Satterbee. 

Royce. 

Sauer. 

Rnbeck. 

Saul. 

Robertson. 

Saunders. 

Rubel. 

Sause. 

Rubesky. 

Savage. 

Ruchte. 

Savary. 

Rudd. 

Sawistowsky. 

Ruddy. 

Sawyer. 

Rudersdorf. 

Sax. 

Rudolph. 

Scanlan. 

Rue. 

Scarry. 

Ruebig. 

Schaal. 

Ruegnitz. 

Schaan. 

Ruehl. 

Schab. 

Ruete. 

Schadle. 

Rueter. 

Sohaedler. 

Ruff. 

Schaefer. 

Ruh. 

Schaeffer. 

Ruhland. 

Schaefle. 

Ruley. 

Schaettgen. 

Rummel. 

Schaetzle. 

Rumpf. 

Schaffert. 

Rumple. 

Scliaffhauser. 

Rumsey. 

Schaffner. 

Runde. 

Schaller. 

Runyon. 

Schamaun. 

Ruof. 

Sohammel. 

Rupert. 

Schanderl. 

Rupp. 

Schank. 

Rupprecht. 

Scharff. 

Rusch. 

S(  hargitz. 

Rush. 

Scharle. 

Russ. 

Scharping. 

Russell. 

Scharry. 

Russo. 

Schauer. 

Russow. 

Scheckel. 

Rust. 

Scheeler. 

Ruston. 

Srheibe. 

Ruthop. 

Sheidecker. 

Rutland. 

Schell.       . 

Ruzeaka. 

Rchellenberg. 

Ryan. 

Scheller. 

Ryder. 

Scbenker. 

282 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Schenkowitz. 

Scheppele. 

Schorer. 

Scherlin. 

Scherr. 

Sherrer. 

Schetgen. 

Scheuer. 

Schick. 

Schiel. 

Schiesl. 

Schilds. 

Schilhavy. 

Schill. 

Schilling-. 

Schilsky. 

Schiltz. 

Schindhelm. 

Schindler, 

Schirmer. 

Schlamp. 

Sohleg-el. 

Schlenke'r. 

Schloeder. 

Schlosser. 

Schloz. 

Schlueter. 

Schmalz. 

Sohmeidel. 

Schmelz. 

Schmerbach. 

Schmickle. 

Schmid. 

Schmidt. 

Schmit. 

Schmitt. 

Schmittmann. 

Schmitz. 

Schmuck. 

Schnack. 

Schnee. 

Schneering. 

Schneider. 

Schneller. 

Schneuer. 

Schnoor.  - 

Schnur. 

Schobert. 

Schoch. 

Schockneth. 

Schoeber. 

Schoenbeck. 

Schoenberger. 

Schoenleber. 

Schoentgen. 

Schoenthal. 

Schofetel. 

Schillian. 

Scholz. 

Schon. 

Schonberger. 

Sohonfield. 

Schopseler. 

Schott. 

Schotter. 

Schoupe. 

Schrader. 

Srhrafl. 

Schrank. 

Schranz. 

Sr>hreiber. 

Sohreier. 

Schreiner. 

Schrempf. 

Sfhroeder. 

fichromen. 

Schroyer, 


Schrup. 
Schubert. 
Schublin. 
Schuckert.   ' 
S(thueler. 
Schueller. 
Schuh. 
Schuller. 
"Schulte. 
Schulter. 
Schultz. 
Schulz. 
Schumacher. 
Schumann. 
Schumm. 
Schummer. 
Schunk. 
Schurtung. 
Schuster. 
Sclmtz. 
Schuyler. 
Schwab. 
Schwaegler. 
Schwarting. 
Schwartz. 
Schwarz. 
Schweigert. 
Schwendinger. 
Schv/erdt. 
Schwietering. 
Schwind. 
Schwinn. 
Schwirtz. 
Scollard. 
Scotch. 
Scott. 
Sear. 
Searles. 
Sears. 
Sea ton. 
Sebald. 
Sebek. 
Secrest. 
Seeber. 
Seeger. 
Seeley. 
Seemon. 
Siegfried. 
Segur. 
Seibel. 
Seibold. 
Seifert. 
Seit)T)el. 
Seiter. 
Seitz. 
Sleander. 
Selby. 
Selle. 
Sellers. 
Sclting. 
Seminarist. 
Semmert. 
Semper. 
Senti. 
Sessions. 
Seward. 
Sexsmith. 
Sexton. 
Seyler. 
Shabosky. 
Shaffer. 
Shambaugh. 
Shanahan. 
Shannon. 
Shattuck. 
Shaw. 


Shea. 

Sheedy. 

Sheehan. 

Sheldon. 

Sheppley. 

Sherbin. 

Sheridan. 

Sheriff. 

Sherk. 

Sherman. 

Sherwood. 

Shetler. 

Shields. 

Shine. 

Shinn. 

Shipton. 

Shiras. 

Shirley. 

Shoeinaker. 

Short. 

Shorten. 

Shorts. 

Sbuman. 

Shupoa. 

Shurley. 

Shutts. 

Sibert. 

Sichting. 

Sickel. 

Sieber. 

Siege. 

Siegele. 

Siegelmeyer. 

Siegrist. 

Siegwarth. 

Si  e  vers. 

Sigmann. 

Sigmund. 

Sill. 

Silvers. 

Silzer. 

Simmers. 

Simmons. 

Simon. 

Simones. 

Simons. 

Simplot. 

Simpson. 

Sims. 

Sinclair. 

Sinderdorf. . 

Singer. 

Singleton. 

Sir.grin. 

Sin  hold. 

Sippel. 

Sirtl. 

Sisler. 

Sisson. 

Sitmann. 

Sitt. 

Sitterlv. 

Skelton. 

Skemn. 

Slack." 

Slade. 

Slater. 

Slattery. 

Sleight. 

Slimmer. 

Slick. 

Slr.an. 

Sloane. 

Slocum. 

Small. 

Smart. 

Smead. 


Smedley. 

Smice. 

Smith. 

Smitherum. 

Smock. 

Smyth. 

S'larr. 

Snow. 

Sn^'der. 

S.-.hl. 

Soldner. 

Somerville. 

Sommer. 

Sommerfield. 

Sommerville. 

Sonnenberg. 

Soper.~ 

Sorel. 

Sorenson. 

Sorenberger. 

South. 

Southwell. 

Souvingner. 

Soyke. 

Sozke. 

Spahn. 

Sparks. 

Spaulding. 

Spautz. 

Spear. 

Spccht. 

Spellerberg. 

Spellman. 

Spencer. 

Spensley. 

Spichtig. 

Spiegelhalter. 

Spielbauer. 

Spielman. 

Spierings. 

Spies. 

Spoden. 

Spofford. 

Spoo. 

Sprague. 

Sprengelmeyer. 

Sprossman. 

Stabenow. 

Stack. 

Stafford. 

Staheli. 

Stable. 

Stahlschmidt. 

Stampfer. 

St  and  fuss. 

Staner. 

Stange. 

Stanger. 

Stanley. 

Stanton. 

Staples. 

Stapleton. 

Star. 

Starr. 

Statel. 

Slates. 

Staudacher. 

Staufenbeil. 

Staufle. 

Stedman. 

Slecher. 

Steckel. 

Steckline. 

Stedman. 

Steele. 

Steen. 

Stee-' 


Steffen. 

.Steffens. 

Steger. 

Stegmeier. 

Stegmeyer. 

Steible. 

SLeichen.- 

Steifbold. 

Steil. 

Steimetz. 

Stein. 

Steinberger. 

Sieiner. 

Steinhardt. 

Steinman. 

Sleinmayer. 

Steinmetz. 

Steiver. 

Stemm. 

Stemper. 

Stephan. 

Stephens. 

Stetler. 

Steuck. 

Steuer. 

Stevens. 

StevensoTi. 

Stewart. 

Stick. 

Sticklev. 

Steiber. 

Stiefel. 

Stierman. 

Stillman. 

Stillmunkes. 

Stine. 

Stines. 

Stitz. 

Stock. 

Stocks. 

Stockwell. 

Stoeffer. 

Stoffel. 

Stokely. 

Stolfman. 

Stoller. 

Stolteben. 

Stoltenberg. 

Stoltz. 

Stone. 

Stonebraker. 

Stoner. 

Stork. 

Storey. 

Stott. 

Stotz. 

Stouhl. 

Stout. 

Stower. 

Strader. 

Strahl. 

Strain. 

Straney. 

Straub. 

Strausbaugh. 

Strayer. 

Strazinsky. 

Strppt. 

Streif. 

Streinz. 

Strelau. 

Stereletzky, 

Slreuser. 

Stribley. 

Stringer. 

Strinskey. 

Strinsky. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


283 


Strite. 

Strobel. 

Strohmeier. 

Strohmeyer. 

Strothers. 

Strotz. 

Slrubel. 

Slrueber. 

Strunsk. 

Strungart. 

Struteman. 

Stuart. 

Stubenhaver. 

Stuber. 

Stuckey. 

Stiidia. 

Stumpf. 

Sturm. 

Styles. 

Suess. 

Sughroue. 

Suiker, 

Sullivan, 

Summerly. 

Sublimit. 

Sunderhaft. 

Sunderland. 

Sundermeyer. 

Sussman. 

Sutcliffe. 

Sutherland. 

Sutliff. 

Sutter. 

Sutton. 

Suverkrup. 

Swann. 

Swanson. 

Sviartz. 

Sweeney. 

Sveetman. 

Swenk. 

Swent. 

Swift. 

SwJtzer. 

S>  kes. 

T. 

Taake. 

Tackeberry. 

Tacke. 

T;is-g-art. 

Tait. 

Taken. 

Tfilcott. 

Talmadg-e. 

Talty. 

Tamil  n. 

Tamsett. 

Tang-eman. 

Tanner. 

Tapelt. 

Tarnutzer. 

Taschner. 

Tatto. 

Taylor. 

Teal. 

Teitzel. 

Telser. 

Temple. 

Tompus. 

Tench. 

Tenhaaf. 

Ternes. 

Terry. 

Tetzman. 

Texter. 


Thalhammer. 

Trautmann. 

V. 

Warde. 

Thani. 

Travis. 

Van  Vleet. 

Ware. 

Tharp, 

Treanor. 

Van  Wagenen. 

Thedinga. 

Tredway. 

Van  Wie. 

Vaiaer. 

Theel. 

Treney. 

Van  Winkle. 

Valant. 

Thein. 

Trenk. 

Vath. 

Valentine. 

Theiring-. 

Trenkle. 

Va\ighan. 

Vallaster. 

Theis. 

Tresidder. 

Vert. 

Valley.     . 

Theisen. 

Tressel. 

Venn. 

Van, 

Theno. 

Treveiller. 

Verhoef. 

Van  Cleve. 

Theobald. 

Trew. 

Vervals. 

Vanderberg. 

Thiede. 

Trewin, 

Vey. 

Vanderbilt. 

Thiel. 

Trexler. 

Vieth. 

Vandermillen. 

Thielen. 

Ti-ibby. 

Vietzen. 

Van  Driel. 

Thiemig. 

Trick. 

Vitzthum. 

Van  Duelmann 

Thill. 

Trieb. 

Voelker. 

Van    Duzee. 

Thillman. 

Trieloff. 

Voellinger. 

Van   Dyke. 

Thilmany. 

T'ligger. 

Voels. 

Van  Haltern. 

Thiltgen. 

Trilk. 

Vogel. 

Van  Horn. 

Thilton. 

Triller. 

Vogelsberg. 

Vitn  Nest. 

Thimmesch. 

Trimpler. 

Vogenthaler. 

Vannetta, 

Thode. 

Tviugle. 

Voggenthaler. 

Van   Pelt. 

Tboeni. 

Trmity. 

Vogler. 

Van  Saun. 

Thomann. 

Tripp. 

Vogt. 

Van   Valkenber 

Thomas. 

Tritz. 

Vogits. 

Van  Vleck. 

Thome. 

Tromley. 

Volkert. 

Waring. 

Thompson. 

Tropf. 

Vollenweider. 

Warmington. 

Thomson. 

Trost. 

Vollmer. 

\A"arner. 

Thone. 

Trousdale. 

Vollrath. 

Warren. 

Thormann. 

T'lout. 

Voltz. 

AVashburn. 

Thornburg. 

Troy. 

Vonah. 

Wasser. 

T  homely. 

Trudell. 

Von  Berkel. 

Wasson. 

Thorpe. 

Trueb. 

Vonderheld. 

Waterman. 

Thorsten. 

Trumm. 

Von  Meyer. 

AVaters. 

Thrift. 

Truog. 

Von  Wald. 

Watie. 

Thurtell. 

Tschiggfrie. 

Vormann. 

Watkins. 

Thurtel. 

Tschirgi. 

Vcrnschlag. 

Watros. 

Tinkham. 

Tschohl. 

Vorwald. 

Watry. 

Thornton. 

Tschudi. 

Voss. 

Watson. 

Tibbals. 

Tubbs. 

Vuol. 

Watters. 

'i'ibey. 

Tuegel. 

Vyverberg. 

Wearmouth. 

Tice. 

T\ieting. 

Weatherby. 

Ticketts. 

TxxUy. 

W. 

Weating. 

Tiede. 

Tuma. 

Weaver. 

Tiedtke. 

Tummond. 

Wacha. 

Webb. 

Tiernan. 

Turcotte. 

Wachenheim. 

Webber. 

Tierney. 

Turner. 

Wachter. 

Weber. 

Timmerman. 

Turnev. 

Waddington. 

Weerz. 

Tiplady. 

Tut-hili. 

Wade. 

Weglau. 

TippeTippe. 

Tuttle. 

^^'adleigh. 

Welch. 

Tirebuck. 

Twaites. 

Wadley. 

Weidenbacher. 

Tjellden. 

Twig. 

Wfigener. 

Weidlich. 

Tobin. 

Tyler. 

Wagner. 

Weiermiller. 

Todd. 

Wahling. 

Wei  gel. 

Toepel. 

U. 

Wahlitz. 

Weigele. 

Toll. 

Waite. 

Weihe. 

Tolson. 

Waldo. 

Weil. 

Tcmlinson. 

I'dall. 

^A'aldorf. 

Weilen. 

Tompkins. 

Tdelhoff. 

Wales. 

Weiler. 

Toner. 

T'lber. 

TValker. 

Weimer. 

Tenner. 

I'lm. 

AVall. 

Weimerskirch. 

Toomey. 

T^lmer. 

Wallace. 

Weinberg. 

Torbert. 

I'lrich. 

Waller. 

Weiner. 

Touhey. 

I'mbreit. 

Wallig. 

Weinhappel. 

Tounev. 

T^Tiderwood. 

Wallis.    . 

Weinschenk. 

Touro. 

Ungs. 

Walsh.    ■ 

Weipert. 

Tous.saint. 

T'nmacht. 

Walter. 

Weirich. 

Towner. 

T'pham. 

Walters. 

Weis. 

Tfjwnsend. 

T'rpinghouse. 

Walton. 

Weisbeck. 

Tracy. 

T'pton. 

Waltz. 

Weisinger. 

Trainor. 

T>bach. 

Walz. 

Weiss. 

Tranel. 

I^rback. 

Wamptch. 

Weisser. 

Trapp. 

Uriel. 

Wanchure. 

Weiter, 

Trash. 

I-tich. 

Wanderscheid. 

Weitz. 

Traub. 

mtley. 

Wanger. 

Weitzel. 

Trausch- 

inz. 

V/ansdorf. 

Weland. 

Traut. 

Utzig. 

Ward. 

Welbes. 

284 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Welch, 

Welcher. 

Welker. 

Wellhoefer. 

Wellington, 

Wellman. 

Wells. 

Welsch. 

Welsh, 

V.'elter. 

Welting. 

Welty. 

Welu. 

Wendel. 

Wendt. 

AVenzel. 

Werb. 

Wernamont. 

Werner. 

Wertenbruch. 

Wertin. 

Wesselhoft. 

West. 

TVestaby. 

Westercamp. 

Westmark. 

Weston. 

Westphal. 

Wetherbee. 

Wetler. 

Wette. 

Wetter. 

Wexter, 

Whalen. 

Wharton. 

AVhatmore. 

\A"heat. 

Wheeler. 

Whelan. 

Whitby. 

Whitcomb, 

White. 

TA^hitney. 

Whittleton. 

Whittemore, 

Wick. 


Wickham. 

Wiltgen. 

W^olfram. 

Yungen. 

Widdop. 

Wilwert. 

Wollam. 

Yunker. 

Widmann. 

Wimmer. 

WoUer. 

Yurgans. 

Wiedeman. 

AVinall. 

Wolsey. 

Wiedemann. 

Winders. 

Wombacher. 

Z. 

AViederholt. 

Wineman. 

Womelsdorf. 

Wiederkehr. 

Winers. 

Wonderasek. 

Zach. 

Wiedmer. 

Wingert. 

Wood. 

Zachina. 

Wiedmeyer. 

Winkel. 

Wcodall. 

Zahn. 

Wiedner. 

Winkelhaus. 

Woodrich. 

Zangmeister. 

Wiegand. 

Winkelmann. 

Woodring. 

Zanuck. 

Wiegel. 

Winkler. 

Woodruff. 

Zapf. 

Wiegreffe. 

Winne. 

Woods. 

Zehendner. 

Wiehl. 

Winter. 

Woodson. 

Zehetner. 

Wieland. 

AVinthrop. 

Woodward. 

Zeldman. 

Wieneke. 

Wirth. 

Woolever. 

Zeig. 

Wiener. 

Wirtz. 

W^ool  worth. 

Zeimet. 

Wienold. 

TS'irzbach. 

Wootton. 

Zeller. 

Wieser. 

Wise. 

Wratten. 

Zemanek. 

Wiest. 

Wisenborn. 

Wright. 

Zener. 

Wigton. 

Wisner. 

Wullweber. 

Zengel. 

Wilberding. 

Wissel. 

Wunder. 

Zenner. 

TAilbur. 

Wissing. 

Wunderlich. 

Zernecke. 

Wild. 

AA'itiiee. 

Wurst. 

Ziebach. 

Wildebour. 

Withers. 

Wurster. 

Ziegler. 

AA  ilder. 

Wi  throw. 

Wyatt. 

Zlepprecht. 

W^ildhaber. 

Witry. 

Wy  brant. 

Ziereis. 

Wiley. 

Witt. 

Wykoff. 

ZiUig. 

Wilkins. 

Witte. 

Wylie. 

Zimmer. 

Wilkinson. 

A^'ittenberg. 

Wy;ner. 

Zimmerman. 

VA^ilky. 

Witter. 

Zindel. 

Will. 

Witting. 

Y. 

Zinermo. 

A^'illard. 

Wittmann. 

Zink. 

AVillea. 

Wittmer. 

Yall. 

Z^nn. 

Wilier. 

Wittstock. 

Yates. 

Zion. 

WiUging. 

Witty. 

Yeager. 

Zirbes. 

Williams. 

"U'odrich. 

Yelden. 

Zogg. 

Willis. 

Woerdehoff. 

Yenter. 

Zoller. 

Willmann. 

"V^'ogan. 

Yerger. 

Zollicoffer. 

Willmers. 

Wohlert. 

Yerk. 

Zollmann. 

Willmes. 

AA'olberg. 

Yingling. 

Zook. 

Willner. 

Wolcott. 

Yoder. 

Zuber. 

Willy. 

Wolf. 

Young. 

Zugenbuehler 

T^^ilmott. 

Wolff. 

Youngwirth. 

Zumhof. 

Wllsey. 

AVolfie. 

Yount. 

Zust. 

Wilson. 

Wolford. 

Yuen. 

Zwack. 

CLAYTON  COUNTY 


POST  OFFICE 


DIRECTORY 


190^ 


Comprising  a  Complete   and   Alphabetically   Arranged  List   of 

Heads  of  all  Families,  Business  and  Professional  Firms 

Residing  in  Clayton  County  and  Receiving  Mail 

through    the  Various    Post    Offices    in 

this  and  Parts  of  Adjoining 

Counties. 


Also   a   Complete  City   Directory  of   the  Towns  of  Edgewood, 

Elkader,  Guttenberg,  McGregor,  Monona,  North 

McGregor  and  Strawberry  Point. 


Compiled  by  the 
DUBUQUE  TELEGRAPH-HERALD 
For  the  Use  and  Benefit  of  its 
Subscribers. 


CLAYTON  COUNTY. 

Historical    Sketch. 


Named  in  honor  of  John  Middleton  Clayton,  Senator  from  Dela- 
ware, who  had  rendered  material  assistance  in  the  passage  of  the  Wis- 
consin territorial  bill,  was  constituted  December  21,  1837.  It  was 
partly  taken  from  Dubuque  County,  and  its  original  boundaries  in- 
cluded nearly  all  of  northern  Iowa,  and  the  present  State  of  Minnesota. 
Its  northern  boundary  was  the  British  possessions,  now  Manitoba.  The 
present  boundaries  were  established  in  1847,  Its  first  county  seat  was 
at  Prairie  La  Porte  on  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Guttenberg. 

The  second  white  settlement  attempted  within  the  limits  of 
Iowa  was  in  this  county.  In  1795,  Bazil  Giard,  a  French-American,  ob- 
tained from  the  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Louisiana  a  grant  to  a  tract 
of  land  known  as  the  "Giard  Tract,"  containing  5, SCO  acres,  located  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  present  village  of  Giard.  When  the  United  States 
acquired  the  great  territory  of  Louisiana,  in  1803,  it  recognized  the 
Spanish  grants  and  issued  a  patent  to  Giard.  This  was  the  first  legal 
title  to  property  in  the  limits  of  Iowa. 

The  first  election  of  county  officers  was  held  September  10,  1838, 
resulting  in  the  election  of  the  following:  S.  H.  Masters,  county  judge; 
A.  Kennedy,  treasurer;  P.  Andros,  recorder;  John  W.  Griffith,  sheriff 
and  assessor;  C.  S.  Edson,  surveyor;  J.  B.  Quigley,  coroner;  Wm.  D. 
Grant,  Robert  Campbell  and  George  Calvert,  county  commissioners. 
The  first  official  business  transacted  by  this  newly  organized  govern- 
ment was  at  Prairie  La  Porte,  on  October  6,  1838.  In  1844  the  county 
seat  was  moved  to  the  site  of  the  present  town  of  Garnavillo.  From 
this  time  until  1860  the  county  seat  was  tossed  about  between  the 
towns  of  Garnavillo,  Guttenberg  "and  Elkader,  as  the  voting  powers  of 
the  people  dictated,  until  it  was  finally  located  in  the  picturesque 
town  of  Elkader,  where  it  now  stands. 

Clayton  County  is  divided  into  twenty-two  townships,  embracing 
about  714  square  miles  of  territory.  There  are  five  different  railroads, 
operated  by  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  railway  company,  so 
located  as  to  accommodate  every  part  of  the  county  in  the  traffic  of 
trade  and  travel,  there  being  no  farm  in  the  county  that  is  more 
than  ten  miles  from  a  station.  The  county  has  a  frontage  of  thirty- 
five  miles  on  the  Mississippi  river,  with  a  steamboat  landing  every 
few  miles.  A  large  number  of  young  and  thrifty  towns  have  sprung 
up  on  its  broad  prairies  and  along  the  bank  of  the  river,  many  of  which 
have  grown  into  cities  of  importance  in  every  branch  of  trade  and 
commerce.  There  is  a  large  and  extensive  water-power  utilized  by 
some  of  the  largest  flouring  mills  in  the  State. 

There  are  200  school  houses,  and  these  are  so  advantageously 
located  that,  with  very  few  exceptions,  no  child  has  to  travel  over  a 
mile  to  attend  school.  These  buildings  are  durably  built  of  the  best 
material  and  are  kept  neat  and  clean  inside  and  out  under  the  super- 
intendence of  the  efficient  public  officer.  Superintendent  Adams. 

Broad  highways  checker  the  county  in  every  direction,  which  are 
always  kept  in  good  repair,  and  so  laid  out  as  to  accommodate  every 


288  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 

farm  and  place  of  business.  During  the  last  few  years  a  policy  has 
been  adopted  of  building  permanent  iron  and  stone  bridges  wherever 
a  highway  intersects  a  stream.  The  county  has  a  large  and  commo- 
dious court  house,  and  it  owns  and  cultivates  a  fine  nad  very  produc- 
tive poor  farm  with  a  newly  erected  hospital  where  the  incurable  in- 
sane receive  the  best  of  care.  Notwithstanding  these  heavy  outlays 
for  roads,  bridges  and  public  buildings,  the  county  is  out  of  debt  and 
its  warrants  are  always  at  par.  It  can  be  safely  asserted  that  Clayton 
County  has  more  rich  farmers  and  wealthy  business  men  out  of  debt 
than  any  other  county  in  the  state,  in  proportion  to  population. 

Three  principal  streams,  the  Turkey,  Little  Turkey  and  Volga,  with 
their  innumerable  tributaries  course  through  the  county  from^a  west- 
erly to  an  easterly  direction  affording  an  abundance  of  the  purest 
water.  Along  either  bank  of  these  streams  are  belts  of  the  finest 
woodlands  to  be  found  in  the  state,  and  these,  in  addition  to  what  is 
called  the  Mississippi  timber,  give  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  county 
an  abundance  of  cheap  fuel  and  building  material.  The  absence  of  the 
severe,  damaging  storms  and  cyclones  that  have  passed  so  near  but 
around  this  county  is  accounted  for  by  this  profusion  of  timber  skirt- 
ing the  many  streams.  There  are  numerous  valuable  water  powers  on 
every  stream  of  any  magnitude  in  the  county,  some  of  which  are 
improved  by  very  costly  flouring  mills  and  other  manufacturing  in 
dustries,  but  by  far  the  greatest  number  are  unimproved,  and  only 
awaiting  the  attention  of  the  capitalist  to  convert  them  into  utility. 

The  geology  of  the  county  is  the  Lower  Silurian,  and  the  different 
formations  of  this  system  form  steps  several  miles  wide  going  west- 
ward from  the  Mississippi,  each  one  of  which  is  a  watershed  of  its 
own,  thus  furnishing  to  nearly  every  forty  acre  tract  a  good  spring 
of  pure  water  nearly  to  the  highest  summit  level  of  the  undulating 
prairies.  The  last  great  flow  of  glacial  drift  that  spreads  over  so 
much  of  the  state  passed  around  Clayton  County,  with  the  exception 
of  a  few  sections  in  Cass  Township,  leaving  nearly  the  whole  of  the 
county  with  an  older  clay-bed  and  soil  than  in  other  portions  of  the 
state,  and  free  from  gravel,  sand  and  boulders. 

An  assortment  of  the  finest  limestone  can  be  found  throughout 
the  county;  this,  with  the  great  banks  of  clay  suitable  for  the  manu- 
facture of  brick  and  tile,  furnishes  the  people  with  cheap  and  durable 
building  material.  In  former  years  lead  mining  was  carried  on  in 
various  parts  of  the  county  with  more  or  less  success.  On  account  of 
the  low  price  of  this  mineral  its  production  has  been  temporarily 
abandoned. 

The  face  of  the  land  is  a  very  rich,  undulating  prairie  soil  be- 
.tween  the  streams,  very  productive,  and  for  the  last  half  century  has 
never  suffered  a  single  year  from  drouth  or  frost  without  producing 
a  good  crop  of  some  valuable  farm  material.  The  temperature  during 
the  winter  months  is  mild,  there  are  occasionally  a  few  days  in  some 
winters  when  the  mercury  will  drop  down  to  30,  but  rarely  to  40  de- 
grees, usually  it  is  about  zero.  The  many  belts  of  timber  along  the 
streams  shelter  the  whole  county  from  the  severe  cold  waves  that 
affect  other  less  favored  portions  of  the  state. 

The  farming  products  consist  of  wheat,  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  barley, 
flax,  live  stock,  and  dairy  products.  Immense  creameries  have  been 
established  and  are  in  operation  in  nearly  every  village  and  town  in 
the  county,  producing  a  grade  of  butter  and  cheese  which  brings  the 
highest  price  in  eastern  cities.  The  rolling  condition  of  much  of  its 
soil  produces  the  finest  and  richest  pasturage  for  thousands  of  beef 
cattle  which  are  annually  raised  and  shipped  to  other  markets. 

County  fairs  are  held  annually  in  many  of  the  towns,  at  which  the 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY   DIRECTORY.  289 

farmers  take  pride  in  competing  with  one  another  in  the  display  of  the 
products  of  their  farms.  These  fairs,  well  conducted  and  liberally 
patronized,  enjoy  a  high  state  of  prosperity.  At  these  exhibitions  may 
be  seen  the  finest  and  richest  productions  of  the  soil  that  can  be  found 
anywhere  in  America.  Also  from  seven  to  ten  thousand  pleasant  and 
smiling  agriculturalists  of  the  most  intelligent  character. 

The  intellectual  people  of  the  county  support  many  newspapers. 
Nearly  every  town  has  one  or  more  weekly  publications,  all  enjoying 
a  liberal  support  from  business  advertisers  and  subscribers.  The  estab- 
lishment of  the  rural  free  mail  delivery  and  the  installation  of  an 
universal  telephone  system  throughout  the  county  have  added  much 
to  the  pleasures  of  farm  life,  and  are  aiding  in  elevating  the  intellectual 
and  business  instinct  of  the  farmer  above  the  plane  of  the  average 
city  inhabitant. 

In  consequence  of  the  high  elevation,  the  pure  water,  the  perfect 
drainage,  the  variable  winds,  there  are  no  malarial  diseases  among 
the  people,  and  cases  of  fever  and  ague  are  totally  unknown,  except 
a  few  cases  during  certain  times  of  the  year  in  the  low  lands  along  " 
the  Mississippi  river.  The  population  of  the  county  according  to  the 
census  of  1905  is  26,819. 


—^i 


'i^3^^^- 


290  THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


COUNTY  GOVERNMENT,  1905. 

Court  House,  Elkader,  Iowa, 


COUNTY  OFFICERS. 

Auditor— THOMAS  L.  HARVEY. 

Deputy  Auditor— OTTO  GERMER. 

Clerk  District  Court— RAY  WEBB. 

Deputy  Clerk— PETER  WHITE. 

Recorder— JAMES  E.  WEBB. 

Sheriff— MARTIN  DITTMER. 

Deputy  Sheriff— PATRICK  J.  RYAN. 

Treasurer — WM.  F.  REINEKE. 

Deputy  Treasurer— JOHN  G.  HAGENSICK. 

Attorney— MARTIN  X.  GESKE. 

Surveyor — OLE  OLSON. 

Superintendent  of  Schools— CHARLES  J.  ADAMS. 

Coroner — WM.  J.  BEERMAN. 

Steward  of  Poor  Farm— THOMAS  F.  KELLEHER. 

Janitor  Court  House— JAMES  CANADA. 

Board  of  Supervisors— S.  H.  F.  SCHOULTE,  Chairman,  Route  2,  Mc- 
Gregor. 

A.  S.  HOUG,  Route  2,  Elgin.  ! 

L.  S.  FISHER,  Route  1,  Edgewood. 

Clerk  of  Board— County  Auditor  THOMAS  L.  HARVEY,  Elkader.  \ 

Commission  of  Insanity— President,  GEO.  H.  FLETCHER. 

Clerk  Ex-Officio— RAY  WEBB. 

Commissioner— H.  S.  PATTERSON,  M.  D. 
\ 

DISTRICT  COURT. 

Thirteenth  Judicial  District.     Counties — Allamakee,  Chickasaw,  Clay- 
ton, Payette,  Howard,  Winneshiek. 

Judges— HON.  L.  E.  FELLOWS,  Lansing;  HON.  A.  N.  HOHSON,  West 
Union. 

Reporters— H.  B.  CROSBY,  Decorah;  W.  W.  COMSTOCK,  Fayette. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


291 


ARLINGTON  POST  OFFICE 


Andrea,   Conrad. 
Andrea,   George. 
Andrea,    Sebald. 
Benson,   George." 
Eckheart,    George. 
Eckheart,  W.   H. 
Pitzgibbons,  A.  R 
Fitzgibbons,   Eugene. 


(Fayette  County) 

Fox,  B.  K. 
Fox,    Daniel. 
Fox,  J.  G. 
Fulner,   Edward. 
Hopp,  John. 
Koeliler,    Sigmund. 
O'Brion,   Wm. 
Oldfather,    Joseph. 


Putnam,    Elliott. 
St.   John  David 
Thompson  W.  D. 
Walters  Earl 
Walters,  Elmer. 
Walters,    George. 
Wellorton,   Robert. 


BUELAH  POST  OFFICE 

A  small  town  on  the  main  branch  of  the  Iowa  and  Dakota  Division 
of  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  Railway,  nineteen  and  one-half  miles  from  Blkader, 
the  county  seat,  and  five  and  one-half  miles  from  Monona,  the  nearest 
banking  point.  Junction  of  the  Elkader  branch  of  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  Popu- 
lation 25.     U.  S.  Express.     W.  U.  Telegraph. 


R.  R.  Russell,  P.  M. 

Chapck,    James. 
Cunningham,    Patrick. 
Curtin,   John. 
Doody,    Daniel. 
Kinney,    Patrick. 
Klimea,  Frank. 


Lestina,   Frank. 
Lestina,    Frank  A. 
Lestina,    F.   E. 
Lestina,  Joseph. 
Lestina,  J.  F. 
Lotza,   Joseph. 
McCv.en,    James. 


Marrovitz,  Anton. 
Miller,   Frank. 
Papacek,    Thom^as. 
Sumak,   Henry. 
Tayek,  Frank. 


CLAYTON  POST  OFFICE 

Located  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  Railway,  and  on  the  Mississippi  River, 
sixteen  miles  northeast  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  forty-four  miles  north- 
west of  Dubuque,  and  nine  miles  south  of  McGregor,  the  nearest  banking 
point.  Ships  grain,  live  stock,  sand,  wood  and  lumber.  Population  150. 
U.  S.  Express.    W.  U.  Telegraph.     Telephone  connections. 


Wm.  H.  Beacom,  P.  M. 
Mrs.     W.     H.     Beacom, 
Asst. 

Alt,  Charles. 
Alt,  Hermxan. 
Alt,  Louis. 
Anderson,   August. 
Baldwin,  A.  W. 
Barr,    Frank. 
Barr,    Fred. 
Beacom,    George. 
Beacom,  "Wm. 
Beckett,  S.  P. 
Beckett  Wm. 
Blake,  A.  L. 
Blake,   Stephen. 
Bothrr.er,  C.  W. 
Bothmer,   Henry  C. 
Broderick,   Thomas. 
Brown,   D.  P. 
Brown,  John. 


Buhlman,  J.  H. 
Burghardt,    George. 
Carrier,   Fred. 
Christ,    Charles. 
Christ,   Lorenz. 
Christ  Lorenz  Jr. 
Claus,  Oscar. 
Clouse,    Louis. 
Crefeid,    Charles. 
Dehn,    John   A. 
Durham,  J.  W. 
Duwe,   William. 
Eggleston,  Charles  A. 
Engler,  Charles. 
Engler,    Louis. 
Fehlhafer,    Charles. 
Fehlhafer,  Edward. 
Fehlhafer,    Fritz. 
Fiscb.er,  Fred. 
Fischer,  Henry. 
Fischer,  George. 


Fischer,  Wm. 
Frantz,  George. 
Franz,  Albert. 
Franz,    George. 
Franz,  George  Jr. 
Fritz,   Henry. 
Gilson,  Patrick. 
Goss,   Frank. 
Grouney,   James. 
GroY/ney,  John. 
Growney,  J.  W. 
Growney,   Mishael. 
Growney,    Owen. 
Hanschen,  John. 
Hanschen,   Victor  C. 
Hav/kins,  A. 
Hayden,   Richard. 
Hayes,    Clifford. 
Hayes,  James. 
Jerome,  Walter  E. . 
Jenkins,   G.  W. 


292 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Jost,    Benjamin. 
Jost,   Jacob. 
Kleinhaus,  Fred. 
Kriesler,   Fred. 
Lane,  A. 
Lossing,  John. 
Liters,   H.   J. 
McGoon,  diaries  D. 
Maker,  Charles. 
Maker,   Frank. 
Meder,   Edv/ard. 
Meehan,  James. 
Meehan,    Richard. 


Meehan,  Wm. 
Merle,   John  P. 
Mueller,  F.  Henry. 
Nichols,   Charles. 
Osthoff,  Edward. 
Ousley  Isaac 
Ousiey,   Frank. 
Pace,  GranL 
Parker,  Fred. 
Poesch,    Henry   F. 
Poesch,  V/m. 
Robinson,    Forest. 
Schafer,    Herman. 


Sharp,  Henry. 
Shepherd,   Wm. 
Shepherd,  Wm.  S. 
Stearns,  Charles  D. 
Strukhoff,  W. 
Teufert,  John. 
TiKchler  Paul. 
Tonnar,  Wm. 
Tuecke,  John^ 
Tuecke,  Otto, 
Tuecke,   Wm. 
Van  Staden,  John. 


CLERMONT  POST  OFFICE 

(Fayette  County) 


Everson,  Ever  A. 
Gordon,  William. 
Larson,   N.   N. 


Xygaard,    Hans. 
Olson,    Halvor*  M. 


Steinerson,    G. 
Westrick,  Martin. 


COLESBURG  POST  OFFICE 


Barnhart,  C.  D. 
Barnhart,  Wm. 
Barnhart,  W.  C. 
Blaker,   John  W. 
Brockmeier,   J.    H. 
Brown,  Frank. 
Brown,  Jacob  H. 
Brown,    John   C. 
Brown,  Joseph  W. 
Chambers,    Charles. 
Chambers,  George. 
Davis,  Thomas  H. 
Flascher,  C.  F. 
Flascher,  G.  H. 
Flenniken,   R.  B. 
Flenniken,   S.  W. 
Franks,    Michael. 


(Delaware  County) 

Kurrelmeyer,  H.  G. 
Garlow,  F.  M. 
Gull,   Arthur  G. 
Gull,  John  O. 
Gull,  R.  A. 
Hall,   D.   H. 
Hammond,  B.  W. 
Ha.mmond,   O.   B. 
Harris,  Freeman  H. 
Henry,  Frank. 
Henry,  James. 
Henry,   Peter. 
Hyde,  Edward. 
Irinscher,   Emil  F. 
Keck,  Bernard. 
Keneke,   Herman. 
Kenton,  E.  A. 


Livingston,   Amos. 
McDowell,   John. 
Page,  W.   S. 
Peck,  R.  M. 
Phelps,  A.  H. 
Phelps,  C.  E. 
Phelps,   Wilburn. 
Ridenour,  E.  S. 
Schwantes,  Paul. 
Shaw,    George  W. 
Shaw,    George  W.,   Jr. 
Smith,   C.   M. 
Smith,  James  E. 
Tweedie,  George  W. 
Wessel,  Henry. 


EAST  ELKPORT  POST  OFFICE 

On  the  east  side  of  the  Turkey  River  and  on  the  Volga  branch  of  the 
C,  M.  &.  St.  P.  Railway,  forty-three  miles  northwest  of  Dubuque,  and 
thirteen  miles  southeast  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  adjacent  to  Elk- 
port,  its  banking  point.  Population  135.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U.  Tele- 
graph.    Telephone  connections. 

Conrad  Schnepf,  P.  M. 
Henry  C.  Schnepf,  Asst. 

Baker,    Charles. 
Barrett,  Alfred. 


Barrett,  Edgar. 
Barrett,  George. 
Barrett,  George  H. 
Barrett,  James. 
""iSarrett,  Lester. 


Berns,   Henry. 
Berns,   Peter. 
Berns,  Theodore. 
Bickford,    Dell. 
Brandtman,   C.   F. 
Eurgin,  Lester. 
Buschkofsky,   Robert. 
Chaliand,   Henry  L. 
Curler,  J.   C. 


Dannenbring,   Henry. 
Dannenbring,    Louis. 
Davis,  James. 
Doi-an,  J.   P. 
Downey,  James. 
Ehlenfelt,  Christ. 
Feidt,  John. 
Flaherty,   Mary  A. 
Fritz,  August. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


293 


Fritz,   Henry. 
Gerloff,  Fred. 
Goodsel,   S.   M. 
Grace,  John. 
Graff,  F.  W. 
Gray,  J.  A. 
Haack,  Henry. 
Haack,    Henr5^   Jr. 
Hammond,   Burt. 
Hammond,   G,  W. 
Hannaman,  H.  J. 
Hansel,    David  E. 
Hansel,   George. 
Hansel,    George   W. 
Hansel,  Ira  A. 
Hansel,  Jacob. 
Hansel,  Japen. 
Hansel,  John  H. 
Hansel,  Lyman. 
Hansel,  Nelson  L. 
Hansel,    Strother. 
Hansel,  Wm.  J. 
Harbaugh,  Jeff. 
Harbaug-h,  Joseph. 
Hayes,   Thomas. 
Heinricks,   Dora. 
Horstman,   Fred.  C. 
Horstman,  Wm. 
Jaeger,   Peter. 
Jennings,  Ed.  C. 
Jennings,  J.  H. 
Xruse,   Herman. 


Lindenberg,  Henry. 
Lutje,   Charles. 
Lutje,  Clans. 
Lutje,  John. 
McDonald,   Alex. 
McDonald,    Irving. 
McDov/ell,   Joseph. 
McGa,rvey,    Charles. 
McLane,  James. 
McLane,  Wm. 
Morley,  C.  W. 
Noggle,  Thomas. 
Neuhring,  E.  F. 
Neuhring,    Henry. 
O'Connor,  M.  J. 
Oehrle,  Christ. 
Ortman,  Fred. 
Purman,  John. 
Purman,  P.  B. 
Reid,  J.  C. 
Reil,  Herman. 
Reil.  John. 
Ridenour,  James. 
Ridenour    Richard 
Sandusky,  A.  W. 
Sangston  J.   F. 
Sangston,  Wm..  B. 
Schnepf,  Conrad. 
Schnepf,  H.  C. 
Schultz,  Herman. 
Schweickert,   John. 
Seward,  G.  N. 


Smith,   Asa. 
Smith,  Reuben  F. 
Stiefel,   Christian. 
Stone,  F.   A. 
Stroube,   Rudolph. 
Swisher,   Mrs.   Mary. 
Thayer,   Polk. 
Thein,   Jacob. 
Thein,    Joseph. 
Thein,  Joseph  L. 
Thein,   Mark. 
Thein,   Peter. 
Thien,  A.  H. 
Thien,  Michael. 
Towle,  B.  A. 
Voss,   Henry. 
Voss,  Joseph. 
Walters,  A.  J. 
Walters,  J.  G. 
Waterman,   Henry  E. 
Waterman,  "Wm. 
Wathen,    Burt. 
Wathen  F.  J. 
Wathen  "Wm. 
White,   George. 
Winch,    Ernst. 
Woods,  C.  E. 
Zearley,  John  H. 
Zearley.  L.  A. 
Zittergruen,  Charles. 


EDGEVVOOD  POST  OFFICE 

(Inside  Town) 
An  enterprising  town  on  the  Cedar  Rapids  and  Calmar  branch  of  the 
!  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  Railway,  part  in  Clayton  and  part  in  Delaware  county. 
It  is  eighteen  miles  south  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  seven  south- 
east of  Strawberry  Point.  Has  two  churches,  a  public  school,  and  a  bank. 
Population  585.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U.  Telegraph.  Telephone  connec- 
tions. 


Sears  T.  Richards,  P.  M. 
Miss  Verda  L.  Hill,  Asst. 
Arthur,   Alfred  J. 
Ashline,    George. 
Bacon,    W"m.    E. 
Barr,   George. 
Basquin,   Francis. 
Basquin,  Wm. 
Beyer,    Charles  E. 
Beyer,   Henry  F. 
Bixby,  Ransom  J. 
Blachley,    Mrs.   Hulda. 
Blanchard,   Charles. 
Blanchard,   Lewis,   M.  D. 


Blanchard,  Louis  B. 
Borton,   Arthur. 
Branch   Fred   E. 
Brov.-n,  George  11. 
Burgin,   Ellen. 
Clem.ens,   Lincoln. 
Combs,  Job  A. 
Cook  Martin  S. 
Coolidge,  Abbie. 
Coolidge,  Doc. 
Coolidge,  Verd.  J. 
Coolidge   Zenus  G. 
Coolidge  &  Barr. 
Cooper,  Hiram  L. 


Cree,  Wm.  W. 
Dearth,  Mrs.   Eliza. 
Densmore,  Anton. 
Densmore,  Frank. 
Densmore,  Fred.  A. 
Densmore,   George. 
Donaldson,  E.  S. 
Duncan,   Wm.   F. 
Durston,  Elmer  E. 
Duscheng,  Nicholas. 
Easton,  Waldron. 
Eaton,   Henry  R. 
Eckert,  Charles  E, 
Eckert,  Elmer  E. 


294 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Eckert,  Emily. 
Elliot,    Alvorn   J. 
Firman,  Royal  E. 
Fisher,    Thomas. 
Fisher,   Vernon  V. 
Fleming,  George  W. 
Flenniken,  J.  Frank. 
Forward,    Joseph   W. 
Galer   D.    F. 
Garrison,   Vernon  L. 
Garrison,  Wm.  H. 
Gates,    Elijah. 
Gates,  George  E. 
Gates,    Isaac. 
Gilchrist,  A.  W. 
Gilchrist,  "Wm.  E. 
Glazier,   Adelbert. 
Glazier,  Anna. 
Glazier,   Delbert  S. 
Glazier,  George  G. 
Hageman,   John. 
Halfhill,   George. 
Hall,  Frank  A. 
Hammond,  Alex.  D. 
Hammond,   Charles. 
Hammond,  Hannah. 
Ham.mond,  Mrs.   Sarah. 
Hanson,  Ed.  B.,  M.  D. 
Harris,  Irvin  N. 
Hatch,  Austin  P. 
Hatfleld,    Edv/ard. 
Hatfield,  Sophia, 
Hawley,  Mrs.  Cynthia. 
Hays,  G.  W. 
Heatly,  Rev.  Frank  T. 
Hesner,  Charles  F. 
Hesner,  Henry. 
Hill,  Edv/ard  H. 
Hill,  Mary  A. 
Hindal,  John  C. 
Hooker,   Robert. 
Hotel  Richards. 
Hubbell,  Alonzo  D. 
Hnbbell,   Lewis. 
Ingersoll,  Joseph. 
Interstate  Telephone  Co. 
James,  Henry  E. 
James,  Jefferson. 
James,    Lavina. 
Jones,  George  S. 
JORUNAL   (THE) 
King,    Mary  J. 
Kirk  &   Hatch. 
Kirk,  John  C. 
Klotzbach,  Emory. 
Knickerbocker,    John. 


Kramer,   Wm. 
Kriebs,  Frank  D. 
Lain,  Emily  T. 
Lain,  Ernest  Q. 
Lamphiear,   Charles   H. 
Lillibridge,  Oren  S. 
Lundin,   Gustave  W. 
Lynde,  George  W. 
McDonald,  James. 
McGarvey,  Arthur. 
McGarvey,   Henry  M. 
McMahan,    James. 
McMillan,    Catharine. 
Madison,  Curtis  B. 
Madison,  Lee  C. 
Mad' son,    Wm.    C. 
Masters,   Harry. 
Maxson,   Christian  S. 
May,   Frank  H. 
May,   Orinda. 
Mellen,   Myron  M. 

Minkler,  Alanson  L. 

Mitchell,  James  C. 

Mulvaney,   John. 

Newman  Millard  M.,  M. 
D. 

Noble  Ed.  L. 

Noble,   Eliza  J. 

Noble,  Evlon  L. 

Noble,   Mrs.   Ida. 

Noble,   Rose. 

Orcutt,  Abiel  N. 

Orcutt,  Charles  H. 

Parson,    Morgan. 

Peck,  Miss  Tid. 

Peet,  C.  T. 

Peet,   Floyd  A. 

Peet,   Frederick  B. 

Peet,   John   L. 

Peet,  Rebecca. 

Perry,   Amos. 

Peter,  Carl. 

Richards,   Emily. 

Richards,  John  A. 

Richards,  Sears  T. 

Richards,  W.  Earl. 

Robinson  Frank 

Robinson,   James  M. 

Robinson,  Sherd  W. 

Robinson,  Wm.  D. 

Robison,  James  H. 

Rosenkrans,    Hezekiah. 

Rosenkrans,  Jane. 

Royden,  Fred. 

Royden,  Fred  W. 

Ryan,   Mary  J. 


Sadler.   George. 

Schacherer,  Joseph. 

Scovel,  Nancy. 

Sevey,  John  O.  '| 

Seward,    George  W.  ;i 

Shaffer,    Bert. 

Shaffer,   Edgar  B. 


Sherman,    John. 
Shipton,   Philip  C. 
Sickles,  Daniel  E. 
Sim,  Mrs.   Maria. 
Smith,    Alvina. 
Smith,  Ashley  L. 
Smith,   B.    H. 
Smith,  Charles  A. 
Smith,  C.  P. 
Smith,  Cynthia. 
Smith,  Daniel  A. 
Smith,    Dv/ight   T. 
Smith,  Howard  A. 
Smith,   Mary  Ette. 
Smith,  Mrs.  Neva. 
Snover,  Wm. 
State  Bank  of  Edgewood 
Steele,  Almond  W. 
Steele,  John. 
Steele,   Margaret. 
Steele,  Wm.  W. 
Stone,   Charles  H. 
Stone,   Myron  L. 
Story,  Charles  B. 
Thing,  Rev.  Milo  J.  P. 
Thurber,  J.   S. 
Tinker,  F.  B.,  D.  D.  S. 
Todd,   Charles  S. 
Tomkins,  Ira. 
Tomkins,  Wm.  M. 
Towslee,  Mary  J. 
Tripp,  Mrs.  Effie  L. 
Tubbs,  Albert  F. 
Tyrrell,    George. 
Ullman,    Frederick. 
Ullman,   F.   A. 
Wallace,  S.  M. 
Wan  dell,   Ethan. 
Wandell,  John  W. 
Webb,  L. 

Wheeler,   Charles  E. 
Whipple,  Edgar. 
Whipple,    House. 
^Whipple,  James  D. 
Vk^hitehead,    Richard. 
Wiley,   Frank. 
Wilcox,    Abraham. 
Zenner,  B. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


295 


EDGEWOOD    POST    OFFICE. 
(Outside    Town) 


Ackmann   Bernard. 
Acord,  Hugh. 
Adams,  James  F. 
Alcorn,   D.  L.. 
Alcorn,  W.  K. 
Appleton,  Wm.  H. 
Ash,   G.   W. 
Ashline,  Wm. 
Bacon,   Charles  H. 
Bacon,  S.  M^ 
Bagby,  T.   Hv 
Bailey,  Fred. 
Bailey,    Jesse. 
Bassett,    C.    H. 
Beckner,   C.  H. 
Beddow,  Charles. 
Berens,   Herman. 
Beyer,  Ira  R. 
Bissel,   Arthur. 
Boone,   E.   E. 
Bower,  I.   S. 
Brady,   Frank  E. 
Brady,  Wm. 
Brockmeyer,   John  G. 
Brown,  George. 
Burgin,  Ellen  J. 
Burgin,   Herbert. 
Burgin,  Lester. 
Burroughs,  L.  A. 
earner,   Howard, 
earner,  Roswell. 
Culbertson,  G.  D. 
Culbertson,   W.  H. 
Dempster,  Wm. 
Derr,   Nancy. 
Dodds,   E.   E. 
Durfey,  A.  B. 
Elliott,  Clarence. 
Elliott,  G.  H. 
Elliott,  G.  W. 
Elliott,  U.   G. 
Emerling,    J. 
Emerling,  Joseph. 
Fensterman,  Bernard. 
Fensterman,  Fred. 
Fensterman,  Henry. 
Fishel,   Jacob. 
Fishel,  L.  W. 
Fishel,   Robert. 
Fisher,   Leonard. 
Fisher,   Lyle. 
Fisher,  L.  S. 
Flem.ming,   Perry  A. 
Flemming,   S.   D. 
Freeman,  Luther. 


Fridley,   Fred. 
Galer,  A.  J. 
Grove,  M.  W. 
Haddeman,   H.   H. 
Halfhill,    Wilson. 
Hamlett,  Elias. 
Hamlett,    Elias   T. 
Hamlett,   John. 
Hamlett,    Thomas. 
Hansel,    Allen. 
Hatfield,  Martin. 
Hawley,  L.  F. 
Hesner,    Charles. 
Hesner,   George. 
Hilgendorf,  E.  C. 
Hindal,    G.    W. 
Hindal,   Ira. 
Hines,  Albert. 
Hines,    Edward. 
Hines,  T.  W. 
Hitchcock,    Wm. 
Holland,    Mrs.    Alvina. 
Joys,  Henry. 
Kellogg,   Frank. 
Kelly,  John. 
Krieg,  Gustave. 
Kurrelm.eyer,    B. 
Lighty,  Charles  W. 
Lighty,  David. 
Luense,  E.  C. 
Martin,    Harry. 
May,  F.  H. 
Merkl,  John. 
Minkler,   George. 
Nelson,  J.  B. 
Parkinson,    George. 
Peter,  A.  J. 
Peters,  H.  L. 
Phelps,   R.  L. 
Pilgrim,    G.    G. 
Plagman,  Henry. 
Plagman,  Wm. 
Pogue,  A.  J. 
Pogue,  John. 
Purdy,  W.  I. 
Rabe,  Albert. 
Rich,  S.  W. 
Richards,  L,  A. 
Rizer,   H.  A. 
Robinson,  C,   K. 
Robinson,    Fred.- 
Robinson,    J.    M. 
Robinson,    Worthy. 
Rosenkrans,  B. 
Ross,  Andrew. 


Schultz,   John, 
Scovil  C.   H. 
Sevey,  John. 
Sevey,  W.  D. 
Shaw,  James  P. 
Sherman,  Fred. 
Slierm.an,  George  S. 
Sherman,  H.  E. 
Smith,  Everett. 
Smith,    George. 
Smith,   H.  J. 
Smith,   J.   W. 
Smith,  Lincoln. 
Smith,  W.  J. 
Southwick,  A.  F. 
Steefer,    Roland. 
Steele,  A.  R. 
Steele,  Guy. 
Steele,  H.  E. 
Stevens,  Albert. 
Stone,    A.    J. 
Stone,   Charles. 
Stone,  C.   H. 
Stone,   H.   A. 
Stone,  H.  O. 
Stone,  J.  A. 
Thurn,  Frank. 
Thurn,   Frank  J. 
Thurn,  James. 
True,    C.    H. 
True,  C.  L. 
Tylp   James 
Ullm.an,  Margaret. 
Vantalge,    Herman. 
^Wait,    G.    W. 
Wait,  J,  S. 
Waldo,  H.  A. 
Wathen,    John. 
Watson,    Mary  M. 
Wessel,  Herm.an. 
Weyant  F.  L. 
Weyant,  F.  R. 
Weyant,  M.  J. 
Wheeler,  G.  L. 
Wheeler,  R.  C. 
"White,  Myron. 
TA^hitehead,    Richard. 
Wilcox,    Abraham. 
Wiley,  Henry. 
Witt,   Henry. 
Wooldridge,    Earl. 
Wooldridge,    F.   I. 
Wooldridge,  J.  A. 
Wooldridge,    S.    B. 
Zahrndt,   L.   D.     ' 


296 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Anderson,    A.    J. 

Ask,   Kettel   B. 

Ask,    Nils   B. 

Bailey,  Wilber, 

Baumg-artner,  A.,  R  2. 

Baumg-artner,  Alex,  B 

Baumg-artner,    John,  R 

Beigler,    Henry,    R   3. 

Benson,   B.  M. 

Benson,  Thomas. 

Berg,    Magnus. 

Berg,  Olaf  O. 

Biegler,   G. 

Bilden,  B.  F.,  R  2. 

Bilden,   H.   T.,   R  2. 

Bilden,   J.   E. 

Bilden,  Martin,  R  2. 

Blockhus,  C.  J. 

Bloekhus,    Swen.     R  3. 

Braker,   Andrew. 

B^itikofer,   Jacob. 
Butikofer,    John. 
Chapman,  A.  J, 
Cliristianson,    C.    O. 
Christianson,   Ole.     R, 
Christen,  John. 
Cold,   Nels  J.     R.   2. 
Dennler,   G. 
Dennler,    Jacob.     R.    2. 
Doty,  C.  W. 
Ekeren,   Carl. 
Ekeren,    Hulver. 
Ekeren,    H.    R. 
Ekeren,  James. 
Engen,  Peter. 
Erickson,   Christ. 
Frieden,  Anna. 
Frieden,   Ben. 
Frieden,    Fred. 
Frieden,  Gottfried. 
Frederick,   John. 
Gehring,   Jacob.     R  2. 
Gilbert,    Halgrin. 


ELGIN  POST  OFFICE 

(Fayette  County) 

Gregorson,    G.    R   2. 

Grimm,  Edward.     R  2. 

Grim.m,   John.     R  2 
"    Grinde,   Bertha  J. 

Groth,  H.  S.     R  3. 
2.    Gulbram.son,    H. 
2.    Halstenson,   John. 

Hanni,    Fred.     R    2. 

Hanson,   Adolf. 

Hanson,    Thomas. 

Haug-,  A.  S.     R.  2. 

Haug,   E.   S.     R  2. 

Haug,    K.    K.     R.    2. 

Haug,  K.   S.   R.  2. 

Hertig,    John. 

Hofer,  Eliza. 

Holden,  Margaret. 

Jenson,    Jens.     R   2. 

Johnson  Gunder 

Kerr    Henry 

Kerr   James 

Kerr    John 

Kerkberg  K.   R.,   R.  2 

Klingman,  Albert. 
2.    Klingman,    C.    L. 

Klingm.an,   C,   M. 

Klingman,   L, 

Klingman,    Martin. 

Koland,    T.    A. 

Knutson,    O.    T.     R.    2. 


Minihan,   M,  ' 
Mork,  K.   E.     R  2. 
Mork,  P.   E.     R  2. 
Nelson,    Beriner.     R   2. 
Nelson,    S.   E.     R  2. 
Olson,   Asle.     R  2. 
Olson,  Nils  S. 
Olson    Ole 
Ostgaard,  E^  N. 
Pagen,    Alexander. 
Paulson,  G.     R  2. 
Peters,   Robert. 
Peterson,  O.  K.     R  2. 
Pollock,   Helen. 
Pulfer,   R.     R  2. 
Pulfer,   Rudolf. 
Reinhardt,  Andrew. 
Reinhardt,    Fritz.     R.    2. 
Reinhardt,   Jacob. 
Ritz,  Fred. 
Ritz,  John. 
Robbins,  James. 
Robbins,  M.  J. 
Ruroden,   Marins,   O. 
Ruroden,  O.  A. 
Schlupp,    Alfred.     R   2. 
Schmid,   F.   W. 
Schneider,  Ben. 
Schneider,    Joseph. 
Schneider,    J.    V.     R  2. 


Landsgaard,  E.  E.     R  2.    Schupbach,    Fred. 
Larson,  Joseph  A.     R  3.    Skarshaug,  Angelina,   r 


Lentz,   Joel.     R  2. 
Lentz,  John. 
Lentz,   Wm.     R.   2. 
Leuchtenm.acher, 
Linde,   Oscar. 


Skarshaug,    H.    O.     R    3. 
Syverson,    H. 
Thorson,   Ole, 
John.    Thorson,   T.   H. 
Tollefson,    Iver 


Loftsgaard,   H.    T.     R  2.    Torkelson,    Ole. 


R  2. 

R   2. 


Loftsgaard,    N.    T.     R  2.  Wettleson,  Ambjar.  R  2. 

I^oftsgaard,    T.    T.     R   2.  Wettleson  Lars,   R.  1 

Lundt,    E.    M.     R  2.  AVikan,  Halvor  H. 

Marti,    Emma.  ^Vilson,  Charles. 

Meyer,    Christ.  Yost,  Samuel. 


ELKADER  POST  OFFICE 

(Inside  Town) 
A  flourishing  town  of  1,300  inhabitants  situated  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P. 
Railroad  and  on  the  Turkey  River,  which  affords  a  good  and  reliable  water 
power.  It  is  eightj^-three  miles  from  Dubuque  by  rail,  and  nineteen  from 
Beulah.  It  is  the  judicial  seat  of  Clayton  county.  It  is  located  near  the 
center  of  the  county  and  the  scenery  surrounding  its  location  is  possessed 
of  much  natural  beauty.     It  contains  three  churches — Methodist,  Catholic 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY   DIRECTORY. 


297 


and  Universalist;  two  banks,  a  fine  system  of  schools,  Catholic  school, 
two  hotels,  an  extensive  flouring  mill,  an  electric  light  plant,  creamery, 
and  four  newspapers.  The  Argus,  Clayton  County  Democrat,  and  Register 
are  English  weeklies,  and  the  Nord  Iowa  Herold,  a  German  weekly.  The 
principal  shipments  are  grain,  live  stock,  flour  and  butter.  Telephone 
connections.     U.  S.  Express.     W.  U.  Telegraph. 


G.   M.  Gifford,  Postmas- 
ter. 
Kit  C.  Gifford,  Asst. 
Adams,   Charles  J. 
Adams,  Nicholas. 
Adams,    Grin. 
Alitz,    Frederick. 
Allen,   Albert. 
Allen    Bros. 
Allen,    Ole 
ARGUS    (THE) 
Atwood,   Clara. 
Bachtell,    Marshall   W. 
Bahi ,    John. 
Baker,   John   R. 
Bandow,    Carl. 
Bandow,    Godrried. 
Barnard,  Harrison  H. 
Barth,   Ludov/ika. 
Barton,   Thomas. 
Bauer,   Y/m. 
Baxter,    George   W. 
BAYLESS  &  OEIIRING 
Bayless,   Mrs.   Harriett. 
Bayless,   John  R. 
Becker  Bros. 
Becker,  John. 
Becker,  John  F. 
Becker,   Wm. 
Beer,   Christian 
Bell   &   Chamberlain. 
Benchneider,   Henry. 
Berg,  Adam. 
Bink,  Leonard  M. 
Bishop,  Hiram  C. 
Bock,  John. 
Boettcher,    INIinnie. 
Boots,    Samuel. 
Borman,  Mina. 
Branch,  John  E. 
Breitsprecher,      Edward. 
Brown  &  Bahr. 
Brown,  Harrison  D. 
Canada,    James. 
Carpenter,   Arthur  J. 
Carpenter,   Homer  R. 
Cassiday,  Jeremiah. 
Cassiday,  Patrick  J. 
Cassutt,  Christina. 
Cassutt,    Miss   Mary  A. 


Chamberlain,   Wm. 
Cheeseraan,    Absalom  C. 
CLAYTON    COUNTY 

DEMOCRAT. 
Clift,  Annetta  M. 
Clough,   Harvey  M. 
Collins,  Joseph  C. 
Connell,   Miss   Jane. 
Cook  Almeron 
Cook,   Marvin. 
Cooper,  Emm.a. 
Cooper,   Mary. 
Cooper,   Wm.    G. 
Cords,   Euv/ard  F. 
Corlett,  James  E. 
Corlett,  John  E. 
Corts,  Dorothea. 
Costigan,  Jam.es. 
Crov/,  Wm. 

Davidson,   Thomas  M. 
Davidson  Wm.  W. 
Davis,    Oakley   F. 
Dinan,   Jam.es   W. 
Dinan,   John  J. 
Dinges,  Sarah. 
Dittmer,   Martin. 
Dohr,   Henry. 
Dohrer,   Henry  V. 
Donlon,   Joseph  P. 
Downey,   John. 
Drallmeier,  Louis  H. 
Dunn,   John. 
Earhardt,    George. 
Eberhart,   Adolph. 
Eberhart,   Lobidina, 
Eberhart,    Minnie. 
ELKADER    REGISTER 
Elkader    State    Hank. 
Elvidge,    Albert    O. 
Elvidge   Creamery   Co. 
Ernst,    Carolina. 
Everall    &    Schulte. 
Everall,    John. 
Everall,    John    C- 
Falkwenhainer,  Benj.  F. 
Farrell,    Michael. 
Feldman,     Charles. 
Fennell,  John. 
FIRST        NATIONAL 

BANK. 


Fitzpatrick,    Matthew. 
Fitzpatrick,    Patrick. 
Flanagan,    Martin. 
Flavin,    Michael    J. 
Fletcher,    George    H. 
Floete   Lumber   Co. 
Foderberg,  B.  H. 
Foster,    John. 
Freund,    John    H. 
Gemmell,    John    W. 
Gifford,    Gideon    M- 
Gilbert,    Charles. 
Gilje,    Villis    L. 
Gleason,  Daniel  E. 
Glesne    Bros. 
Glesne,    John   O. 
Glesne,  Nels  E. 
Glesne,   Riley. 
Gmelin,    Rudolph. 
Goldberg,    Max. 
Griflith,    David    G. 
Griffith,   D.   G.  &  Son. 
Griffith,    Harry   L. 
Grube,   Wm.   E. 
Hadrick,   Hannah. 
Hadrick,    John. 
Hagensick,    Miss    Anna. 
Hagensick,    Christian 
Hagensick,  Henry  H. 
Hagensick,  John. 
Hagensick,  Miss  Louise. 
Hagensick  Sisters. 
Hale,    De    Witt    C. 
Halstensen,    Embert. 
Hartmann,    Caroline. 
Hartman,   Otto. 
HARVEY,    THOS.    L. 
Hasner,  Rudolph. 
Havens  Arthur 
Heckmaster,   Miss  A. 
Heiden,    Fred   L. 
Heitkamp  Wm. 
Hempel,  John  G- 
Hennes,  John. 
Hennes,    Peter. 
Hennes  &  Wacker 
Hertrick,    Caroline. 
Hill,   John   H. 
Himes,    Marshall    L. 


298 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Hofer,   Frank. 
Hook,  John. 
Horan,    David, 
Hotel    Bayless. 
Howard,  Miss  A.,  M.  D. 
Humke,    George. 
Humphrey,  James. 
Hyde,  Catharine. 
Hyde,  James  T. 
Hyde,   J.    T.   &  Bro. 
Hyde,    Patrick    J. 
Hyde,  Thomas  F. 
Jack,    S,    Vernon. 
Jeffers,  W.  J. 
Jensen,   Michael  J. 
Johnsen,    Charles. 
Johnson,  John  B. 
Johnson,  Olavus. 
Johnson,    Ole. 
Johnson,  Ole  &  Son, 
Jnngblut,    Frederick. 
Jungblut,  John  H. 
Kaltenbach,    Josephine. 
Kann,    Joseph. 
Katschkowsky,    Adolf. 
Kauffman,    John    J. 
Kelleher,    Celia  A. 
Kelleher,    Thomas. 
Kister,     Herbert. 
Kister,    Hubert   &    Sons. 
Kister,    Wm. 
Kleinpell  Otto 
KLEINPELL,    WM.    F. 
Klinkenberg,  August. 
Klutzbach,    Edward. 
Klutzbach   &   Gemmell. 
Koehn,   Henry. 
Koehn,    Wm.    H. 
Kohn,    Henry. 
Kopp,     Cornelius. 
Kottmann,    Henry   C. 
Kramer,    Anton. 
Kramer    A.   Fred. 
Kramer,    A.    F.    &   L.    J. 
Kramer,    Fred    A. 
Kramer,  John  A. 
Kramer,  Joseph. 
Kramer,    Louis   J. 
Krogman,   Wm. 
Lambert,    Edmund    H. 
Lamm,  Joseph. 
Landon,    Frank. 
Landon,    Mrs.   R.   M. 
Lange,    Ray. 
Layton,   John  D. 
Layton,   Matilda, 


Leach,  Susan  S. 

Leary,  James,  Commis- 
sion   Co.    (The). 

Leibrock,   Frank  G. 

Leibrock,    Mrs.    F.    G. 

Lembke,   Franz. 

Lemke,    Wm. 

Lenth,   Fred. 

Lenth,    George    J. 

Lenth,   Henry  J. 

Liddy,  Frank. 

Livingood,    David, 

Livingood,    David    E. 

Lloyd,    Marienne. 

Long,  Charles. 

Losch,  George. 

Losch,    John. 

Luers,   Miss  Dora. 

Luers,  Miss  Sophia. 

McGrath,  AVm.  J.,  M.  D. 

McLaughlin,    John   W. 

McLaughlin  &  Hum- 
phrey 

McSperrin,    Wm. 

Magnuson,  John  M. 

Maher,   Patrick  J. 

Mahr     Ella. 

Maley,    Kate. 

Matthews,    Thomas   B. 

Mecklenberg,    Charles. 

Meckelberg,    John. 

Merchants   Hotel. 

Merritt    Mrs.    Ella    H. 

Merritt  Isaac  H. 

Meyer   Elizabeth 

Miller    AVm.,    M.    D. 

Miller  MVm.   A. 

Molumby  John 

Moran  Wm.  J, 

Morse  J,   N, 

Muegge  Clara 

Muller    Chas.    T. 

Munger,    Ebon    R. 

Munger,  George  W. 

Munger,    Jane. 

Munger,   Milo   E. 

Murdock,  Louisa. 

Murphy,    Daniel    D. 

Muschewske,    Eliza. 

Nehls.    August    C- 

Nichols,    Robert    D. 

Niemeyer,  Anna. 

Niemeyer,    Frank   A. 

Niemeyer,    Michael. 

Niemeyer,   Theodore. 

NORD  IOWA  HEROLD 


O'Brien,  Wm.  H, 
Oakley,    Wm   H, 
Oehring,    Charles    C. 
Olsen,  Hattie, 
Opitz,    Max. 
Orr,  Catharine. 
Pahlas,   Henry  C. 
Partch  W.  V. 
Patterson,   H.    S.,   M.   D  ; 
Patterson,   Ida. 
Paul,    Edward   M. 
Perry,    Charles  W. 
Place,  Luke  H. 
POULL  &  BINK. 
Poull,  Michael  J. 
Powell.    John    C. 
Powell,   Sidney. 
Preston   &   Fletcher. 
Preston,    Wm.   A. 
Price,    Realto    E. 
Price,    R.    E.    &   V.    "S. 
Price,  Valmah. 
Procter,   Harry. 
Prouty,    Marshall   M. 
Pupke,    Louise. 
Quinn,    Robert. 
Quinn,    Robert    F. 
RadlofC,  Fred. 
Rathman,    Fred. 
Regan  Michael 
Regan   &   Witt. 
Reilly,    Rev.    John   F. 
Reineke  &  Walser 
Reineke,   Charles. 
Reineke,   Wm.   F. 
Richardson,     Ross. 
Rinkle,    Frank    C. 
Riordan,    Edward. 
Roach,  John. 
Roach,  Margaret. 
Rogers,   Michael. 
Rohn.   Minnie. 
Rourke,    Michael. 
Russell,  George. 
Ruegnitz,  Emma. 
Russell,  Edward. 
Ryan,    Hanora. 
Ryan,  Patrick  J. 
Schecker,   Charles. 
Scheer,    Frederick. 
Schmidt  Bros.   &   Co. 
Schmidt,  Caroline. 
Schmidt,    Christ   G. 
Schmidt,    Fred. 
Schmidt,  Paulina. 
Schmidt,  Robert  F. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY 


299 


Schneider,  John  L. 
Schoch,    Charles    C. 
Schroeder,  Victor  H. 
Schulte,    G.    Henry. 
Schumacher,  Peter. 
Scobel,   Charles  N. 
Sheckelton,  Kate. 
Shelhamer,    Catherine. 
Shellsmith,   Otto. 
Siebertz,    Catherine. 
Smith,    Wm. 
Snediger,    George    M. 
Snedig-er,   Miranda  B. 
Soil,  Fred  H. 
Stanton,  E.  W. 
Stebor,  John. 
Steen  Fred 
Stemmei,  Jacob  C. 
Stemmer   &   Dittmer. 
Stich,    Theresa. 


Stoops,   John  W. 
Switzer,  Charles. 
Switzer,  Charles  H. 
Talley,  Grant. 
Templeman,   Thomas. 
Tewes,    Henry   W. 
Thomxpson,    Mrs.    Laura. 
Toutsch,    John. 
Tschudi,  John  H. 
Tyler,   Lila. 
Uecker,   Albert. 
Uecker,    August. 
Uriell,  Francis  J. 
Uriell,    Sarah. 
Vv^acker,    Henrj*. 
Wagner,   Ernest. 
Walser,    Charles   W. 
Walter,    Adam. 
Webb,    J.    E. 
Wells.   Mrs.   Myrtle. 


Wertley,    Gottli"!.. 
West,    Wm. 
Westcott,  Fred  H. 
Whitcomb,    Franklin    H. 
White  &  Miller,  M.  D. 
White,   G^.enn   G.,   M.   D. 
White,  Peter. 
Wieland,  Wm. 
Wilke,   Gustav  H. 
Wilke,    Henry   W. 
Wilke,  H.  W.  &  G-  H. 
Wing,  Matthew. 
Witt,  Wm.  E. 
Witte,  George  F. 
'Wolf,    Fred   L. 
Wolf,   F.   L.   &  Co. 
Wolf,  George  C. 
Wolff,    Elizabeth. 
Wolter,  Wm. 
Zahrndt,   Louis  F. 


Adams,    Henry. 
Adams,  James. 
Ahrens,   Carl. 
Atwood,   Alva. 
Baars,  Fred. 
Baars.   Wm. 
Baldwin,    Thomas. 
Barghahn,   Frank. 
Barghahn,   Henry. 
Barghahn,  John. 
Barske,  Wm. 
Barthel,    A.    L. 
Bauer,    Fred. 
Behrens,    Henry. 
Behrens,  Otto. 
Bergan,   Michael. 
Benson,   August. 
Bente,    Ernest. 
Bente,  Frank. 
Bente,   George. 
Bente,   Henry. 
Bente,  John. 
Bente,    Louis. 
Bente,   Louis,   jr. 
Bente,   Michael. 
Bente,    Samuel. 
Bente,  William. 
Berg,    Henry. 
Berg,   Wm. 
Berse,   Mary. 
Best,   Charles. 
Best,  William. 


ELKADER  POST  OFFICE 

(Outside  Town) 

Beyer,   Fred. 
Boden,   Henry,   R  1. 
Boden,   John,    R   1. 
Boland.  C  M. 
Boland,   James. 
Boland,    J.    J. 
Boland,  J.   L. 
Boland,   T.   A. 
Breitsprecher,  Alf. 
Breitsprecher,    Fred. 
Breitsprecher,   John. 
Broel,   John  P. 
Broel.  Peter. 
Brust,    Henry. 
Brust,    John. 
Buchheim,   August. 
Buckman,    A.    C. 
Bunting,    Herman. 
Bunting,    John. 
Bunting,    Wm. 
Cain,    J.    F. 
Cain,   P.   J. 
Cameron,  Guy, 
Cameron,  James. 
Cassidy,    A.    J. 
Cassidy,    Margaret. 
Cassidy,  Thomas, 
Cassutt,   Joseph. 
Cheeseman,   Daniel. 
Christelheit.   Julius. 
Clark,   U.   S; 
Connell,   James, 


Cook,  A.   J. 
Cook,    J.    D. 
Cook,    F.   A.' 
Cook,   Wm. 
Cords   Philip 
Crane,  Ernest. 
Crowe,    W.    H. 
Dahling,  Wm. 
Dinse,    Fred. 
Dohrer,  August. 
Dohrer,   A.    A. 
Dohrer,  Charles. 
Dohrer,   Henry. 

I  'jaaqoa 
Donahue,  James. 
Donahue,   Michael. 
Donahue,  homas. 
Donlon   John   F. 
Donlon  Wm. 
Dorwager,   Charles. 
Doty,  Bert. 
Downey,    John, 
Downey,   John   W. 
Downey,    Michael. 
Downey,  Patrick. 
Downey,  Wm. 
Eggimann,  Jacob. 
Ehrhardt,  Charles. 
Ehrhardt,    John. 
Ehrhardt,   John,   jr. 
Elfert,    Henry. 
Ellsworth,   C. 


500 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Erickson,   A,   J. 
Erickson,  E.  J. 
Erickson,  John. 
Fanbee,  Ole. 
Farrell,  Frank. 
Farrell,  John. 
Fasher,  Wm. 
Feeney,   Jermiah. 
Feeney,   John  L. 
Feeney,    Peter. 
Feller,  Charles. 
Feller,  Henry. 
Feller  &  McKellar. 
Finnegan,  James. 
Finnegan,  Joseph. 
Foran,    James. 
Frank,   Maria. 
Franke,   Henry. 
Freitag-,  Henry. 
Funk,  Carl. 
Funk,  John. 
Geraghty,  James, 
Geraghty,  John. 
Geraghty,  Thomas. 
Gerdes,  Jacob. 
Glawe,  Fred. 
Glawe,    Henry. 
Glawe,  Wm. 
Gossman,   Charles. 
Gossman,  Fred. 
Gossman,  Henry. 
Gottschalk,  Charles. 
Gottschalk,  Wm. 
Gottschalk,    Wm.    jr. 
Gregorson,  L. 
Gusta,  Gustaf. 
Gusta,  Hugo. 
Hagensick,   Wm. 
Halvorson,  E.  G. 
Hannon,  Thomas. 
Harding,    Catharine. 
Harding,   Daniel. 
Harnack,  H. 
Hartman,  Wm. 
Header,  August. 
Heiden,   Barney. 
Heiden,   Fred. 
Heiden,   Friederick. 
Heitkamp,  George. 
Heuer,  Ludwig. 
Hilchert,    Christ,    R   1. 
Hill    Darwin. 
Hochhaus,  F-  L. 
Hofer,   Edward. 
Hoover,    M.    W. 
Hopp,    George. 


Horstman,   Henry. 
Hoth,  John. 
Huebner,    Wm. 
Hueckstadt,    Albert. 
Hulverson,   C.   O. 
Johnson,    John. 
Jungblut,  Henry, 
Jungblut.   John, 
Kaber,   Nicholas, 
Kahlbaum,   Wm, 
Kalke,  Fred. 
Kalke,  Henry. 
Katschkowsky,    George. 
Katschkowsky  H.  C. 
Kann,   William. 
Keleher,  F.  J. 
Keleher,  J.  E. 
Keleher,    John    D. 
Keleher,  Wm. 
Kelley,    Wm.    J. 
Kelly,  Edward. 
Kelly,  John, 
Kelpien,    Charles. 
Kelpien,    George, 
Kennedy,   P.   J. 
Kill,   John  F. 
Kill  Peter, 

Kimball,    Mrs.    Laura. 
Klink,  Henry. 
Klink,    Louis, 
Klink,  Peter. 
Klink,  Walberg.      • 
Koehn,  August. 
Koehn,  Wm, 
Kramer,   Vallie. 
Kruse,  John;  C. 
Kruse,    Wm. 
Kuehl,  Joseph. 
Lahrs,   Charles. 
Lahrs,  Christ.- 
Lahrs,    Fred. 
Laird,    George. 
Larson,  Albert. 
Larson,    Albert,    jr. 
Larson,    A.     M.,    R    3. 
Larson,  C. 
Larson,    Ed.    P, 
Larson,    Halvor, 
Larson,    L.    H- 
Larson,    L.    P. 
Larson,    M.'  C,    R   3. 
Larson,    Peter. 
Larson,  R.  C. 
Latteyer,   Simon. 
Lei,  Carl. 
Lei,    Peter. 


Lei,  Wm. 
Lembke,  Carl, 
Lembke,  Fred. 
Lembke,   George. 
Lembke,    John. 
Lempke,    Ludwig. 
Leonard,    Frank. 
Leonard,   Joseph  T. 
Leonard,    Richard. 
Leonard,  Wm.  H. 
Liddy,    Bridget. 
Lindemann,   Henry. 
Lindemann  Wm. 
Lindenbauer,  John. 
Linnenberger,    Fred. 
Litchfield,    James. 
Losch,    Allie. 
Losch,   David. 
Losch,  Henry, 
Losch,   Peter, 
Lynch,   Michael. 
Lynch,   M.  J. 
McCormack,    Joseph. 
McCormick,    Lyman. 
McGee^    James. 
McGee,    John. 
McGee,  Peter, 
McKellar  L.  W. 
McLain,   A. 
Maggart,  Clai'ence. 
Maggart,    Martin. 
Mahnke,  August, 
Marti,    Joseph, 
Marxer,  John, 
Marxer,    Oscar. 
Mayville,   Lena. 
Mayville,    Leonard. 
Mecklenburg,    Charles. 
Meenen,  John. 
Meisner,    Charles. 
Meisner,  Ed. 
Meisner,    Ed.,    jr. 
Meisner,  Frank. 
Meisner,    Fred. 
Meisner,   L.   R. 
Meisner,    Ranhalt. 
Meisner,    Wm. 
Meisner,  "Wm.   E. 
Melary,   Dennis. 
Melary,  John. 
Mentzel,    Richard. 
Merkel,   George. 
Merkel,  Henry. 
Mertens,    Fritz. 
Mertens,    Wm. 
Meyer,  A.  C 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY 


301 


Meyer.   Charles, 
Meyer,    C.    J. 
Meyer,    Edward. 
Meyer,   Ernest. 
Meyer.    F.    E. 
Meyer,    Georg-e. 

Meyer,    Henry. 

Meyer,    Herman. 

Meyer,    John. 

Meyer.  John  F. 

Meyer.  Joseph. 

Meyer,   Joseph,    jr. 

Meyer,   J.    P. 

Meyer,   Max. 

Meyers,   Albert. 

Meyers,    Christ. 

Meyers,    Emma. 

Meyers,   H.    K, 

Miller,   Dominick.   , 

Miller,    George. 

Miller,  Joachim  F. 

Miller,  Nicholas. 

Miller,   Pcier. 

Miller,   Peter,   jr. 

Miller,  Philip. 

Mirnhan,    Patrick. 

Mueller.    G.    F.   W. 

Mueller,    Herman. 

Mueller,    Wm. 

Munch,    Bernard. 

Munch,    Wm. 

Munch,   Wm.,  jr. 

Munger,  Charles. 

Neylon,  John. 
\    Nugent,   Frank. 

Nugent,  Joseph. 

O'Connor,   Eugene. 

O'Connor,    Martin. 

O'Niell,    Michael. 
I    Olson,   O.   G. 

Opitz,  Fred. 

Opitz,    Max. 

Opitz.    Richard. 

Paige,  F.  W. 

Paige,    O.    R. 

Patow,   Wm. 

Peake,   Elmer. 

Peake.    John. 

Phelan,    John. 

Pieck,   ^Charles. 

Penneton,    Patrick. 

Perry,    C.    W. 

Peterson,    Julius. 

Peterson   P.    M.,    R. 

Polkow,    Godfried. 

Polkow,    Henry. 


Polkow,    Otto. 
Possehl,     Christian. 
,  Possehl,    Henry. 
Pulfer,    Charles. 
Putzier,    Charles. 
Quinlan,     Peter. 
Radloff,  Georgia. 
Radloff,    Herman. 
Reinhardt,   Jacob. 
Rice,    John. 
Rieckhoff,    Maria. 
Riemer,    Henry. 
Roach,    M.    J. 
Roach,    Wm.   J. 
Robbins,   F.   K. 
Robbins,   J.   N. 
Roethlisberger,  J. 
Roethlisberger,    R. 
Rothmeyer,    C. 
Rothmeyer,    M. 
Rothmeyer.    George   J. 
Rourke,  Morgan. 
Russell,    James   A. 
Schiefelbien.    A. 
Schmidt,   Albert. 
Schmidt,    C.    F. 
Schmidt,  Julius. 
Schmidt.   Wm. 
Schneider,    Frsd. 
Schoepf,    Charles. 
Schoepf,  David. 
Schrampfer,    Christ, 
Schulte,    Edmond. 
Schrampfer,   George. 
Schulte,   Herman. 
Schulte,    Joseph, 
Schwencke,  J,  H. 
Seifert,  Fred. 
Seifert,    F.'  W. 
Seifert,    Otto. 
Shaw,   Henry. 
Shaw,   Oscar. 
Siege,  Theodore. 
Smith,   Fred. 
Smith,    L.    D. 
Spencer,  James, 
Stahl,   Can, 
Stahl,    Edward. 
Stahl,    George. 
Stahl,   Louis, 
Stahl,  Mary. 
Stallljaum.  John. 
Staub,    Louis. 
Steckelberg,    John. 
Steen,    J.    F. 
Steen,  J.  W- 


Stence,   John. 
Stence.    Martin. 
Stendel  Godfried 
Stendel,  Wm, 
Storbeck,  August. 
Storbeck,    Henry. 
Strom.me,   Charles. 
Stromme  Olaf 
Summers,   Christ. 
Taake,   August. 
Taake,  Fred. 
Taake,    George. 
Taake,  Henry, 
Taake.   Wm. 
Tait,    Eliza. 
Tangeman,  A.  F. 
Theodore,  Wm. 
Thillen,   Fred. 
Thillen.    Henry. 
Thillen,    Nick. 
Tieden,   Anna. 
Tieden,   Frank. 
Tieden,    George. 
Tieden,    Jans. 
Tieden,    Louis. 
Tiffany,  Mrs.  Ella, 
Tollefson,    Anna,    R 
Torkelson,    H.    L- 
Torkelson,   T.   L. 
Toutch,  Henry. 
Tresch,    John    J. 
Tujetsch,    Albert. 
Tujetsch,    Andrew. 
Tujetsch,   George. 
Tujetsch.   Thomas. 
Uecker,   John. 
Upton,   Charles. 
Upton,  John  F. 
Uriell,    Joseph. 
Uriell,    Wm.    P. 
Vogt,  F.  W. 
Vulgraff,   Dora. 
Wagner,  Charles, 
Wagner,    C.    G. 
Wagner,    Fred. 
Wagner,    John    G. 
Wagner,   L.   E. 
Walters,  James. 
Wareham,    George. 
Wells,  A.   H. 
West,    John, 
West  Thomas 
West,    Wm. 
West,   W.   E. 
Wilke,    Arthur. 
Wilke,  Louis. 


302 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Williamson,  H.  C 
Williamson,  H.  H. 
T^^illmes  Dominick 
Willmes,  Nicholas. 
Willmes,  Simon. 


Wing-,    Ben. 
Wing-,    Paul. 
Wistrick,  Fred. 
Wistrick,  Henry. 
Woods,  Al. 


Woods,    Forest. 
Yearous,    Andrew. 
Yearous,   W-   F. 


ELKPORT  POST  OFFICE 

Is  located  on  north  side  of  Elk  Creek  and  west  side  of  Turkey  River. 
On  the  C,  M.  Sc  St.  P.  Railroad,  surrounded  by  rich  and  fertile  farm 
lands.  It  is  forty-three  miles  northwest  of  Dubuque  and  thirteen  miles 
southeast  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat.  It  has  good  public  schools,  three 
churches,  flour  mill,  bank,  etc.  Population  250.  W.  U.  Telegraph.  U. 
S.  Express.     Telephone  connections. 


N.  Costigan,  P.  M. 
Emma  Costigan  Asst. 

Amling,    Charles. 
Amling,  Frank. 
Amling,    Fred. 
Amling,   Fred,   jr. 
Amling,    George   W. 
Amling,    Jacob. 
Amling,    Nettie. 
Amsden,    Whitney. 
Appleton,    Mrs.    Edith. 
Appleton,   W.   W. 
Bahr,    Peter. 
Bals,    John. 
Beatty,  James  H. 
Beck,    D.    C. 
Beck.   Edward. 
Beck,    J     c. 
Becker,  H(;nry. 
Becker,   Hejiry,   jr. 
Beeh,    Chris. 
Beeh,    Henry. 
Benschneider,    Louis. 
Blanchaine,    Charles. 
Bloodworth,  M.   P. 
Boehm,   Henry.    J. 
Boehm,    Wm.    J. 
Bowman,    Aaron. 
Bowman  Lovett 
Bowman,  Watson. 
Brandtman,    Henry. 
Brookshier,    J.    p. 
Brookshier,    W.    W. 
Buckley,   Jeremiah. 
Buschkofsky,   Martin. 
Challand,   C.    F. 
Combs,    John, 
Coonfare,  James. 
Costigan,   Michael. 
Costigan   N. 
Costigan,    Patrick. 


Costigan,  Wm. 
Curran,   Wm. 
Darrow,    Newell. 
Darrow,   Sylvester. 
Dennis,    Frank. 
Derr,    Martin. 
Dietrich   Peter 
Doran,    Edward. 
Doran,  Francis. 
Doran,  John. 
Doran,    Julia. 
Eggerth,    Edward. 
Fineckle,  John. 
Fritz,  Aug-ust. 
Gayler,    Daniel. 
Gifford,   George. 
Gifford,   P.   P. 
Gleason,    C.    H. 
Gleason,  Clarence  D. 
Godden,   Charles. 
Godden,   Herbert   N 
Godden,  Joseph. 
Godden,  Wm. 
Hafner,    Henry. 
Hageman,  B. 
Hageman,    Frank. 
Hageman.  Max. 
Hall,   Mrs.   Elias. 
Harbaugh.   Daniel. 
Harris,  Wm. 
Heiden,  Charles, 
Hoffman,   Casper. 
Hohman  George 
Hohman  Anna 
Holman,   John. 
Horstman,    C.    H. 
Horstman,   Fred. 
Hunt,    Jonas. 
Jaster,   A.   C 
Jaster,   John, 
Jenkins,  Wm. 


Jones,    Abe. 
Jones,   John   J. 
Jones,  Wm. 
Kafer,    John. 
Kautz,    Otto. 
Kieber,   John. 
Kircher,  Charles. 
Knospe,   Wm. 
Koehn,   Wm. 
Kriebs,  Asa. 
Kriebs   F.   J. 
Kriebs  George 
Kriebs,    L.    E. 
Krieg,    Adolf, 
Krieg,   August, 
Krieg,   Charles, 
Krieg,   Charles,  jr. 
Krieg,   Fred. 
Kruse,  John. 
Kuehl,   Charles, 
Kuehl,   Joachim 
Kuehl,  John, 
Lovett,  Appleton. 
Lundt,   August. 
Lundt,    Fred. 
Lundt,    Henry, 
McDonald,    George. 
McEvers,    Francis   E. 
McEvers,    Isaac. 
McMonigal,   Selden, 
McMorrow,    Michael, 
Mathews,  John. 
Menge,    Agnes. 
Menge,    Louis. 
Meyer,  ^Villiam.    . 
Michael,  Elmer  E. 
Mueller,    Herman. 
Mueller,    H.    F. 
Mueller,   Ida. 
Murphy,    John, 
Musfeldt,  Henry. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY 


303 


Musfeldt,   Wm. 
Nimmo,    Wm. 
Noggle,   Milton. 
O'Meara,  John  J. 
Ortmann,   John. 
Ortmann,    William. 
Peick,  Fred. 
Phelan,    P.    A. 
Phelan,   Thomas. 
Phelan,  T.  T. 
Plagman,   Charles. 
Plagman,  Christ. 
Preston,  Willard. 
Putz,   Charles. 
Putz,   Conrad. 
Putz,  Henry. 
Putz,    John. 
Putz,  Joseph. 
Renschel,  A.   C. 
Rentschler,    Michael. 
Rhines,  Charles. 
Rhines,   J.   H. 
Roeder,  George. 
Rogers,   John. 
Ross,    Squire. 
Ruegnitz,    George. 


Ruegnitz,  G.  G. 
Smith,  Winfrey. 
Smothers,    Daniel. 
Smothers,   Martha  A. 
Soil,    Charles. 
Soil,  Sigmund. 
Stadelmeier,   Casper. 
Stansberry,   Warren. 
Stewart,   George. 
Stover.  Philip. 
Stroschen,  Wm. 
Sullivan,  Daniel. 
Thien,    Frank   M. 
Van   Sickle,   Charles. 
Waterman,   C.    C. 
Waterman,  G.  W. 
Waterman,    Henry. 
Waterman,   John. 
Waterman,  W.  T. 
Wenkstern,    Charles. 
Wentz,    Christoph. 
Wetz,    Christ.. 
Willo,    Henry. 
Williams,   F.  F. 
Younkm.an,    Samuel. 
Zapf,    Albert. 


Zapf,   Hubert. 
Zap!',   Michael. 
Zoarley,    John,    jr. 
Rulon,  Philip. 
Schmidt,    Henry. 
Schmidt,  John. 
Schmill,    Fred. 
Schmill,  Fred,  jr. 
Schnack,   Henry. 
Schnack,  John. 
Schnack,   P.  W. 
Schroeder,  Henry. 
Schultz.  Charles. 
Schultz,   Henry. 
Schwartz,    Joseph. 
Schweikert,    Christ. 
Schweikert,  Jacob, 
Scovel   A.    L. 
Shadle,  Joseph. 
Shepard,  B.  W. 
Sierks,  Peter. 
Smith,  David. 
Smith,    Edward, 
Smith,  Samuel  J, 


FARMERSBURG  POST  OFFICE 

A  thriving  village  beautifully  located  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R-, 
seven  and  one-half  miles  from  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  seventy  miles 
by  rail  from  Dubuque.  Population  200.  W.  U.  Telegraph.  U.  S.  Express. 
Telephone  connections. 


Christian       F.       IVleier, 

Postmaster. 
Claudia  M.  Meier,  Asst. 
Adams,  James  T. 
Adams,   Nancy. 
Acams,  W.  Q. 
Aulerich,  George. 
Aulerich,   Henry. 
Baade,   John. 
Eaade.  Joseph. 
Baade,   Louis. 
Baade,    William. 
Barnhard   John,   R  1 
Bartels,    P.    M.    J. 
Beales,    W.    A. 
Benzing,  Lewis. 
Bernhardt,    Clarence. 
Bernhardt,    John. 
Boiler,   Charles. 
Boiler,    Ernest. 
Boiler,  Henry. 
Botsford,  W.  F. 
Brandt,   G.  A. 


Brown,  Leslie, 
Brown,  W.  A. 
Buck,  August. 
Buckman,  Fred. 
Buckman,  W.  E. 
Burnham,  Francis. 
Burnham  Minnie 
Burnham,   Ray. 
Butts,   C.   M. 
Butts,  Frank  C,  R  1. 
Christenson,    August. 
Church,    J.    P. 
Cook,    Daniel. 
Cook,  Mrs.  Ella. 
Cook,    George    O. 
Corlett  F.  J. 
Darrow,    G.    H. 
Debs,    August. 
Drahn,    Fred. 
Drahn,    Henry   W. 
Drallmeier,  Wm. 

raves.  John. 
Egger,    Wm. 


Embretson,    O,    G. 
Engelhardt,   Mary. 
Engelhardt,    Rudolph. 
Everall,   John. 
Faber, "  Fritz. 
Faber,    Louis. 
Fasher,   Fred. 
Fuelling,    Ernest. 
Fuelling,    L.    C. 
Fuelling,    Wm.    F, 
Gall,   Herman. 
Gilster,   Henry. 
Gilster,    Henry   A. 
Gritzmacher,  A.  J, 
Haltmeyer,  Ernest. 
Harnack,    Henry. 
Hauschen,    Wilhelmine. 
Hendershot,   J.  D. 
Henkes,    Adam. 
Henkes,  Arthur. 
Henkes,    Cy. 
Henkes,  George. 
Henkes,   J.    J. 


;o4 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Helming-,    Henry. 
Hinsch,  Charles. 
Hinsch,   C.   H. 
Hinsch,    H.    D. 
Ihde.   Christ. 
Jauert,    Rud. 
Jones,  Willis. 
Kallmorgan,  John. 
Kamp,    Henry. 
Kishman,    A.    A. 
Klasen,   Fred. 
Klefoth,    J.    C. 
Klinge,   Fritz. 
Kling-e,    F.    J. 
Klinge,  Henry. 
Kluth,   Ernst. 
Kluth,    John   J. 
Knight,   Eben  L. 
Knudson,  Henry. 
Knudson,    Herbrand. 
Koth,  Wm. 
Kruse,   Henry  F. 
Kucke,    Fritz. 
Kurth,   Fred. 
Kurth,  Wm. 
Kuthe,   Charles. 
Kuthe,  Richard. 
Kutzback,  Henry. 
Lenth,  Carl. 
Lenth,   Wm. 
Lewis,    Andros. 
Little,   J.   M. 
Little,  John  M. 


Looby,  Edward. 
Luepker,    Fred. 
Luepker,  Wm. 
McNamara,  John. 
Marfllius.   Charles. 
Marks,   Wm. 
Marting,    J.    F. 
Mathews,    Bert. 
Mathews,  Edward. 
Mathews,  James. 
Meier,   C.   F. 
Meier,    C.   W. 
Meier,    George  F. 
Meier,   John   D. 
]>,Iertens,    William. 
Meyer,  Henry  C. 
Miller,   Jacob. 
Moon,  W.   B. 
Mueller,   Henry. 
Neilson,    Peter. 
Neverman,  Fritz. 
Oelke,    A.    H. 
Oelke,  C.  W. 
Oelke,    E.    C. 
Oelke,  Helmuta. 
Oelke  Henry 
Oelke,  Henry,  jr. 
Oelke,    W.    H. 
Palas.  Mrs.  John. 
Pettit,    Vern. 
Pixler,   J.   M. 
Possehl  Reka 
Radloff.    C.    F. 


Reardon  Daniel 
Reinke  Charles 
Reinke,    Ferdinand. 
Reinke,    Herman. 
Rogers,   A.   F. 
Rollins,  Charles. 
Rubach,   Maria. 
Russow,    Michael. 
Paake  Louis 
Scherf,   Robert. 
Schmalfeldt,  Christ. 
Schmalfeldt.   J.    C. 
Sebastian,  F. 
Seeland,  Fred. 
Seeland,   Wm. 
Shepperd,  George. 
Sickel,    Lambert, 
Strien,  Charles. 
Suddendorf,   G.   H. 
Suddendorf,   Henry. 
Thompson,   H.    W. 
Thoreson,   Haaken. 
Thoreson,    Ole. 
Tielber,  Gustav. 
Tiess,   Wm.    J. 
Verhoti,   Jacob. 
Voelker,   Mrs.   Fred. 
Voelker,   ^^illiam. 
Vogt,  John. 
Vulgraft",   Henry. 
Vulgraff    Wm. 
Wahls,    Fred. 
Zuercher.  Gottlieb. 


FROELICH  POST  OFFICE 

A  station  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.  in  the  northern  part  of  Clayton 
county,  twelve  miles  north  of  Elkader  the  county  seat,  and  sixty-five 
miles  from  Dubuque  by  rail.  Population  -50.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U. 
Telegraph.     Telephone  connections. 


Edwin      T.       Froehlich,    Hamann,  Charles. 


Postmaster. 
E.  A.  Burlingame,  Asst. 
Allert,  W.   J. 
Baade,  John. 
Drahn,    Fred. 
Drahn,    Henry. 
Elfert,    Henry. 
Froelich,    E.    T. 


Havilicek,    Mathias. 
Melwig,  Conrad. 
H  el  wig,   Wm. 
Hoth,    Henry. 
Lampker,   John. 
Lange,  Adam. 
Lange,   Fred. 
Schiff,    Louis. 


Seeland,   John. 
Snyder,   John  L. 
Splies,   John  H. 
Ulrich,  George. 
Vendt.  John  D. 
^Vickersheim,  H.  J. 
Wickersheim,  Wm.  B. 


GARNAVILLO  POST  OFFICE 

An  inland  village  six  miles  west  of  Clayton,  and  about  twelve  miles 
east  of  EH.ad:-r,  the  county  seat  and  nearest  banking  place.  The  nearest 
railroad  is  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  which  has  stations  six  miles  distant 
in  every  direction.     The  village  is  located  on  a  beautiful  and  very  pro- 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


505 


ductive  prairie,  and  there  is  an  abundant  supply  of  timber  in  the  vicinity. 
Has  good  public  schools,  convent,  churches,  milling  company,  etc.,  and 
enjoys  a  prosperous  farm  trade.  Stages  daily  to  Blkader  and  Clayton 
with  mail;  fare  50  cents  to  either  place.  Telephone  connections.  Popu- 
lation 300. 


Henry     Luehsen,    Post- 
master. 
M.   H.    Luehsen,  Asst. 

Allyn,   TVm.   M. 
AUyn,    Wm.    M.,   jr. 
Auer,   Edward. 
Auer,   Frank. 
Auer,    Frank,    jr. 
Auer,  Joseph. 
Bah  Is,    Albert. 
Bahls,    Alax. 
Baier,  George. 
Bauer,  Christ. 
Beck,    Otto. 
Beckett,    S.    W. 
Berns,   Frank. 
Berns,   Otto. 
Berns,  Peters. 
Berns,   Peter  J. 
Biederman,   George. 
Bierderman,  Jacob. 
Biederman,   Joseph. 
Biederman,  Joseph,  jr. 
Blunk,    Herman. 
Blunk,  Wm. 
Brandt,    Hehiiuth. 
Brandt,  Henry. 
Braun,    K.    W. 
Bruns,   F.  H. 
Bruns,  George  L. 
Brideweser,  W.  J. 
Bunge,   John  G. 
Butts,    G.    W. 
Butts,   Henry. 
Carrier,   Glint  R. 
Clair,   Charles   H. 
Clair,   D.   B. 
Clefisch,   Henry. 
Cooper,  Charles. 
Crawford,  A.  N. 
Crosby,  J.  O. 
Day,  F.  L. 
Dehn,   John. 
Dettmann,  C.  A. 
Dettmer,  Henry. 
Dettmer,  H.  H. 
Dickman,  C.  W. 
Dickman,  H.  W. 
Duede,  Chris. 
Espolt,  Louis. 
Fallon,  Sarah. 


Fascher,    Carl. 
Fehlhafer,    H.   H. 
Fritz,   M.  W. 
Fry,    John. 
Fry,    Theodore. 
Georges,   Carl. 
Grieniann,  Herman. 
Gruel,    Henry. 
Gruel,   John. 
Gruel,  Wm.  F. 
Gruetzmacher,  J.   H. 
Guth,   Herman. 
Hademan,  Charles. 
Hagensick,   Frank. 
Hainz  John 
Hamann,  Christ  G. 
Hammann,  August. 
Hanimann,    John. 
Hammann,   John,  jr. 
Hand,   W.  W. 
Harberg,   Fred. 
Harnack,  Bernard. 
Harnack,   G.   L. 
Harnack,'  John. 
Harnack,  John,  jr. 
Harnack,   M.   F. 
Hartwig,    L,.    C. 
Havill,    Louis. 
Havill,    Martin. 
Hedeman,  C.  G. 
Hempeler,  C.  H. 
Hempeler,  Wm. 
Henning,    Charles. 
Henning,   John. 
Hildenbrandt,  Carl. 
Hill,   George. 
Hill,    TVm. 
Hinzman,  Richard. 
Hohman,  Frank  M. 
Hudson,   J.  W. 
Ihde,  August. 
Ihde,  Fred. 
Ihde,  John  F. 
Ihde,  Joseph. 
Ihde,    TVm.    H. 
Jahnke,   Ferdinand. 
Jahnke,   Wm. 
Joels,   E. 
Kainz,  Joseph. 
Kaiser  J.    G. 
Kaiser,    W.    E. 


Kann,    F.    W. 
Keelmer,    Gottlieb. 
Kirschner,    August. 
Kister,   Joseph. 
Koehn,  Ferdinand. 
Koss,    John. 
Kranel,    Edward. 
Krasinsky,   Theodore. 
Kregel,  Alvin  J. 
I-Iregel,   C.   F. 
Kregel,    Dietrich. 
Kregel,    E.    W. 
Kregel  H.  D. 
Kregel,    J.    D. 
Kregel,    Wm. 
Kregel,    W.   A. 
Krouse,   Fred. 
Krueger,  M.  P. 
Kuenzel,  H.  C. 
Kuhlman,  F.  W. 
Kuhlman,  George. 
Kuhlman,   H.   H. 
Lembke,   Fred. 
Lembke,  John. 
Limbach,  Henry. 
Limbach,    Joseph. 
Lindman,    W.    F. 
Lockridge,   W.   C. 
Luehsen,   Henry. 
Mach,  Constantine, 
Marting,    C.    J. 
Marting,  L.  J. 
Matt,   Theresa. 
Meier,    Charles. 
Meier,   L.   H. 
Meyer,    Arthur. 
Meyer,   August  W. 
Meyer,    Carl. 
Meyer,   Charles   G. 
Meyer,  Joseph. 
Meyer,   Joseph,   jr. 
Meyer,  Theodore  L. 
Meyer,   Wm.   C. 
Meyer,   Wm.  F. 
Miller,   C.   F. 
Miller,  Herman. 
Milwesky,    Frank. 
Moellering,   Wm. 
Mohrman,   Wm.    , 
Mueller,   F.    D. 
Mueller,   F.  H. 


30G 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Mueller,   H.  J. 
Mueller,    H.    L. 
Neubauer,  Otto. 
Nieter,  J.  H. 
Oelkers,   Prank  A. 
Petersen,  Albert. 
Petersen,  Peter. 
Petersen,  Peter,  jr. 
Petschauer,  Andrew. 
Petschauer,    Ferdinand. 
Possehl,   Fred. 
Possehl,  Henry. 
Possehl,  John. 
Preuse,   Herman. 
Putz,    F.    J. 
Rademacher,  Ed. 
Rademacher,  Wm.  F. 
Raedler,    Louis. 
Rantzow,   C.   H. 
Rantzow,   Paul  O. 
Rehberg,   Wm. 
Reim.er,  John. 
Reinke,    Louis. 
Rhoda,    Fred. 
Roeben,    Fritz, 
Roebken,  Abner. 
Roebken,   Fred. 
Roebken,  Orville. 
Rogg-man,  Charles. 
Rohde  Reimer 
Rohwedder,  Frank. 
Rohwedder,   Henry. 
Rohwedder,    Herman. 
Sack,    Frank. 
Schaefers,   Henry. 
Schaefers,   Xavier. 
Schaefersmeyer,  H. 
Schaub,   Fred. 
Schaub,   Traugott. 
Siebertz,   John. 


Siebertz,    Wm.    H. 
Splies,    Wm.   J. 
Steemann,   Matt. 
Steinfadt,    F.    H. 
Stickford,    A.    H. 
Stickfort,    Benjamin. 
Stickfort,  C.  G. 
Stickfort,    Fritz. 
Stickfort,    P.   J. 
Stiehl,   J.   H.   H. 
Suckow,    Fred. 
Suckow,    Herman. 
Suelter,    Henry. 
Tackman,    Henry. 
Tackman,  Louis. 
Tackman,   Wm. 
Tangeman,    A.   F. 
Tangeman,  B.  G. 
Tangeman,   Edward. 
Tangeman,    George. 
Tangeman,   Henry. 
Tangeman,    H,    H. 
Tangeman,    J.    H. 
Tangeman,    Othmer. 
Tangeman,   W,   A. 
Theodore,    Wm. 
Thiese,    Henry. 
Thiese,    Herman. 
Thiese,    John. 
Thoma  Christ 
Thoma  Fred 
Thoma  C.  J. 
Thompson,    Peter. 
Thorp,    Fred. 
Tuecke,    J.    G. 
Tuecke,   Wm.    Julius. 
Wagner,    Albert. 
Walleser,    Emil. 
Walleser,   J.   H. 
Walter,   A.   J. 


Wendt  Fritz 
Werges,    H.    L. 
Werges,    L.    W. 
Werges,    Wm.    H. 
Wiedow,    August. 
Wilke,    Henry. 
Willmann,   E.  A. 
Wirkler,   Alfred  J. 
Wirkler,    Erwin. 
Wirkler,    John. 
Wirkler,    Joseph. 
Zaph,    Christ. 
Schenk,  August. 
Scherf,    John. 
Schlake,  Henry. 
Schmelzer,  Otto. 
Schmidt,   A.   A. 
Schmidt,  Carl  J. 
Schmidt,  C.  T. 
Schmidt,   F.   J. 
Schmidt,  Michael. 
Schroeder,  E.  C. 
Schroeder,    Rudolph. 
Schuldt,    Henry. 
Schulte,  C.   H. 
Schulte,   Henry. 
Schultz,  F.  A. 
Schumacher,  C.  W.. 
Schumacher,  H.  C. 
Schumacher,   J.   F.  | 

Schumacher  Orlando        \ 
Schumacher,   R.    O. 
Schumacher,   Wm. 
Schumacher,   Wm.  F. 
Schumacher,  Wm.  H. 
Seidel,    Fred. 
Seidel,    John. 
Seidel,  John  jr. 


GRAHAM  POST  OFFICE 

A  post  office  six  miles  southwest  of  Turkey  River,  its  nearest  railway 
and  shipping  point.     Population  25.     Telephone  connections. 


Geo.    P.    Burgess,    Post- 
master. 
Clara   L.  Burgess,  Asst. 

Andregg,    Robert. 
Bolsinger,    Norman. 
Bowers,  B.   F. 
Bowers,    Solomon. 
Burgess,    G.    P. 
Coon,   L.   M. 
Cornwell,  John  A. 
Cornwell,   P.   A. 
Cornwell,  Thomas. 
Craig,   Miss  Edna  C. 


Funk,   Elmer. 
Goldsmith,    Edward. 
Graham,   C.    H. 
Graham,    G.   J. 
Haggard,  Freeman. 
Knickerbocker,  Anna. 
Livingston,  Samuel. 
Lockoff,  John. 
Lockoff,    Peter. 
Mast,    Earl. 
Mast,  George  W. 
Mast,  Henry. 
Parsons,  Wm. 


Radabah,   Charles. 
Radabah,  Jonathan. 
Ray,    Isaac. 
Ricker,   Melvin  M. 
Rippey,  George. 
Schrunk,  W.  H. 
Sickels,   Daniel. 
Smith,    A.    J. 
Smothers,    James. 
Staebler,  Charles. 
Welch,   G.   W. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


307 


GUNDER  POST  OFFICE 

A  post  office  about  six  miles  east  of  Elgin  (Fayette  County),  and 
twelve  miles  northwest  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat.  Population  95.  Tel- 
ephone connections. 

Marie    Halvorson,   Post- 
master. 
M.  J.   Halvorson,  Asst. 

Amundson,   Adolph. 
Amundson,    Hans. 
Amundson,    H.    J. 
Amundson,    Louis. 
Bergan,    Margaret  O. 
Christianson,  Ole  jr. 
Erickson,    Mrs.    Andrew. 
Frederick,   A.   H. 
Gulbranson,    Halvor. 
Gulsvig-,     Wm.     E, 
Halvorson,   Maria  J. 
Holm,  Nels  O. 
Holm,   T.   A. 
Jenson.   Maren. 


Johnson,  August. 
Johnson,    Carl. 
Johnson,  Nic. 
Jurgenson,  Jens. 
King,   George  H. 
Knudson,   G. 
Knudson,  Nils. 
Koland,  G.  A. 
Lien,    E.   L. 
Mork,  Thomas  E. 
Xass,    Mrs.    G.    G. 
Nelson,  C.   L. 
Nelson  N. 
Nelson,    Ole. 
Nelson,    Ole    G. 
Nelson,   Ole  L. 
Nj^borg,  A.  O. 


Olson,  Asgrim. 
Olson,    Halvor. 
Olson,  Olavus  K. 
Olson,   Ole   K. 
Olson,    T.    J. 
Peterson  Henry 
Peterson,  Kittel. 
Reirson  R.   L. 
Riser,   Herman. 
Rugland,  Ben. 
Rugland,  Gunder, 
Ruroden,   A. 
Ruroden,  T.  C. 
Simpson.  Knut. 
Surby,    Olaf. 
Wellersven,  P.  P. 
Wetleson,  Tov. 


GUTTENBERG  POST  OFFICE 

(Inside  Town) 
This  flourishing,  incorporated  town  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  and  this 
with  the  steamers  running  regularly  on  the  Mississippi,  affords  unusually 
good  shipping  facilities.  It  is  thirty-five  miles  from  Dubuque,  twenty-two 
southeast  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  nineteen  south  of  McGregor. 
It  contains  German-Lutheran,  German-Catholic  and  Methodist  churches, 
public  and  Catholic  schools.  The  manufacturing  industries  are  repre- 
sented as  follows:  A  sawmill  with  a  cutting  capacity  of  125,000  feet  of 
lumber  per  day  and  which  employs  about  175  men  from  early  in  Spring 
till  late  in  the  Fall,  a  hardwood  lumber  mill,  a  steam  roller  flouring  mill 
with  a  capacity  of  100  barrels  of  flour  per  day,  two  grain  elevators,  planing 
mill,  lumber  yards,  soda  water  factory,  brewery,  pearl  button  and  excelsior 
factories,  fine  water  works,  and  a  number  of  special  and  general  stores, 
and  supports  two  weekly  newspapers,  the  News  and  Press.  It  maintains 
two  banks,  one  state  and  one  private,  the  latter  being  one  of  the  strong- 
est in  Iowa.  The  location  of  the  town  is  on  a  handsome  prairie,  extend- 
ing from  the  base  of  the  bluffs  one-half  mile  eastward  to  the  river  and 
about  three  miles  in  length.  Has  a  fine  public  park  and  first  class  hotel. 
Principal  shipments,  grain,  flour,  lumber  and  live  stock.  U.  S.  Express. 
W.  U.  Telegraph.     Telephone  connections.     Mail  daily.     Population,  2,000. 


James  Schroeder,  P.  M. 
Mrs.  J.  Schroeder  Asst. 

Abitz,   Fred. 
Adam,    Peter. 
Amann,  Henry. 


Amann,    John. 
Andregg  John 
Ary,    Levi   D. 
Aulwes,  Fred  W. 
Aulwes,   John. 


Aulwes,    Louis. 
Ball,  Carl. 
Ball,  Ludwig. 
Baltes,  Constance. 
Balzer,   Fred. 


;o8 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


BarJ^knecht,  Charles. 
Bartlett  Rev.  E.  C. 
Barton,  Henry. 
Baumgartner,    Joel. 
Bechler,    Jacob. 
Beck,    Baptiste, 
Beernian,   Benjamin. 
Beermann,   Louis  H. 
Beermann,  Wm. 
BEERMAN,   WM.    J. 

(See    Ad    back    cover). 
Behm,  Adolph. 
Behrens,    Elizabeth. 
Behrens,   Helmuth  H. 
Behrnd,     V\^ilhelniina. 
Beutel,   Bros, 
Beutel,   Charles. 
Beutel,    Charlotte. 
Beutel,  Gustav. 
Beyer  Arthur    E. 
Bierbaum,    Albert    L. 
Biederman,  John  P. 
Block,   Fred   H. 
Bock.    Francisca. 
Boder,   Elizabeth. 
Borcherding,   Wm. 
Borcherding,   Wm.  jr. 
Borman,  August  H. 
Bosecker,   Fred. 
Brandtman,  Lizzie. 
Braun,  Lena. 
Brinkmann,    Rev.    J.    H. 
Brock,   John, 
Bruening,  Wm. 
Buechel,  Henry. 
Bunke,  Lena. 
Burns,   Mrs.   Alice. 
Burr,  Elizabeth. 
Burr,   Mathias. 
Carter,  Miss  Lizzie. 
Casanova,  John. 
Casanova,  Joseph. 
Caspar,  Mathias. 
Cassutt,  Emma. 
Cassutt,    John. 
Cassutt.   Thomas. 
CENTRAL    HOUSE. 
Chase.    Edwin    W. 
Cherne,  Charles. 
Class,    Gustav   A. 
Class,   Mrs.   Louisa. 
CLAYTON    COUNTY 

BANK. 

(See    Ad    front    cover). 
CLAYTON    COUNTY 

JOURNAL. 
Coleman,  Eliza. 
Coleman,  Robert  H. 


CoUett,  Fred. 
Commercial  House. 
Connors,  John. 
Cooper,    Harry. 
Daacke,   Henry. 
Daacke,   Henry  W. 
David,   Fred. 
Dent,  Fred  J. 
De   Sotel,   John  C. 
De   Sotel,   J.   M. 
De  Sotel,  Louis. 
Dietrich,  Carl. 
Dittmer,   Gustav. 
Dittmer,  Martin. 
Doerweiler  Anton 
Doney,  Alfred. 
Dortland,  Joseph. 
Drenkhahn,    Charles. 
Drenikahn  Wm. 
Drollmann,   Walburga. 
Dubbels,    John. 
Duffln  Bros.,   M.   D. 
Duffin,  Charles  W. 
DUFFIN,   EARL  J. 
DufRn,  William  L. 
Duwe,   Dietrich. 
Duwe,   Edward. 
Eberhard,    Edward    P. 
Eberhardt,  Catharine. 
Eckart,    Henry. 
Sckart,    Miss   Ida. 
Eckart,  John  P. 
Eggerth,    Casper. 
Eilers,   Bernard  H, 
Filers,  Hermann  G. 
Eilers,  Henry. 
Eilers,  Margaret. 
Emch,    Nicholas. 
Ennen  Edmund 
EPPENS   MARGARET. 
Erdmann,  Wm. 
Erhardt,    Fred. 
Erie.    Ferdinand. 
Esser,    Amelia. 
Fahling,  Henry. 
Fahling,   Wm.  F. 
Falkenhainer,  Charles  C. 
Fassbinder,    Gottfried. 
Fassbinder,    Henry. 
Fehlhafer,  Fred  A. 
Felder,   August. 
Felder,    Joseph. 
Felder,  Julia. 
Felder,    Margaret, 
Felsch,   Otto. 
Fest,  John. 
Fister,    Lena. 
Flechsig,  Miss  Christina. 


Flenkje,    Wilhelmina. 

Floeder,    B.    Henry. 

Follmann,  Jacob. 

Follman,  Wm. 

Franks,    Wiley  W. 

Fredelake,  Henry. 

French,   George. 

Frey,    Emil. 

Frey,  Mrs.  Tillie. 

Friedlein,  Fred. 

Friedlein,   Fred  N. 

Friedlein,   George. 

Friedlein,  George  F. 

Friedlein,   Harriett. 

Friedlein,   Nicholas. 

Friedlein,  Wiley  E. 

Friedlein,   Wm.   L. 

Fricke,    August. 

Fricke,   Henry. 

Fricke,    Jessie. 

Pritsche,  Andreas. 

Frommelt,    Frank. 

Frommelt,  Louis. 

Fry,   Hannah. 

Pry,   Theodore. 

Fuellemann,  Agatha. 

Fuerste,  Charles. 

Fuerste,  Mrs.   Louise. 

Garretson,  J.  W. 

Gelof,   Mary. 

Geuder,    Ernst. 

Geuder,   Helena. 

Geuder,  Leonard. 

Geuder,  Louis. 

Geuger,   Henry. 

Giencka,  Carl. 

Gilbertz,   Michael. 

Gobell,   Henry. 

Gobell,   Miss   Mattie  E.       j 

Goers,  Mrs.  Annie. 

Goers,   Dora. 

Goetz.    Bdvv^ard   L. 

GOSSARD,  ALBERT  A. 

GOSSARD    &    WOL- 
FORD. 
(See    Ad    back    cover). 

Gray,  Otis  E. 

Greenley,    Frank. 

GreenwgLldt,    Henry. 

Guss,   George. 

Gussmann,  Johanna. 

Guttenberg         Excelsior 
Mfg.    Co. 

Guttenberg    Pearl    But- 
ton Co. 

Guttenberg  Printing  Co. 

Guttenberg   State  Bank. 

Hagen,    Fred. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


309 


Hag-en,    Ule, 
Hagensick,    Mathias. 
Harris,    Elwyn. 
Harter,   Edward. 
Harter,   Frank  J. 
Harvey.  Charles  S. 
Haubach,    Wm. 
Hausler,  Joseph. 
Heiden,    August. 
Heiller,  August. 
Heine,   Wm.   H. 
Heitmann,   Henry  J. 
Heitmann,  J.  H. 
Herboldsheinier,  B. 
Herboldslieimer,  John  S. 
Hermann,   George. 
Hesse,    Ella. 
Hilstob,  Jacob. 
Hinners,    Frank. 
Hirschbuchler,  John. 
Hodges,  Thomas  J. 
Holtz,    Henry. 
Homann  August 
Homann  August  jr. 
Horsch,  Emma  G. 
Horsch,   Jacob  H. 
Horsch,    Louisa. 
Horsch,    Robert. 
Horsch,   Wm.   P. 
Howe,   Louisa. 
Huene,  August. 
Huene,   John  E. 
Huene,  Mary. 
Ihm.    Emil. 
Ihm,    Herman. 
Ingwersen,    David. 
Ingwersen.    John. 
Ives  Thomas   S. 
JACOBS   GEORGE   M. 
Jacobs,    Henry. 
Jaeger,   Joseph. 
James,   Benj.   W. 
Janzig-  Rev.  John 
Jenkins,    Charles    B. 
Jenkins,  Charles  W. 
Jenkins,  Horace  G. 
Johnson,    Charles    P. 
Johnson.   George  H. 
Johnson,  Wm. 
Jost.    Fred. 
Jungblut,   Wm.   J. 
Jungk,    Mary. 
Jungk,    Mathias. 
Jung-k,    Nick. 
Junk.    Charles. 
Junk,    Mathias. 
Junk  Peter  P. 
Junk  Vincent 


Junk,   Wm. 
Junk,   W.  H. 
Kaiser,   Joseph. 
Kampmeyer,  Henry. 
Kann,    Anna   M. 
Kann,   Wm.    H. 
Kappen,  Albert. 
Kappen,    Clemens. 
Kappen,  Henry. 
Kappen,   Hubert. 
Kellett,  Thomas  A. 
Kennicker,  Joseph. 
Kennicker,  Mrs.  Mary. 
Kickbush,   Wm. 
Kipper,    Frank  jr. 
Kirch,  Philip. 
Klinkenberg,   Carl. 
Kloser,   George. 
Kluth,  George  F. 
Kluth,   John, 
Knoch,   Emil. 
Kohler,  Anna. 
Kohler,  Conrad. 
Kohler,    George. 
Kohler,   Innick. 
Kords,    Margaret. 
Kords,  Wm.  L. 
Kramicr,   Jacob. 
Kregel,    Henry. 
Kregel,    John. 
Kregel,    Wm. 
Kriebs,   Lena. 
Kriese,  Christina. 
Kriesler,    Catharine. 
Kriesler,  John. 
Kruse,  Edward. 
Kruse.   Fritz. 
Kruse,     John. 
Kruse,  Louis. 
Kuempel,   Bros. 
Kuempel,   Edward. 
Kuempel,   John. 
Kuempel,   John   C. 
Kuhl,    Bernard. 
Kurtz,   Charles. 
Lake,   Benjamin. 
Lake,    Frederica. 
Lake,  Otto  H. 
Lancaster,   Grant. 
Langmann,  Wm. 
Leigh,   Wm. 
Leitgen,  Fred  C. 
Leliefeld,  Gerhardt. 
Leliefeld,   Henry. 
Lewis,   John  A. 
Lindroth,    Wm. 
Link,    John    jr. 
Litchfield,   J.,  D.  D.   S. 


Loeseke,  Wm. 
Lorenz,  Anton. 
Lueck,  Annie. 
Lueck,  Henry. 
Luther,   Calvin  P. 
Luther,  John. 
McErlain,    J.  A..  D.  D.  S. 
McGuire,  Catharine. 
Madden,  Edward. 
Maier,    Maria. 
Maier,    Nicholas. 
Marmann,    Henry. 
Marmann,    Nicholas, 
Matt,    Henry. 
Meisser,    Andrew. 
Mell,   John. 
Merz,   Balthasar. 
Meyer,   Adolph   G. 
Meyer,  Alfred. 
Meyer,   A.    &  Bro. 
Meyer,   Martini. 
Miller,  Diederich. 
Miller,    Henry. 
Miller,   John   H. 
Miller,    John    R. 
Miller,    Sumner. 
Minger,  Ann. 
Minger,  Benjamin. 
Minkel,  Louis. 
Mitrucker,  Christian. 
Mohrhauser,    George. 
Mohrmann,  Herman. 
Monaghan,    Cornelius. 
Montgomery,  Pearl  But- 
ton Co. 
:Morris,   Harvey  E. 
Mueller,    Wm.   H. 
Need  ham,   Mrs.   Julia. 
Needham,    Michael    B. 
Needham  &  Flechsig. 
Nieland,   Mary. 
Niemeyer,  Charles. 
Niemeyer,    G.    H. 
Nigg,   Joseph. 
Nolte,    Mrs.    Emma. 
Nolte,    Wm. 
Norton,   Milton. 
Nute,  Edward. 
Osius,  Lorenz, 
Overbeck,  Henry  J. 
Patcner,    Alois. 
Pauli  Thomas 
Pelcer,   Charles. 
Pelcer,   Magdaline. 
Perrott,    Mrs.    Augusta. 
Petters,  Charles  W. 
Pfiffner,  Gust.  • 

Pink,  Andrew. 


310 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Pins,  Bernard  H. 
Pins,    John. 
Pins,  J.  &  Co. 
Pins,   Margaret. 
Pins,    Peter. 
Pluemer,  Minnie. 
Pohle,    Ed.    J.,    D.    D.    S. 
Powers,  John. 
PRESS    (THE). 
Pufahl,    Gottlieb. 
Purnhag-e,  Henry. 
Purnhag-e,  John. 
Purnhage,  Mathias. 
Putzier,    August. 
Pye,   Charles  E. 
Radach,   John. 
Radach,    Wm. 
Rademacher,    George. 
Rademacher,  Mary. 
Redemann,  Wm. 
Redemann,    Wm.    jr. 
Redwisch,   Jetta. 
Reinhardt,   Jacob. 
Riesselmann  Bernard 
Riesselmann,    Joseph. 
Riverview  Hotel. 
Rodenberg,  August. 
Rodenberg,  Wm. 
Rolfes,    Frank. 
Roth,   Andrew. 
Roth,    Benjamin. 
Roth,  Huber. 
Roth,  Theodore. 
Runkel,    Eva. 
Ruskaop,    Henrietta. 
Ruthop,    John. 
Sadawasser,  Albert. 
Sadawasser,  Herman. 
Sadawasser,   Philip. 
Saeugling,   Frank  C. 
Saeugling,   Fred  J. 
Saeugling,    Henry. 
Saeugling,   John. 
St.  Clair  House. 
Scheldt,  John  J. 
Scherling,   Conrad, 
bcherman,    Henry. 
Schmell,   Wm. 
Schmidt,    Fred. 
Schmidt,  Henry  B. 
i^'chnieder,  Henry. 
Schoenauer,    Edward. 
Schoenauer,  John. 


Schoenauer.    Theresa. 
SCHOLZ,    CHAS.    E. 
Scholz,    Helena. 
Scholz,    Robert   H. 
Scholz,  Wm.   H. 
Schord  Frank 
Schroeder,  August. 
Schroeder,  Fred. 
Schroeder,  Henry. 
Schroeder,  James. 
Schroeder,    Louis. 
Schroeder,  Mina. 
SCHROEDER   R.   E. 
Schulte,    Katie. 
Schumacher,   Charles. 
Schute,   Bernard. 
Schute  Henry 
Schute,  Herman. 
Schutte,    Eliza   M. 
Schutte,   Henry  B. 
Seippel,  Catharine. 
Seippel,   Mary. 
Seippel,    Wm. 
Siege,  Henry. 
Sieling,    Christian. 
Smart,  Frances. 
Smith,  C.  W. 
Smith,    Fred   J. 
Soltau,    John. 
Stamm,    Charles   W. 
Stamm,   John   W. 
Standard  Telephone  Co. 
Stoeffler  Andrew 
Stoeffler  Frank 
Stoeffler,   John  P. 
Stoeffler   Joseph 
Stoeffler  Louis 
Stoeffler  Philip 
Stoeffler    &    Siege. 
Studt,   Amelia. 
Talley,  Ambrose  E. 
Thamann,    Elizabeth. 
Thiese,   August. 
Thiese,    Louis. 
Thomas,   Frank. 
Thomas,    John    C. 
Thome,  Charles. 
Thorp,   Fred. 
Tieke,   Bernard. 
Tieke,    Mary. 
Timm,  Mary. 
Tindell,   Isaac  N. 
Tinkey,    David. 


Tinkey,    John    M. 
Tonnar,    Peter. 
Tschohl,  Emil. 
Tscholl,   John   B. 
1  ucke,   Ernestine. 
Tujetsch  Julius 
Uehle,    Joseph. 
Ullrich,   Gottfried. 
Valant,   John. 
Voggenthaier,    John. 
Vogt,  Frank  J. 
Vogt,  Joseph, 
vv^alke,    Fred. 
Walke,  Herman. 
Waike,  John. 
Walke,  Wilhelmina. 
Walter,    Christina. 
Waltz   Victor 
Wayside  Inn  (The). 
Weber,   Peter  J. 
Weidemann,  Fred. 
Werb,    Harry. 
Werner,  Richard. 
Wesemann,   Wm. 
Wick,  Nancy  A. 
Wiesinger,    Wilhelmina 
Wiles,  David  H. 
M^illiams,  Joseph. 
Witte,  Henry. 
Wock,   Julius. 
Wolf,  Fred. 
Wolford,  Edward  G.    J 
Wolter,    Benjamin   O. 
Wolter,   Ernest. 
Wolter,   Frank   X. 
Wolter,   Henry.  ' 

Wolter,  John. 
Wolter,  Matt. 
Wolter,    Rudolph   E. 
Wooldridge  James  E. 
Wulfekuhle,   Gerhardt. 
Wulfekuhle,    Katharin 
Yager,  Joseph. 
Yunk,  John  P. 
Yunk,   John  P.   jr. 
Yunker,    Charles. 
Zachmann,  August. 
Zapf,    Mrs.    Anna    B. 
Zapf,   Frank  J. 
Zengel,   Frank  C. 
Zimmermann,  Charlesj 
Zimmermann,  Joseph. 
Zimmermann  &  Ives. 


Anderegg,    Alfred. 


GUTTENBERG  POST  OFFICE 
(Outside  Town) 
Anderegg,  C.  G.  Anderegg,    Edwin. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


311 


Andereg-g,   John. 
Aulwes,   Ben. 
Aulwes,  Helmuth. 
Aulwes,   Henry. 
Aulwes,    Otto. 
Aulwes,    Wm. 
Backes,   Charles. 
Backhous,  A.  G.,  R  1. 
Backhous,    Carl,   R  1. 
Backhous,   H.   C,   R  1. 
Backhous,   H.   D.,   R  1. 
Ball,  Charles  H. 
Ball,    Samuel. 
Ball,   Wm. 
Bauer,  Frank. 
Bauer,    Joseph. 
Bauer,    Wm. 
Becker,   Christ. 
Behrns,  Max,   R  1. 
Berns,   Henry. 
Berns,  Theodore. 
Bierbaum,    G.    H.,    R    1. 
Bierbaum  J.  C,  R.  1. 
Bittner,  Emanuel. 
Blietz,    Wm. 
Blume,  Herman. 
Borcherding,  C.  W. 
Borcherdlng,  Fred. 
Borcherding,   Henry. 
Borcherding,  Henry  C. 
Brandenburg,    Charles. 
Brase,    Fred. 
Brase,  Henry. 
Brase,  Wm. 
Brown,    James. 
Bruening,  Charles. 
Burr,    Peter. 
Chettinger,    John. 
Clefisch,    Fred. 
Cleflsch,   John. 
Cleflsch,    J.    J. 
Coleman,  Eliza. 
Dannenbring,    Fred. 
De  Sotel  Maxim 
Dittmer,  Gustav  E. 
Dorweiler,    Henry. 
Dorweiler,  John. 
Dorweiler,  Paul. 
Dorweiler,  Peter. 
Duwe,    August. 
Duwe,    Diederich. 
Duwe,   Fred. 
Duwe,  Herman. 
Duwe,   John  L. 
Duwe,    Wm, 
Egelseder,    Frank. 
Egelseder,  John. 
Egelseder,  John  jr. 


Eilers,  Bernard. 
Eilers,   John. 
Eilers,    Peter. 
Essman,  Arthur. 
Essman,  Diederich. 
Frey,    Peter. 
Friedlein,    Emil. 
Friedlein,  Harriett. 
Friedlein,  John. 
Gerner,  Lorenz. 
Groth,   Fred. 
Groth,  John. 
Haas,   Paul. 
Hagen,   Henry. 
Hagen,  Joachim. 
Hagen,   Theodore. 
Handke  Oswald,  R.  1 
Harnisch,  Charles. 
Harnisch,    Wm. 
Harter,   Henry. 
Harter,   John. 
Harris,   Samuel. 
Heck,  George. 
Heck,    John. 
Hoeger,   Clemens. 
Hoeger,   John. 
Holtz,    Henry. 
Jareger,   Jacob. 
Junk,    John. 
Junk,  Joseph. 
Junk,  Peter. 
Kahle,   Friederich. 
Kann,  Arthur. 
Kann,    Frank    J. 
Kann,    G.    H. 
Kann,  Gottfried  M. 
Kann,   Henry. 
Kann,  H.  W. 
Kann,   John. 
Kann,  Richard. 
Kipper,    Frank. 
Kitto,    Wm. 
Klein,  Jacob. 
Kottke,  August. 
Kottke,    Louis. 
Kregel,    Fred. 
Kregel,    Fred   H.,   R  1. 
Kregel,    Henry. 
Kregel,  W.  F. 
Kriese,    John. 
Kuehl,   Wm. 
Kuehner,  Henry. 
Kuehner,  Wm. 
Lewin,  John. 
Lewis,   Lyman. 
Lieliefleld,   Ben. 
Loesicher,    Henry. 
Mahowald  Frank 


Mahowald,    Peter. 
Mahowald,  Wm. 
Mardaus,   Fred  sr. 
Matt,  Albert. 
Matt,    Peter. 
Meier,    H.    W.,    R    1. 
Meyer,    Anton. 
Meyer,   Charles. 
Meyer,    Elizabeth. 
Meyer,  Joseph. 
Meyer,   Otto. 
Miller,  Charles. 
Miller,  W.  H. 
Mohrmem,  Mathis. 
Morarend,  August. 
Morarend,    Diederich. 
Morarend,    Wm. 
Mueller,    C.    C. 
Mueller,    Fred. 
Mueller,  Fred  jr. 
Mueller,   Helmuth. 
Mueller,  Henry. 
Mueller,  John  W. 
Mueller,   Louis. 
iNeedham,  Patrick. 
iNiehaus,    Henry. 
Nieland,   Bernhard. 
Nieland,    Gerhard. 
Nieland,  Henry. 
Nieland,    Herman. 
Nieland,    Herman   jr. 
Nieman,   G.   H.   W. 
Noack,  James. 
Nuehring,  John. 
Nuehring,    Wm. 
Ohlendorf,   John. 
Overbeck  W.  A. 
Petchauer,  Joseph. 
Petsche,   John. 
Petsche,    Joseph. 
Peuker,    Charles. 
Peuker,  John. 
Pufahl,    Julius,    R    1. 
Reimer,  Charles. 
Reimer,   Charles  jr. 
Reimer,   Henry. 
Reinitz,    Charles. 
Reinitz,  Gustav. 
Reinitz,    Henry. 
Reinitz,    Louis. 
Rodenberg,    John. 
Rodenberg,  Wm. 
Rodenberg,  Wm  jr. 
Rohner,  Matt. 
Rohwedder,    Herman. 
Satran,   Thomas. 
Schall  Carl 
Schall,   Fred. 


312 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


I 


Schall,  Joachim. 
Schaal,   John. 
Schaefers,  Joseph,  R  1. 
Schloetzer,    Hubert. 
Schloetzer  Wm.,  R.  1 
Schorg,    Henry. 
Schrank,  Franz. 
Schroeder,    Calvin. 
Schroeder,  F.  R. 
Schroeder,    Henry. 
Schroeder,  Herman. 
Schuette,  Henry. 
Seeman,   Gustav. 
Seidel,    Joseph. 
Simmons,  Mathias. 
Sodawasser,   Frank. 
Sodawasser,   Walter. 
Stoecker,   George,  R  1. 
Tackman,  Fritz. 
Thiese;  Ferdinand. 


Thiese,  Fred. 
Thiese,   Wm. 
Tuecke,    Henry. 
Tuecke,  Herman. 
Tuecke,  John, 
Tuecke,    John    H.,    R   1. 
Tuecke,    Louis. 
Tujetsch,  Christ. 
Vorwald,   Edward. 
Vorwald,  G.   J. 
Voss,  Benjamin. 
Voss,  Bernard. 
Voss,   Bernard  jr. 
Voss,   Gottfried. 
Voss,   Henry. 
Voss,   Herman. 
Waldinger,  H. 
Walke,   August. 
Walke,  Herman. 
Walker,   David. 


^Valter,     John    C. 
Walter,    Wm. 
Waltz,    Frank. 
Weber,  Charles. 
Weber,   C.   W. 
Weber,   George. 
^Veiling.   Henry. 
"White,  Edward. 
^Vilker,  H.  J.,  R  1. 
Wilker,  J.  F.,  R  1. 
Wille,  Anton. 
Vv'illman,    Joseph. 
Vv^ittman,  Fred. 
Wittman   John 
AVittman,   John  jr. 
Wolter,    George. 
Wolter,    John. 
Wulfekuhle   B.   H. 
Zapf,  Joseph. 


LITTLEPORT  POST  OFFICE 


Situated  on  the  Volga  River  and  on  the  C, 
miles  from  Dubuque,  and  nine  miles  south  of 
and    nearest    banking    point.     Population    165. 
Express.     Telephone   connections. 


Alloway,  Arthur. 
Anton,   Nicholas. 
Athen,    D. 
Barber,  G.  W. 
Battle  man,  Henry. 
Beal,  Frank. 
Beatty,    E.    R. 
Beatty,  John  D. 
Becker,   Charles. 
Becker,    H.    F. 
Beckman,   Fred. 
Beckman,  Louis. 
Behrens,    Christian. 
Behrens,  Fritz. 
Behrens,    Henry. 
Behrens,    Wm. 
Behrns,  Christian. 
Bendschneider,  August. 
Bendschneider,   Charles. 
Brick,    J.    J. 
Buechel,  Anton. 
Clark,   H.    S. 
Clinton,  John. 
Clinton,   Wm. 
Conley,  Patrick. 
Conley,  W.   W. 
Conway,  Daniel. 
Conway,  Maurice. 
Coolidge,    George. 
Cornelius,  Henry. 


Curran,    Philip. 
Dahling,  Henry. 
Dill,   Elmer   E. 
Dinan,    Lawrence. 
Dinan,    Michael. 
Donke,    Fred. 
Eggerth,  Albert. 
Enderes,    Ernest. 
Enderes,  John  W. 
Enderes,   Wm. 
Finkenkiller  Christ 
Fritz,   Ludwig. 
FuUman,    Michael. 
Gifford,  Elmer. 
Gifford,    H.    L. 
Gotschalk,  John. 
Gould,    George. 
Gusta,   Otto. 
Hakert,  Charles. 
Hathaway,  Guy. 
Hildebrandt,  Christ. 
Hildebrandt,  Wm. 
Hochhaus,    F.    W. 
Hughes,    A.    M. 
Hughes,  Burrows. 
Hughes,    Warren. 
Kafer,    Anton. 
Kane  H.   A. 
Kellogg,    Alf. 
Krieg,    Adolph. 


M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  fifty-one 
Elkader,  the  county  seat 
W.    U.    Telegraph.     U.    S. 


Krieg,  Louisa. 
Krouse,    Henry. 
Krouse,   John, 
i^enhart,    John. 
Liddy,   F.   J. 
Lillibridge,  O.  S. 
Lucy,    Daniel. 
Lucy,    John. 
Lucy,  Michael. 
McDonough,   M. 
McKinnis,  John. 
Madden,  Thomas. 
Maier,   Emil. 
Meese,    Edward. 
Meese,  Fred. 
Meese,   W.   C. 
Meier,    John. 
Meyer,  George. 
Meyer,  Jacob. 
Meyer,    Joseph. 
Meyer,  Rudolph. 
Meyer,    Wm.    E. 
Mierson,    John. 
Miller,   Charles. 
Miller,   TVm.   E. 
Murphy,  Timothy. 
Musfeldt,   H.    H. 
Musfeldt,   John. 
Xading,   A.   J. 
Xading,    Flore. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY 


313 


Nading,   Forest. 
Nacling,   James. 
Nading-,   Jasper. 
Nading-,    Jolm^. 
Nading,    M.    M. 
Nading,  W.   H.   H. 
O'Connor,   E.   F. 
O'Dea,   Michael. 
O'Loughlin,   Patrick. 
Oiinger,  George. 
Ortmann,  Henry. 
Osborne,    John. 
Parsons,    Thon^as. 
Piehl,    Charles. 
Piehl.    Wm. 
Pilkington,    F.    T. 
Porter  G.  W. 
Pust,    Christian. 
Pust,    Henry. 
Reffle,    Joseph. 
Reichart,    Henry. 


Reichart,    Wm. 
Reichert,    Charles. 
Reichert,  Fred. 
Reick,  Charles. 
Reick,    Wm. 
Reimer,  F.  C.  H. 
Reimer,    George. 
Reimer,    Paul, 
Reimei%   Wm. 
Robbins,    John. 
Rodas,  Henry. 
Rodas,  John. 
Rodas,   John  jr. 
Rumbaugh,  A.  L. 
Schlie.    Herman. 
Schlie,    Otto.      . 
Schuldt,   Frank, 
ischuldt,  Wm. 
Scovel,   "Walter. 
Shepard,   W.  F. 
Shine,   Daniel. 


Shine,    Timothy. 
Stalnaker,  S.  M. 
Stemmer,    W.    J. 
Sullivan,  James. 
Tate,    B.    F. 
Towle,   W.   C. 
Wach,  Anton. 
Warneeke,    Henry. 
Warnecke,    John. 
Wegner,  Charles  A. 
Wenkstern,  Henry. 
Wenkstern,  Henry  jr. 
White,    George    B. 
White,   Thomas. 
\\^hipple,    Darwin. 
^Yhittle,  John. 
Wiley,    John. 
Wiley,   Michael. 
Winch,    Louis. 


LUANA  POST  OFFICE 

On  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R,  R.,  eighteen  miles  north  of  Elkader,  the 
county  seat,  and  three  west  of  Monona,  the  nearest  banking  point.  Has  a 
church,  good  schools,  large  cheese  factory,  creamery,  grain  elevator,  etc. 
Here  can  be  seen  on  the  farm  of  Burgess  and  Hansen,  the  largest  herd  of 
buffalo  in  captivity  in  the  world.  Population  200.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U. 
Telegraph,     Telephone  connections. 


James       W.      Chapman,     Engelhardt,    Louis. 

Postmaster. 
Mrs.    J.    W.    Chapman, 


As?t, 

Ames  Frank  W. 
Anderson.  Gilbert. 
Backhaus  J.  H, 
Becker.    Henry, 
Biegler,-    Ernest, 
Bigler,    Louis, 
Brandt.  Charles, 
Brandtraan,  Wm, 
Bray.    Charles, 
Buckman,   Wm,   F. 
Bugenhagen,  Wm. 
Burdick,    E,    E. 
Burgess,   Helen. 
Burgess,    T.    W. 
Candee,    J,    F, 
Candee,    Selden. 
Chapman,  J,  M. 
Coon,    A.   P. 
Daubenberger,   Fred. 
Daubenberger,   George. 
Doerring,    Charles,    R   1. 
Doerring,  Wm. 
Dohms,   J,    R, 


Engelhardt,    Otto. 
English,    Thomas. 
Eno,  John  L. 
Ernst,   A, 
Ernst,    J,     M. 
Ernst.    Lloyd. 
Evans,    Willis. 
Farnham,   F.   F. 
Frey,    H. 
Fuller,    F.    E. 
Funk,  Fred. 
Garms,    Albert. 
Gentz,   Henry. 
Glawe,    George. 
Gruel,   Herman. 
Hanson,  John. 
Haslip,    Clara   M. 
Heins,    George. 
Heins,   Henry. 
Heins,   Herman. 
Heins.   Julius. 
Heins,    J.    H. 
Henderson,  Frank. 
Henkes  Henry 
Hines,    C.    F. 
Hinman,    C.    A. 


Hinman,    W.    E. 
Houn,    H.    C. 
Hubacher,  John  P. 
Hupfer,  Edward. 
Johanningmeier,  Chas. 
Kamia,    Lewis. 
Kamin,  Henry. 
Kamin,   John. 
Kamous,   Henry. 
Kishnian,    Alfred. 
Kishman,  George, 
Kishman,  Henry. 
Kliefoth,    Fred    J. 
Kliefoth,    Henry. 
Kliefoth,  John  F. 
Knuth.    H,    L, 
Koss,    John, 
Krambier,  Jno, 
Krambier  William 
Krueger,    H,    D. 
Kugel,   August, 
Lambert,   G,   M, 
Landt,  Charles. 
Landt,   Charles  jr. 
Landt,   Wm. 
Lange,   August. 
League,    T.    M. 


314 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Lein,    John    H. 
Lemke,    Wm. 
Lenth,    J.    P. 
Lenth,  J.  W. 
Lindroth,    Frank. 
Lindroth,     a.     F. 
Looney,  Edward. 
Looney,  Thomas. 
Lubbers,    Enno. 
Lytle,    John. 
McNally,  Lewis. 
McNally,   Richard. 
Marting,    H.    G. 
Martins,    John. 
Meyer,   Wm. 
Miller,   Ed. 
Miller,  Robert. 
Montour,    Ed. 
Montour,   E.   L. 
Moritz,  Herman. 
Muellers     Ferdinand. 
Oathout,    G.    W. 
Oathout,    Lee. 
Oldag,    George. 
Oldag,   Henry. 
Oldag,    L.    J. 
Oldag,    Wm. 
Oldag,   Wm.    H. 
Overbeck,   August. 
Overbeck,    C.    H. 


Palas,    Fred. 
Palas,  Henry. 
Palas,  John  F. 
Paulsen,    John. 
Pauncke,  Fred. 
Perkins,  Henry. 
Pries,   Joachim. 
Pufahl,    G.    F. 
Radloff,  Charles  F. 
Raymond,  Stephen. 
Roberts,  Wm. 
Rupp,    J.    Q. 
Ryan,   Edward. 
Sauger,  Philip. 
Saueresslg,  Henry. 
Sauerssig,  John. 
Scheffert,    Edward. 
Schrader,  August. 
Schrader,  Henry  E. 
Schrader,   John. 
Schroeder,    Carl. 
Schroeder,   Henry. 
Schultz,    Charles. 
Schultz,    Henry. 
Schutte,    Charles. 
Schutte,  Fred. 
Sheffert,    E.    H. 
Shepperd,    Eli. 
Smith,    Horace. 
Splies,   Fred. 


Splies,   Wm. 
Stackpole,    Henry. 
Stadtmiller,  Ed. 
Steglich,  August. 
Stettler,  W.   W. 
Thies,  George. 
Thiese,  Charles. 
Turner,   E.   L. 
Turner,   H.  N. 
Uebelhoer  Lewis 
Vaughn,    Jess. 
Von  Berg,  Rosa  A. 
Waalk,   Henry. 
Walch,  Edward. 
Walch,  John. 
Walch,   Joseph. 
Walch,    Sebastian. 
Walter,    D.    P. 
Walter,  Ernest. 
Walter,    Fred. 
Walter,  George. 
Walter,   Geo.  jr. 
Walter,   Henry. 
Walter,    Philip. 
vValter,    Wm.    F. 
Waskow,   Ed. 
Zeigler,    Henry. 
Ziegler,   George. 
Zieman,   Albert. 


McGregor  post  office 

(Inside  Town) 
A  flourishing  town,  beautifully  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  and  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  fifty-four  miles  north  of 
Dubuque,  229  from  Chicago  and  17  northeast  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat 
It  is  advantageously  located,  being  one  of  the  principal  business  centers 
on  the  railroad  between  Dubuque  and  La  Crosse.  It  is  best  noted  as  a 
marketing  and  lumbering  point;  shipping  large  quantities  of  grain,  hay, 
live  stock,  lumber,  butter,  poultry  and  other  farm  produce.  It  is  just 
across  the  river  from  Prairie  du  Chien,  Wisconsin,  with  which  place  and 
North  McGregor  it  is  connected  by  telephone  and  ferry  boat,  which  makes 
regular  trips  daily.  The  leading  religious  denominations  are  represented 
b}^  five  church  edifices;  has  a  convent  and  an  extra  fine  system  of  graded 
public  schools,  two  banks,  an  opera  house,  two  grain  elevators,  brick  and 
lumber  yards,  a  large  creamery,  two  hotels,  public  hall,  and  electric  light. 
The  press  is  represented  by  two  weekly  newspapers — the  News  (Rep.) 
and  North  Iowa  Times  (Dem.)  Population  1,450,  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U. 
Telegraph.     Telephone  connections. 


'.\ 


Homer  N.  Boyle,  P.  M. 
Miss  Fay  Allen,  Asst. 
Adams,   George  D. 


Adams,    John    Q. 
Adams,  Leonard  L. 
Allen,   John  W. 


Allen,  Margaret. 
Andrews,  Mary. 
Anderson,    Gustavus    A. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


315 


A.nderson  (The). 
A^twood,    Friend. 
Bachtell,    Charles    A. 
Bachtell,    Ray   D. 
Bailey,   Oliver  W. 
Baird,    Josephine   C. 
Banze,    Adam. 
Barnhart,  Delia. 
Barron,  Charles  H. 
Baylis,  H.  Covil. 
Beck,    Andrew. 
Becker,   Catharine. 
Bell,    Fred  G. 
Bell,  Henry. 
Benjamin,   Dayton  G. 
Benton,    Elmer   E. 
Berg-emyer,    Embert. 
Berg-man,   Albert. 
Bergman,  Alfred  F. 
Bergman,  A.  F.  &  F.  C. 
Bergman  Bros. 
Bergman,  Edward. 
Bergman,   Edward  L. 
Bergman,  Frank  C. 
Bergman,   Fred. 
Bergman,  Henry  J. 
Bernatz,   Louis. 
Bernhard,   August  T. 

Bickel  John  D. 

Bickel,    J.    D.,     Produce 
Co. 

Bicknell.  Martha  M. 

Billings,    Augusta. 

Bird,    Bernard. 

Bliss,    George    W. 

Blodel,  Sophia. 

Bonson,    Leslie  J. 

Bowen,    Charles. 

Bowen,    Henry   T. 

Boyle,    Alonzo    C. 

Boyle,   Henry. 

Boyle,   Lee. 

Boyle,    Milton. 

Boyle,   Owen. 

Boyle,    Robert. 

Bradley,  David  D. 

Brennan,   Michael  J. 

Brooks,  Charles  M. 

Brooks,    Henry   P. 

Bi-own,  Hugh  A. 

Brown,    Miss    Jessie. 

Brown,   J.   Emmett. 

Bryan  George  W. 

Bryant,   Charles. 

Buck,    Charles    L. 

Buck,    Fred. 

Buck,    Olive   E. 

Buck,   Orville    M. 


Buckman,   H.   H. 

Burrows,  George  A. 

Bush,  Wm.  E. 

Chapin,   Asahel. 

Church,    Gill. 

Church,    W.    L. 

Clark,  Miss  A.,  M.,  M.  D. 

Clark,   Edward. 

Clark  Henry  H.,  M.  D. 

Clark,  Hospital. 

Clark,    H.    H.    &    A.    M., 

M.  D. 
Clarke,    Sarah  A. 
Claudy,  Wm. 
Clemens,  Albert. 
Clemens,    August. 
Clemens,  Emma  S. 
Clemens,    Marguerite. 
Cleveland,    Charles  M. 
Cleveland,  James. 
Cleveland,   Martha. 
Coffman,  David  B. 
Cooper,    Irvin    E. 
Cornish,    Peter. 
Cotter,    Daniel. 
Cox,    George  A. 

Cox,    Richard. 

Cowles,    Anna    H. 

Crawford,    James    R. 

Cronan,   Daniel  G. 

Dahlman,  Lena. 

Dalton,  Anna. 

Darrow,   Mary. 

Daubenberger    Bros. 

Daubenberger   Frank 

Daubenberger,   John   F. 

Daubenberger,   Wm.   F. 

Davis,    Daniel. 

Davies  John   W. 

Davies  Adam 

Davis,    Charles    F. 

Davis,    James    O. 

Davis,   Jane. 

Day,    James   E. 

Dayton,    Nellie  A. 

Dean,  George  P. 

Derby,   Wm.   L. 

Dewing,   Frank  A. 

Donaldson,   Gilbert. 

Donovan,  Timothy  L. 

Doran,   Patrick. 

Dornbach,    Clara. 

Dornbach,    Frank. 

Douglas,  George  F. 

Durr,    Arthur    J. 

Durr,   John. 

Eckert,  Leonard. 

Eckert,  Philip  H. 


Eckert,  Solomon  J. 
Edward,  James. 
Eichendori',    John. 
Elblin^;,    John. 
Elder,    David    W. 
Ellis,   Columbus  C. 
Ellsworth,  Eugenia. 
Ellsworth,  John  H. 
Elmore,   Lizzie. 
Elwell,    W.    H.    C. 
Eno,    Charles. 
Eno,    Louis. 
Eull,     Gertrude. 
Evans,   Martha. 
Evans,  Miss   Susan  K. 
Farnum,    Louis   C. 
Fessman,  Charles  W. 
B'essman   &   Allen. 
Fette,    Catherine. 
Fette,  Christian. 

Fiete,    Evora. 

Filber,    Magdaline. 

First  National  Bank. 

Fischer,   Frank. 

Fitzsimmons,    John   J. 

Flack,    John    N. 

Flanders,  Henry  H. 

Flanders,  Henry  M. 

Fordney,    Hiram. 

Foster,    Margaretha. 

Foster,    Stephen. 

Fox,  Silas, 

Fox,  Wm.  C. 

Francis,  George  A. 

Freeman,    George    B. 

Freeman,   George  F. 

Frese,     G.     H. 

Frese,    G.    H.    &   Bro. 

Frese,    John   C. 

Frese,   Mary  J. 

Gallagher,  Charles. 

Galland,  Mrs.  Elizabeth. 

Gardner,  Eli. 

Gavan,    Daniel. 

Gemmell,    Eliza. 

Genz,   Henry  F. 

Genz,   Johanna. 

Gerich,    Joseph   C. 

Gerndt,    Charles   T. 

Geske,    Henry. 

Geske,  Marie. 

Geske,   Martin  X. 

Giese,    Wm.    T. 
Gilchrist  Miss  Cath. 

Gilchrist,  Frank  R. 

Gilchrist,  James  N. 

Gilchrist  &  Co. 

Gile,  Joshua  K. 


316 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Gilman,    Frank  C. 
Gilmartin,  Wm. 
Glennon,    Miss   Julia. 
Goddard,    Herbert    J. 
Goddart,    Bert. 
Goedert,  John. 
Gray,    John   K. 
Griswold,   Fred  A. 
Gutheil,    Caroline. 
Hag-ensick,  John  L. 
Hag-ensick,  Wm.  H. 
Haight,    Elizabeth   L. 
Haislet,    John    R. 
Hall  Vernon  E. 
Hammond,   John  B. 
Harned,   Archie  L. 
Harran,  Edward  J. 
Hasting,    Charles. 
Hatch,    Catharine. 
Hatch,    Frank   D. 
Haven,   James  W. 
Heberlein,  Fred  C. 
Heberlein,  John  F. 
Heberlein    &    Son. 
Heck,    Philip. 
Heilmann,   Henry  F. 
Hellberg,    Frank. 
Hellberg-,   John  H. 
Hellberg,    Rose. 
Hendrickson,    Benjamin. 
Herbert,    Elizabeth. 
Hescott,   Philip. 
Holden,  Edward  D. 
Home,    Henry    B. 
Horning,    Alamando   A. 
House,     Samuel. 
Hoxsie,    Elial. 
Huebsch,    Anton. 
Hughes,    Harriett    A. 
Huntting,  Charles. 
Huntting    Elevator    Co. 
Huntting,   Fred  H. 
Huntting,  Harry  S. 
Ind,    Walter   G. 
Jacobs,  Edward  H. 
James,    Olive. 
Jensen,    Hans. 
Johnson,   Anna. 
Jones,  Benjamin. 
Jones,    Richard   T. 
Jones,    Wm.    L. 
Jones  &  Welder. 
Jordan,   Charles  A. 
Jordan,    Edwin   B. 
Jordan,    Frank. 
Jordan,  Mary  A. 
Kennedy,  Marshall  T. 
Kennedy,  M.  T.  &  Co. 


Kenyon,    Ann    A. 
Kicherer,    Mrs.     Ida. 
Kicherer,   John   G. 
Kiley,   Julia. 
Kinsley,  Benjamin  A. 
Kinsley,    Guy. 
Kinnaird,   Wm.   R. 
Kipp,    Fred. 
Klein,    George  H. 
Koop,   Jennie. 
Korte,   John   G. 
Korte,   Wilhelmina. 
Kossack,   Herman. 
Kramer,    Charles   F. 
Kramer,   Jacob. 
Kramer,    Jacob   C. 
Kramer,    John. 
Kramer,  John  F. 
Kramer,   Louis  M. 
Kramer,    Miss   Minnie. 
Kramer,  Wm.  F. 
Kramers. 
Kranert,    August. 
Kranert,    Wm. 
Kurz,    Charles. 
Kurz,   Johanna. 
Kurzrock,  Edward  F. 
Kurzrock,    Sophia. 
Larrabee,    Frank. 
Larson,    Henry. 
Larson,   John  H. 
Laufer,  August. 
Leary,    Ann. 
Leasure,    Daniel. 
Leasure,    Luther. 
Leasure,    Mrs.    Zula. 
Lee,   Hans. 
Lewis   (The). 
Liebold,    John. 
Lull,    C.    R.    &  Co. 
Luthe,    Catharine. 
Lyons,    Mary. 
McDonnell,    Michael. 
McGregor    Cigar    Co. 
McGregor  Electric  Light 
and  Power  Co. 

McGregor  news. 

McHale,    Cecelia. 
McHose,    Cordelia   A. 
McLanahan,    George   W. 
McLaughlin,  James. 
McMichael,    F. 
McMichael,   Thomas. 
McWilliams,   John. 
Manke,    Wm.    J. 
Mann,    Lucy. 
Marsh,   Marshall  L. 
Mason,   Martin   L. 


Matt  Bros. 
Matt,   Joseph. 
Matt,  Wm. 
Matzeck,    Joseph. 
Mehlm  Miss  Ella 
Mehsling,   Charles  M. 
Merritt,    Wm.    W. 
Metzger,  Christ. 
Miles,    I.    H.,    M.    D. 
Millard,    Howard   W. 
Miller,    Nancy. 
Miller,  V.   R. 
Minchk,   Mrs.   Alice. 
Minchk,  Jacob. 
Minney,   George  O. 
Minney,    John. 
Minney,    Mathilda. 
Minney,    Rose. 
Minney,    Wm.   T. 
Moody,    Samuel   H. 
Moore,   Emma   H. 
Mossey,    Clarence    V. 
Murray,   Miss   Mary. 
Neibrand,    John   W. 
Nelson,   Elizabeth. 
Nelson,    Marien. 
Noble,    Harriet   C. 
NORTH    IOWA    TIMES 

(THE). 
O'Brien,    Edward    J. 
O'Brien,    Patrick   H. 
O'Donnell,  Ellen. 
O'Donnell,  Rev.  Thomas. 
O'Rourke,   Thomas  W. 
Oehring  Bros. 
Oehri ng,    Chai^les   C. 
Oehring,   Fred. 
Oehring,    Fred  J. 
Olson,    Ben. 
Payne,   George  W. 
Pearsall,    Amelia. 
Peai'sall,    Charles. 
Peickert,  Christian  T. 
Peikert,  Joseph. 
Peterson,    Samuel    J. 
Phillips,    Jacob   F. 
Phillips,    Jesse    H. 
Plumbe,   Edwin  P. 
Pokorny,    Anna. 
Prindle  Dorleski 
Prindle,   George  E. 
Quigley,  Robert. 
Quigley,  Wm. 
Quinn,    Samuel. 
Ramage,  Joseph  A. 
Ramage,    Mary   J. 
Reed,    Emilie. 
Reynolds,  Harry  E. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


317 


Rice,   Elbert  N. 
Richards,    Fred  F. 
Riordan   Hanora 
Robinson,    Elizabeth. 
Rouser,    Jeremiah. 
Rueg-nitz,     Max    J.     C. 
Ryan,  Jeremiah. 
Saacke,    August. 
Schall,    Mary, 
Scharfenstein,   Mary. 
Scheffert,   Charles. 
Scheffert,    Ernest. 
Scherlin,   Julius  A. 
Schnieder,  Amalia. 
Schott,    John. 
Schumacher,    Mary   K. 
Schumaker,   Peter. 
Scofleld  Michael 
Scott.    Jennetta. 
Scott,   Sarah. 
Seeley,    Cyrus. 
Sharrow,   Mary. 
Sherlin,   Julius. 
Shrake,   John  E. 
Sieg-ele  Fred  A. 
Singer    Sewing    Machine 

Co. 
Skellinger,  Henry. 
Skelling-er,   Samuel. 
Sloane,    Frank    C. 
Sloane  Quincy  A. 
Sloane,   Q.   A.   &   Son. 
Smith,    Frank   A. 


Smith,    Wiley. 
Snyder,  Anton. 
Somerville,   David  J. 
Sparks,   Edward  D. 
Spaulding,  Clarence  F. 
Specht,  Anna. 
Speers,  Julia  M. 
Stafford,   Otis  J. 
Scott,    Mrs.    Elizabeth. 
Standard   Telephone   Co. 
State   Bank  of  McGreg- 
or. 
St-evens,   Theresa. 
Stone,    Wm.    S. 
Stow,   Edward. 
Sullivan,    John. 
Sullivan,    Timothy   J. 
Sweeny,    Patrick. 
Sweet,  Julius  J. 
Thier,    Rev.    Bernhard. 
Thomas,    Mary. 
Thomas,  ^Ym.  H.,  M.  D. 
Thompson,    Nellie. 
Townsend,  Gideon. 
Troutfetter  Charles  E. 
Troutfetter  Wm. 
Troutfetter,  Wm.  &  Son. 
Trygg,    John. 
Turner  George  R. 
Updegraff  Hon.  Thos. 
Van    Sickle,    A.    L. 
Walker,    Charles    S. 
Walker,    Charles    W. 


Walker,    C.    W.    &    Son. 
Wallis,   Sarah. 
Walter  John  A. 
Walter,  Margaret. 
Walter,   Peter. 
^Valter  &   Bro. 
Warner,  Benjamin  R. 
Washburn,   Hiram  P. 
Watson,  Joseph  W. 
TYebb,   John   E. 
Washburn  Hiram  P. 
Watson  Joseph  W. 
Webb   John   E. 
Webb  Lemuel  G. 
ATelter   Charles 
Wentworth  Ernest 
Wetzel  John 
White  Caroline 
Widman    John    F. 
Wilder    Orville    E. 
Williams    Charles    M. 
Williams  Thomas 
AVillson  Elizabeth 
Wilson  Charles  H. 
Winter  Rukard  H. 
Winterlin  Joseph  A. 
Wood  George  N. 
Wooden   Alfred 
Yager    Oliver    M. 
Young  Margaret 
Zeigler  Sarah 


McGregor  post  office 


Adney  Alonzo 
Adney  Alvin  J. 
'Adney  Arthur 
Adney  Austin 
Adney  John 
Adney   Johnson 
Adney    Wm. 
Albrecht  Robert. 
Allen  Andrew,    R.    3. 
Allen   Anna,    R.    3. 
Allen   H.   O.,    R.   3. 
Allen    Lemuel,    R.    3 
Allert    George 
Allert    Herman 
Allert    John    W.,    R.    1 
Allert   Wm.,    R.    1 
Anderson  Andrew,    R.   3 
Anderson  H.  H. 
Anderson  Solon,  R.  3 
Bachtell   Vernon,    R.   3 
Balzell    C,    R.    1     • 


(Outside  Town) 

Barnhard  John  H.,   R.  1 
Barnhard  Wm.,  R.  1 
Barnhouse  Allen,   R.   3 
Barnhouse  Samuel,  R.  3 
Barker  Sarah 
Barnett    Patrick 
Barr    A.    J. 
Bass  George  R.,  R.  3 
Bass  John 

Becker    Fred    S.,    R.    1 
Becker  Oscar,  R.  1 
Beckett    Fred.,    R.    3 
Beckett  J.    T.,    R.    3 
Bensing  J.  H.,  R.  1 
Bentley    A.    H. 
Bernhard   William,    R.   1 
Berts inger  Edward 
Beyer   Ferdinand,    R.   1 
Bickel  D.  F.,   R.   1 
Bickel  John   S.,    R.   1 
Bickel   Ray   S.,   R.   1 


Bierbaum   F.    G.,    R.   3 
Blaha  Frank,   R.  1 
Blaha   Frank   V.,    R.   1 
Bonza  Edward. 
Bonzer  John,   R.   1 
Bonzer  Joseph,  R.  1 
Bovee  Myron. 
Boynton  Oscar 
Bruckner  Lorenz,  R.  3 
Bucholtz    Julia 
Burghardt  G.  H.,  R.  3 
Carlson    Carl 
Carroll   Michael,    R.   1 
Claudy  Daniel 
Claudy  Wm. 
Chase  Beecher 
Connors  John 
Cottrill  John 
Crawford  Marshall,  R.  1 
Cropp   E.    D. 
Dahm  J.    N. 


318 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Danielson  M. 
Davies  G.   W. 
Davies  James  A,   R.   1 
Davies  James  G,,  R.  1 
Davies   Louise 
Davies   Richard 
Davies  W.  L. 
Davis    George,    R.    3 
Davis    John 
Debes  Adam 
De    Haven    Samuel 
Demo  Abraham 
Demo   Frank 
Demo    John 
Dettman  H.   H.,   R.   3 
Dettman  J.   F.  W.,  R.  3 
Dettman  Julius 
Dickens  Clayton 
Diem  George 
Doug-lass  Homer 
Duer  Charles 
Duer    M.    L. 
Duer  Washington 
Eckle  George 
Eckle   Geo.   Jr. 
Eckle   Jacob 
Edgerton  L. 
Eggen  Embret,   R.  3 
Eggen    Ernest,    R.    3 
Eggen    Ole    E.,     R.    3 
Elet    Fred,    R.    1 
Ellenbolt   Henry 
Ellenbolt  Retus,  R.  1 
Ellenbolt  Stewart,  R.  1 
Erbe    Adam 
Erbe  Henry 
Erickson    Erick,    R.    3 
Erickson  Ole,   R.   3 
Erickson   Peter 
Faber  Mrs.  Mary,  R.  3 
Figgie  Henry,  R.  1 
Figgie  Wm.,  R.  1 
Fischer  Henry,   R.  3 
Flexman  Arthur 
Flitsch    Richard 
Flower    G.    L.,     R.    3 
Flower  John,   R.  3 
Forster    Ernest 
Fox    Henry,    R.    1 
Fox  Jacob,  R.  1 
Fritz  John,  R.  1 
Gardner    Eli 
Gardner    Wm. 
Gebhardt   Wm.    C,    R.   1 
Geraghty   James,    R.   1 
.Geraghty  John,  R.  1 
Geraghty   John   F.,    R.   1 
Geraghty    Michael,   R.   1 


Gerloff    H.    L. 
Gronquist    Alfred 
Gutheil   George 
Guthrie    Wm. 
Haefner  Chas.,   R.   1 
Haislett  B.  W. 
Hallberg  August 
Hallberg  Charles,  R.  3 
Haltmeyer  Herman 
Halvorson  Erick,   R.  3 
Halvorson    Gertrude,    R. 

3 
Hampshire  George 
Hampshire  Wm.,  R.  3 
Hampton  Arthur 
Hampton   Isaac 
Hanson   Henry 
Hanson   Peter 
Harrington  James 
Hartwick  John,   R.   1 
Hartwick  Theodore,  R.  1 
Hass   Herman,    R.    1 
Hastings   Charles 
Havlicek   Albert,    R.    1 
Havlicek  John,  R.  1 
Hedeman  Fred.,  R.  3 
Heilman  John 
Heilman  J.  J. 
Heimbrodt  A.  E.,  R.  1 
Heimbrodt  Charles,  R.  1 
Heimbrodt    Fred,    R.    1 
Heinrichs   John,    R.   3 
Hendrickson  Joseph 
Henry  A.   D. 
Henry  John 
Henry   J.    J. 
Henry  Louis,  R.  3 
Hirsch  John,   R.   3 
Hirsch  Wm.,  R.  3 
Hohman  Frank 
Holly  John,  R.  1 
Howe  Frank 
Hubacher   George 
Hubacher  John 
Hubacher  Wm. 
Huebsch  John 


] 


Kadlec    Joseph,    R.    1 
Kahls   E.   E. 
Kahls    John 
Kaiser    J.    F.    W. 
Kelly    Dennis,    R.    1 
Kersten   Fred 
Klein  Michael 
Klein   Otto 

Klotzbach   H.    J.,    R.   1 
Klotzbach    John,    R.    1 
Klotzbach  Levi,   R.  1 
Klotzbach    Nicholas,    R. 

1 
Klotzbach   Theodore, 

1 
Knabel    Anton 
Knapp  John 
Knapp  Myron 
Knight   Homer 
Knowles   W.   J. 
Koether  George,  R.  1 
Kruetter    Charles,    R.    3 
Kurtzrock  George 
Larson  Alfred,    R.   3 
Larson  Carrie,  R.  3 
Larson  Frank 
Larson  Fred,   R.  3 
Larson  L.   J. 
Larson  Matt.,  R.  3 
Larson    Ole 
Laufer  August 
Laufer   John 
Laufer   Simon 
Leibrand    George 
Lenth  Alfred 
Lenth  John 
Lestina  Albert,  R.  1 
Lestina  Albert  Jr.,  R.  : 
Lewis   C.    H.,    R.   3 
Lewis  James,  R.  3 
Liebner  Robert 
Lindberg  Gustav,  R.  3 
Lindquist  M,,   R.  3 
Lindquist  Oscar,  R.  3 
Lindgrain  Wni.,   R.   3 
Long   Clara   G. 


Hultgren    Andrew,    R.    3    Long  Henry,   R.   3 


Huseby  Carl,   R.   3 
Irwin  Wm.,  R.  1 
Jennings  Lawrence 
Johnson    Erick,    R.   3 
Johnson  Lester 
Johnson   Ole,    IJ.    3 
Johnson    S.    J. 
Jones    E.    J. 
Jones  John 
Jones   L.    R. 
Kadlec   Frank,   R.    1 


Long   Ole,   R.    3 
Lorang  John 
Love   Jacob 
Lucas    Fred 
Luckerman    Charles 
Luther    E.    B. 
McGill    D.    L. 
McGuire  James,    R.  3 
McMillan  A.   S. 
McMillan  Frank,   R.  1 
McReynolds  H.  M. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


319 


Macha  Mary,   R.  1 
Marlett    Hiram,    R.    3 
Marlett  John,   R.   3 
Marlett  Wm.,  R.   3 
Matt    Theodore 
Mene  Wm. 
Merritt  Warren 
Meyer  L.  W.,  R.  3 
Meyer  Wm.   A.,    R.   1 
Miene    H.    W. 
Miller    Charles,    R.    3 
Miller    Henry 
Miller    Louis 
Miller   V.   R, 
Miller    W.    A. 
Mitchell    S.    W.,    R.    1 
Mohning   F.    J.,    R.    3 
Moody  A.  D. 
Moody   Charles 
Moody  David 
Moody  Ira 
Moody    Riley 
M.oody   Ross 
Moody   S.   H 
Moore  Harvey 
Moore   V/illiam,    R.    1 
Mueller    John,    R.    3 
Mueller    J.    H.,    R.    3 
Neill  C.   J.,  R.  1 
Xelson   A.    J. 
Nelson   Nels 
Nichols  C.   E.,   R.   1 
Nichols   C.   P.,   R.   1 
Nichols  C.  J„   R.  1 
Noeding  Carl,  R.  1 
Ormsby    R.    J.,    R.    1 
Orr   Albert 
Orr  Clarence 
Orr  John 
Olson  Gustav 
Olson  Ole  B. 
Otting  H.   P.,   R.  3 
Otting  J.  P.,  R.  3 


Parker  Frank,   R.  1 
Parker  James,   R.  1 
Peck  Joseph 
Peterson  Albert 
Peterson    Peter 
Peterson  Thron. 
Pixler  Amos 
Pixler   S.  .N. 
Pixler    Wm. 
Piatt   Albert 
Regal    Prank,    R.    3 
Reidel    Charles,    R.    1 
Reidel  John   G.,   R.   1 
Rhoda   Alfred 
Rieley    Daniel   O. 
Riley  M.  J. 
Ronquist  Betsey  O. 
Ronquist   P.    C. 
Ronquist   John 
Russell    E.    P. 
Russell    H.    S. 
Sass  Fred,   R.  1 
Sass  John,   R.  1 
Sass    William 
Suetter   Wm. 
Sawvel   Charles 
Sawvel    Hiram,    R.    3 
Sawvel  John 
Schelhamer   Chris.,    R.   1 
Schmeiser  John,  R.  1 
Schmidt    Frank,    R.    1 
Schmidt  Henry,  R.  1 
Schoulte  Prank  Jr. 
Schoulte  G.   H.   H. 
Schoulte    S.    H.    P. 
Schoulte  Wm. 
Schriver   C.    W.,    R.   1 
Schriver  G.   R. 
Schroeder  Albert,  R.  1 
Schuldt  Charles,   R.  1 
Schulte  August,  R.  3 
Schulte    J.    H.,    R.    3 
Schultz   Albert 


Schwisow   C,   R.  1 
Scott    J.    H. 
Shaw   David,    R.    3 
Sheffert  John,  R.  1 
Simpson  Ole,   R.   3 
Smith  Ash 
Sparks  J.  W. 
Straus   Charles 
Subdal   Frank,    R.   1 
Subdal    Jacob,    R.    1 
Theviot  Albert 
Tischler  John,    R.   3 
Trappe   Charles,    R.   1 
Troutfetter  Barbara 
Troutfetter   Charles 
Troutfetter   Frank 
Trygg    Andrew,    R.    3 
Trygg   A.    A. 
Trygg  Erick,    R.   3 
Trygg    J.    D.,    R.    3 
Ulisch  Philip,  R.  1 
Verhoti  John,  R.  1 
Voss   Bernhard,    R.   1 
Walters   Irving 
Washburn  Charles 
Washburn  George  P.,  R. 

1 
Washburn   Herbert 
Waters   P.    C. 
Weigand  Henry 
Weir   David  H. 
Weir  Ithiel. 

Welch   Charles    H.,   R.  1 
Weller    Charles 
Werges    E.    C,    R.    3 
Wickersheiai  Fen,   R.  1 
Wilson  Wm.,   R.   1 
Witter  B.   S. 
Wolfe  Charles  J.,  R.  3 
Wright  John 
Yearous  L.   M.,   R.  1 
Youngberg  Ernest 


MEDERVILLE  POST  OFFICE 

In  Clayton  County  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  seven  miles  from 
Elkader,  the  county  seat  and  bank  location,  and  fifty-five  miles  from  Du- 
buque by  rail.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  IT.  Telegraph.  Telephone  connections. 
Population  100. 


Miles  Marshall,  P.  M. 
Charles  Meder,  Asst. 
Adams  Fred 
Albrecht   A.   B. 
Behrens  August 
Bente   Wm.    G. 
Brinkhous  John 


Brinkhous  Wm. 
Carnicle  T.    G. 
Childers   David 
Childers  Hannah 
Conerton   Joseph 
Coonfare   Daniel 
Coonfare  David 


Coonfare    Wm. 
Donath  Edward 
Dunn    Peter 
Farmer  Francis 
Farmer  Henry 
G  en  V    A.    J. 
Gorkow  Charles 


320 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Handel  Paul 
Handel  Wm. 
Helg-erman   Charles 
Hines  Henry 
Hines    Hiram 
Hines    John 
Kahrs   John 
Kellogg  Mary  J. 
Kellog-g  Wm. 
Kellogg    Wm.    H. 
King   Henry 
Klahr  Charles 
Klahr   Henry 
Koester  Theodore 
Kramer  Harry 
Kramer  Valmah 


Landis  A.   J. 
Lane   Frank 
Lange  Charles 
Leonard  Michael 
Leonard  Richard 
Leonard   William 
McCarron  Thomas 
Marshall   Miles 
Meder   Albert 
Meder  Barney 
Meder   Charles 
Meder   Henry 
Nugent    Henry 
Parker  W.  H. 
Patrick  F.   E. 
Patrick  Leodicy 


Peake  C.   E. 
Pugh  Wayne 
Schuldt  Wm. 
Scott  Wm. 
Sturm  Henry 
Thurber   J.   W. 
Thuber    Wm. 
Vohs   John 
Vohs  Mary 
Wacker  Christ 
Wacker  Fred 
Wenzell    J.    F. 
Wiesner  Oscar 
Wilberg  August 
Zahrndt   F.   W. 


MILLVILLE  POST  OFFICE 

On  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  and  on  the  Little  Turkey  River  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Clayton  County,  six  miles  from  Guttenbsrg,  the  near- 
est banking  point,  and  thirty  southeast  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat. 
Mail  daily.  Population  100.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U.  Telegraph.  Tele- 
phone connections. 


F.  E.  Meckel,  P.  M. 
Ch.  J.  Meckel,  Asst. 

Ayers  Len. 
Beatty   Bert 
Becker  J.   H. 
Berger  Henry 
Blume    Charles 
Blume    Karl 
Bolsinger  George 
Brockman  August 
De  Sotel  James 
Donnan  E.   C. 
Farris  Alex 
Ferris  Charles 
Ferris  Joseph 
Fisher  Amel 
Friedlein  Henry 
Friedlein  Louis 
Friend   E.    E. 
Friend  W.  A. 
Gibbons  George 


Graybill   Charles 
Graybill  George 
Graybill   Herman 
Graybill  Joseph 
Grose  Joseph 
Hall    John 
Heckel   F.   E. 
Henkels   John 
Kaufman    J.    E. 
Kenyon  Edward 
Kickbush  Charles 
Kickbush  H. 
Marshall  J.    C. 
Marshall  W.   B. 
Martin    S.    A. 
Meyer    Benjamin 
Meyers  Fred 
Minger   Albert 
Minger    Benjamin 
Minger  Charles 
Minger  Frank 


Minger    John 
Palmer  Henry 
Jr-atrick  W.    W. 
Penhollow  Ansel 
Peyton   Martha 
Smith    C.    E. 
Smith  John 
Smith    Leeson 
Smith  Leeson  Jr. 
Sprague  C.  C. 
Thatcher    W.    M. 
Thompson  E.  C. 
Torrey  Edward 
Torrey  Henry 
Troester   Louis 
Troester  Paul 
Truesdell  Daniel 
Ward   J.    P. 
Ward  W.  H. 
^White   F.   P. 
White  W.  A. 


MONONA  POST  OFFICE 

(Inside  Town) 
The  gaiden  city  of  Clayton  County  is  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R., 
sixteen  mil-s  north  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  fourteen  northwest 
of  McGregor  and  sixty-nine  miles  from  Dubuque.  Has  a  private  bank 
and  state  bank,  brick  and  tile  works,  good  public  school,  four  churches, 
an  opera  house  and  park.  Population  800.  W.  U.  Telegraph.  U.  S.  Ex- 
press^   Telephone  connections. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


321 


Geo.   H.  Otis,  P.   M. 
Miss     Marian      R.    Otis, 
Asst. 

Al--;  I  cvriir.hnd  G. 

Abel  Julius  C. 

Anderson  Charles  J. 

Anderson   John 

Barker    James    A. 

Barkley   Ira 

Beeler   Hannah 

Beeler  Nelson  H.  C. 

Bell   Georg-e  H. 

Bellows  Walter  D. 

Bellows  Mrs.  W.  D. 

Bernhardt  Wm.  C. 

Bierbauni  Christ 

Bierbaum  John  F. 

Bothel  Harry 

Bothel  Rachel 

Briar    Joseph 

Briar  Joseph   A. 

Brown    AVm. 

Brownson   Jason   D.,   M. 
D. 

Buckley  John 

Bunker    Henry 

Burgess    Wm.    H. 

Burnham    Horace 
Campbell  Annie 
Carlson  John  A, 
Casaday  Warren 
Christen   Ernst 
Clarke  Miss  Anna 
Collins   Ebenezer   R. 
Conway    Thomas 
Cook  George  W. 
Cummings    Charles 
Currie    A.    L.,    D.    D.    S. 
Davis  Miss  Angelina 
Davis  Melvin 
Davis  &  Gilbert 
Deering  August 
Donahue   Ellen 
Doody   Wm.   E. 
Douglas  Nelia 
Dull    Daniel   J. 
Eddy  Melvin  S. 
Egbert    Clamanda   C. 
Egbert  David 
Egbert  Hester 
EGBERT   RAY 
Egbert    Thaddeus    S. 
Eibel   Adam 
Eibel    Charles    G. 
Eiffert    Elizabeth 
Elmore   Wm.    E. 
English  Patrick 
Entvrisle  Caleb  H. 


Entwisle  Orion  C. 

Everall  Bruce  B.,  M.  D. 

Fair    Amanda    M. 

Fair  Ann 

Farley  Wm.   C. 

Farris    Daniel    H. 

Farris  &  Johnson 

Ferguson   Wilbert 

Fick  Charles 

Fillenwarth  Mary 

Fillenwarth  Peter 

Flaherty    Richard 

Fonda    Robert   M. 

Fonda   Robert  M.   Jr. 

Fosha  George 

FOX    HARRY    C. 

Frohwein    George 

Garms   Wm. 

Geraghty    Patrick 

Geraghty   Richard 

Gilbert  Frank 

GILBERT   GEORGE   L. 

Gilbert  Miss  Lottie 

Gilbert  Wm.   T. 

GILBERT    G.    L.    &   CO. 
(See  Ad  front  fly  leaf) 

Grady    Joseph    J. 

Graening    Rev.    John 

Green  Mathilda 

Gregg  Gustavus 

Griffin   Patrick  PI. 

Grinnell    Rev.    Joel    E. 

Grinnell  Melissa 
Grube   Peter 
Gurtisen  Jacob   R. 
Habliech   John   C. 
Haggerty  Daniel  E. 
Halley  George  W. 
Halley  Wm.   T.    S. 
Hammond  John  W. 
Hancock  Morrison  N. 
Hanson    Wm.    H. 
Hardin  Sarah 
Haworth   John   L. 
Hemen    Henry    L. 
Henkes  Edward 
Henkes  John 
Hicks    Joshua.    M.    D. 
Hicks  Samuel 
Hogan  Rev.   Michael  J. 
Holly  Frank  A. 
Hopkins   Orrin   D. 
Hotel  Arlington 
Howard  Frank  H. 
Howe    Henry   C. 
Humphrey  Agnes 
Humphrey  James 
Humphrey  Michael  J. 


Humphrey  Richard 

Humphrey    Wm.    F.,    D. 
D.    S. 

Hupfer    Frank 

lapp  Henry 

Ingalls  Jacob 

Irwin  James 

Jenkins    Fred    W. 

Jenkins  George  H. 

Jenkins   George  H.  Jr. 

Johnson   Christ 

Johnson  John 

Kaiser  Herman  H. 

Kaiser  George  J. 

Kascel   Charity 

Kascel   John 

Kean  Andrew 

Kelly    John 

Kennedy  John 

Killen    Alexander    G. 

Killen  John 

Killen  &  Co. 

Kinsley  Rufus   G. 

Kinsley  &  Fonda 

Kleinpell  Eug-ene 

Klingle    Elizabeth 

Klingman  Caroline 

Klingmann  Charles  H. 

Kluts    Henry 

Kregel    August 

Kregel   Wm. 

Kurdelmeyer  Fred  C. 

Kurdlemeyer  John  D. 

Ladd  Horace  H. 

Lembke    Joseph 

Lenth  Aug-ust    W. 

Lenth    Frank 
Lenth  Reka 
Liebenstein   Mina 
Littler  John  J. 
Long   John    H. 
Love  Wm. 

McClelland  Percival  W.. 
McGonigle   John   H. 
McGuire   Peter 
McNamara  John  L. 
Macdonald    Mrs.    Belle 
Magoon  Henry 
Maiers  John  A. 
Maiers  J.  A.  &  Co. 
Markley   Frank 
Mason  Cassius 
Massey  Emma 
Meskimen    George   P. 
Miller   Charles 
Miller  George  M. 
Milliman  Mathilda 
Mista    John 


322 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Mitchell  Charles  A. 
Monona  Bank  (The) 
Monona  Iron  Works 
MONONA     LEADER 

(THE) 
MONONA  LUMBER  CO 

(See  Ad  front  cover) 
M  O  Tsi  O  N  A    STATE 

BANK 
(See   Ad   front   fly   leaf) 
Montgomery    Agrretta 
Montgomery  Frank 
Moore  Wm.    M. 
Mueller    Andrew   J. 
Mulligan  John 
Mulligan  Thomas 
Murphy  Mary 
N^lings  Wm.  H. 
Nelings    &    Killen 
Nichols  Luther 
Nichols   Marvin  W. 
Norton   Charles   B. 
Norton  Laura  A. 
O'Neill  Michael 
Oathout   Mary 
Oliver  Clarence  J. 
Oliver    Edward    W. 
Oliver  R.  P. 
Oliver  Wm. 
•"^'msted  Ida  N. 
r  RFi    FRANK   M. 
C  tis  Edmund  R. 
Otis   George  H. 
Cttis  &  Co. 
C)vven    Charles    G. 
P£  ynter  Harkless 
Peters   George 
Peters  John 
Peterson  Harold  B. 


Abel    August 
Abel    E.    H. 
Anderson    Andrew 
Appel   J. 
Arnold  J.   S. 
Arnold   S.   M. 
Aulrich  George  Jr. 
Baade  Fritz 
Bender  Ward 
Benthien  Henry,  R.  1 
Bentien  Ernest 
Beynon  John 
Beynon  Martha  E. 
Bleitz  Charles,  R.  3 
Bonker  C.  J. 


Peterson  Harry  B. 
Possehl   Frank  M- 
Randall   Robert  W. 
Reardon  Wm.  J. 
Renshav,'    Leslie    L.,    M. 

D. 
Renshaw   «&   Everall,   M. 

D. 
Renziehausen  Mary 
Rice    Edward    L. 
Rittenhouse  Harley  S. 
Robertson   Jas.    E.,V.    S. 
Rohloff    Charles    A. 
Rowland  Lucinda 
Rupp   Elizabeth 
Russell    Frank   E. 
Russell  Wilson  H. 
Ryan  Miss  Catharine 
Ryan  Margaret 
Schadd  Eleanor 
Schefert  Arnold 
Schv/ab   Adam   E. 
Scott  Bartamous 
Sebastian   Charles  E. 
SEE   CARL  F. 
Shantz  Herman  F. 
Sheppard   John 
Sherman  Frank  T. 
Sherman  Theodore 
Shirholtz    Herman 
Siglin    Fred    S. 
Slitor   Edv/ard   F. 
Smith  Horace   H. 
Smith   Pamelia 
Spies    John 
Steele    Bros. 
Steele   Frank   J. 
Steele    Joseph    A. 
Steiert  Anna  M. 


Stratton  Charles 
Taake  Henry  W. 
Taake  Johanna 
Tangeman  Mrs.  Frances 
TAPPER    DAVID    B. 
Tapper   Ellen 
Tapper    James    E. 
Tapper   John  H.       _ 
TAPPER    &   EGBERT 
(See   Ad    front    fly   leaf) 
Thomas    Hugh   G. 
Thomas  Mary  C. 
Tiede    Ludwig 
Turner   Henry  W. 
Turner   John 
UHsh   Lou's 
Voelske   Albert   C. 
Walch   Linus   A. 
Walch   &   Geraghty 
Warren  Orland  W. 
Waugh  Sarah 
Wellman   Fred   L. 
Wellman  Louis  A. 
Wellman  V^^m.   W. 
Wellman  &  Son 
Wheeler   Elva   F. 
Wheeler  Ira  J. 
White    Alexander    F. 
White  Martha 
TVhite  Wm. 
Wiechmann  Ida 
Wiegand  Conrad  H. 
Williams    Rev.    Hadwen 
Wilson    Henry  M. 
Winkley   Elizabeth 
Wirkler  Arthur  J. 
Wirkler   Mary 
Wirkler  Orville  H. 
Ziegler  Maria  E. 


MONONA  POST  OFFICE 

(Outside  Town) 

Brom.melkamp  B. 
Bywater  Wm. 
Carroll    James 
Clifford  Ellen 
Clifford  William 
Collignon   Julius,    R.   3 
Connell   Mathew,    R.   3 
Connell    Patrick,    R.    3 
Connell  Thomas 
Cunningham    Daniel 
Curtis   H.   S. 
Davis    S.    G. 
Degraw   Ernest 
Degraw    E.    V. 
Degraw  R.  E. 


Demo  William 
Downing  Charles,  R.  3 
Downing  Claude,   R.   S 
Duell    S.    B. 
Duwe   Henry 
Duwe  Herman 
Engelhardt  Wm. 
Ferguson  Alfred 
Ferguson  A.   C. 
Ferguson   John 
Fick   Albert 
Frohwein  W.  H. 
Garms  J.    C 
Gilster  Fred  E.,   R.  1 
Grady  John,  R.  3 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY 


323 


Grady  Joseph 
Gruell   Wm. 
Gutheil  Eva,   R.    3 
Gutheil   Henry,   R.   3 
Haberichter   Charles 
Haberichter    R.    H. 
Hag-g-erty  Daniel,  R.  3 
Hag-gerty    Jeremiah,    R. 

3 
Hakes    Frank,    R.    3 
Hamann  John 
Hargesheimer  Ed.,   R.   3 
Hazlett   George,    R.    3 
Hazlett  Wm.,  R.  3 
Henkes  Louis 
Henkes   Melvin 
Henkes   W.    H. 
Hertrampf  Wm. 
Hofke   Joseph,    R.    3 
Humphrey   James   T. 
Humphrey  L.  B. 
Humphrey  L.  J. 
Humphrey  Mary 
Humphrey   Matt 
Humphrey  P.  H. 
Huekstadt  August 
Hupfer  Charles  F. 
Hupfer  H.  A. 
Ihde   Wm. 
James  Horace 
Jarms   F.   L. 
Jarms   F.   J. 
Jarms  Henry  J. 
Kaiser  A.   F. 
Kaiser  C.   F. 
Kaiser  Henry  H. 
Klingeman    F.    C. 
Knoebel  Edv/ard 
Koehler  Alvis,   R.  8 
Kohler   Christ 


Kohler  Edward 
Koth  Fred 
Koth   Herman 
Krambier  Henry 
Krambier  Louis 
Krambier   Robert 
Kruse  August 
Kruse  Henry 
Kurdelmeier  L.  H. 
Lamker   W.    H. 
Landt    W.    F. 
Lembke  C.   J. 
Lembke  Henry 
Lembke    H.    J. 
Lenth  Frank 
Lenth    Joseph 
Lenth  Louis 
Lestina    John,     R.     3 
Licht  Henry 
Licht   John 
Licht  John  Jr. 
McClelland  P.  W. 
Melcher  N. 
Miller  Wm.   H. 
Miller   W.    J. 
Moon  Harry.  C. 
Mueller  Wm. 
Neubauer  Henry 
Neverman  Fred. 
Newcomb  D.  C. 
O'Leary   Daniel 
O'Leary  Joseph 
O'Leary  J.   P. 
Plozell    Joseph,    R.    3 
Plozell   Thomas,    R.   3 
Roth   Ed. 
Russell  Isaac 
Sass   George 
Schafers  Ed,  R.  1 
Schierholz  H.  P. 


Schiff   Smil,    R.    3 
Schmidt  John  H.,  R.  3 
Schmidt   Wm.   M.,   R.   3 
Schneider  Henry 
Schneider    James 
Schroeder  Henry 
Schroeder  J.   H. 
Schroeder  Rudolph 
Snell    Edward 
Snell   Henry 
Snell  Wm. 
Stafford   Wm.,    R.   3 
Stoehr   Henry  • 
Switzer    C.    H. 
Tapper   Roy,    R.   3 
Tayek    Anton,    R.    3 
Tayek  Benjamin,   R.  3 
Tayek   Joseph,    R.    3 
Tewes  ^Wm.   J.,   R.   3 
Thomas   Roy  P. 
Thompson  Alexander 
Thompson  Larry 
Thompson   Walter 
Thornton   C. 
Thornton    W.    O. 
Trappe  Henry,   R.   3 
Ulrich   Arthur 
Ulrich    James 
Ulrich   William,    R.   3 
Vlazna   Martin,    R.    3 
Wagner  Albert 
Wagner  George 
Wagner  J.   F. 
Walch  Andrew 
Weithorn  H.   J.,   R.  3 
Whittle    M.    F.,    R.    8 
Wiedeman  Matt. 
Wilson  H.  M. 
Witt  C.   E. 
Witt  Fred 


NATIONAL  POST  OFFICE 

A  live  town  of  125  inhabitants  in  Clayton  County,  nine  and  one-half 
miles  southwest  of  McGregor,  the  usual  banking  and  shipping  point. 
Stage  daily  to  McGregor  and  Giard.     Telephone  connections. 

Cornelius  Morgan  P.  M. 
Jos.  G.   Morgan   Asst. 

Anderson   Arthur 
Anderson   G.    D. 
Bachtell    E.    H. 
Bachtell   T.    D. 
Bean    C.    W. 
Berns   Herman 
Berns  Herman  Jr. 
Berns  Joseph 
Berns    William 
Brownson  Freeman 


Bruckner  Barney 
Clark  Victor 
Freeman  Joseph 
Kramer   Fred 
Kreutter  John 
Marlett  Lorenzo 
Marty  Matt 
Matt    Louis 
Meier  Char'es  F. 
Miller   Fred 
Moeller  Henry  J. 
Moeller  John 


Morgan  C. 
Morgan    H.    B. 
Morgan  James  G. 
Mueller  L.   J. 
Nieland  Ben 
Smith  Barton 
Werger  August 
Werger  Herman 
Werges   Fred 
Wright  D.   A. 
Wright    John    T.  ' 


324 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


NORTH  BUENA  VISTA  POST  OFFICE 

This  is  the  post  office  name  for  the  town  of  Buena  Vista,  which  is 
beautifully  situated  on  the  Mississippi  River  and  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P. 
R.  R.,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  part  of  Clayton  County,  twenty-four 
miles  north  of  Dubuque,  the  nearest  banking  location.     Ships  large  quan- 


tities of  grain,  live  stock  and  cord  wood, 
graph.     Population  65. 
Rudolph   Meuth,   P.   M 


U.   S.  Express.     W.   U.   Tele- 


Robert   Meuth,  Asst. 
Allen   B.    L. 
Atchison    Fred 
Atchison  James 
Atchison   John    S. 
Atchison    Wm.    I. 
Bakula  Michael 
Birch   D.   E. 
Blaser   George 
Blaser   John 
Brada   Simon 
Brandenburg  J.  C. 
Bredt   John  M. 
Brimeyer  Nicholas 
Bronson  Seymour 
Carter  G.  W. 
Carter    Jaines 
Connelly  J.  J. 
Connelly  Terrance  A. 
Dean   V/m. 
Demill  Mrs.  E. 
Dietrich  Albert 
Edwards  John  B. 
Engling   Henry 
Eng^ing    John 
Fabert    Ernest 
Freiburger   Benjamin 
Friedman  George,  R.  1 
Greve  August. 
Groehlinger  Joachim 
Hefel  George 
Hefel    John 
Hefel    Joseph 
Hefel   Martin 
Henkels    John 
Hommes  Anthony 


Hommes   Math. 
Huffman    I.    T. 
Johnson  Joseph 
Johnson    Joshua 
Kallmerten   Ferd. 
Kamm    Henry 
Kasel    B. 
Kelsey  George 
Kelsey  Ira 
Keppler  A,    C. 
Keppler  Gustav 
Koennecker  Christ 
Koennecker  Frank 
Kohnen  John 
Krapf   Joseph 
Kuykendall   John  L. 
Kuykendair    Mrs. 

J. 
Lance  Cieo. 
Lance   McC. 
Ley    Nicholas 
Ley  Peter 
Lund  I.  A. 
McCaffrey    Catherine 
McCaffrey  Edward 
McCaffrey  Emma 
McCaffrey  John 
McCaffrey  Michael 
Maier    Christ 
Merkle    Ernest 
Meuth  C.   A. 
Meuth  Robert 
Meuth  Rudolf 
Meuth  R.  A. 
Mulhall  Thomas 
Nagel  Arthur  E. 
Nagel  Carl 


Nagel  Fred 
Noggle  A.  C. 
Noggle  Ellis 
Oberbroeckling   F.    W. 
Orcutt  Daniel 
Osthoff  Chr. 
Osthoff  Math. 
Pierce  Frank 
Potter    J.    M. 
Regner  Andrew 
Relchman  Ferd. 
Reichman  John 
Rlnicker    John 
Rinicker  J.   L. 
Roe  John  M. 
Sawyer  E.  P. 
Susie    Saylor  Jacob 

Schmidt    Anthony   P. 
Schmidt  John  G. 
Spielbauer   Joseph 
Stoddard  M.   C. 
Sweeney  Joseph  A. 
Taschner  Carl 
Taschner  Christian 
Tinkey  George 
Tinkey  Michael 
T'ttle    John 
Tittle  Lemuel 
Tucker   E.    R. 
Tweedie  Thomas 
^Vachendorf   Anton 
Wachendorf  Wm. 
Wick  George 
Wick  Jacob 
Woodward  Edward 
Zimmer  Joseph 
Zimmer  Mrs.  Rosa 


NORTH  McGregor  post  office 

(Inside  Tov/n) 

A  flourishing  incorporated  town,  very  pleasantly  situated  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi River,  and  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  Railway,  fifty-six  miles  north  of 
Dubuque;  one  mile  north  of  McGregor,  its  nearest  banking  point,  and 
twenty-seven  miles  by  rail  from  Elkader,  the  county  seat.  It  is  ex- 
clusively a  railroad  town,  being  the  junction  of  the  I.  &  D.  and  the  Du- 
buque  divisions   of  the   C,   M.   &   St.   P.  Railway.     It  is  connected   with 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


325 


Prairie  du  Chien  bj'  a  pontoon  bridge   which   spans  the   river  at  these 

points.     Has    water   worlds,    an    electric    light   plant,  and    a    good    hotel. 

Population    GOO.     U.    S.    Express.     W.    U.    Telegraph.  Telephone    connec- 
tions. 


Ole  Nielsop.,  P.  M. 
Miss     Jorand      Nielson, 
Asst. 

Allen    Thomas 

Barr   Hannah 

Barr  Thomas  D. 

Barton    Frank    J. 

Bell    Mrs.    Anna 

Berry  James  M. 

Berry  John 

Berry    (The) 

Beyl    Fred    A. 

Blake   Wm.    H. 

Boleyn  Martin   C. 

Bromley   Adelaide 

Brown  Wm.   R. 

Budde    August 
Burke  John  J. 
Camion    Jeremiah 
Carroll  Mary 
Casey  Cathar'ne 
Casey    Wm.    J. 
Cassidy  Patrick 
Clem.ents  Rollins  S. 
Cole    Wm.    W. 
Coleman  T^^alter  L. 
Collins   M.    E. 
Contell  Mrs.   Ida 
Contell  Wm.  D. 
Cotant  Clarence  H. 
Curran    Jesse    H. 
Dahmen   Jerry  H. 
Dahmen    Oscar 
Dccy   Charles 
Delaney  Frank 
Deye   Seville 
Diamond  Frank 
Dickson    George 
Donahue  Daniel 
Doyle  James  F. 
Doyle    Liza 
Drown   Charles  A. 
Eeker   Charles 
Edgar    Malinda 
Edgar  Robert 
Emsly  John 
Ennis  Cornelius  S. 
Ennis  Wm.   C. 
Ferguson   Leonard 
^erris   Edward   C. 
Fields   Charles   E. 
Fields  Wm.    H. 


Fox    Frank    T. 
Gallagher  John 
Gilmore  Frederick  C. 
Golke  Charles 
Gordon  Fred 
Grady  Anthony 
Grady  Michael  E. 
Graf    Michael    C. 
Graham  George  H. 
Hagensick  John 
Hahn  Aloysius  B. 
Hahn    Francis 
Hanley  Patrick  J. 
Harrington   Mrs.    Betsy 
Hart    James    E. 
Hart  James  P. 
Haugen   Martin 
Haupt  Milton  J. 
Hav/thorne   Johnson   C. 
Hendrickson    Carl    J. 
Herverson    James 
Hoffman  John  J. 
Holz  Gottfried 
Hook  George 
Hopkins  Florence 
Huffman  George 
Jennings    Mrs.    Nancy 
Johnson  Charles  A. 
Kalen    George    M. 
Kean  Robert 
Keen    Frank    G. 
Keen    Henry    A. 
Keen   Louis 
Kelly   Anthony 
Kelly  James 
Kelly   Thomas  L. 
Kelsey   Samuel   H. 
Kiesewetter  Wm, 
Krohn   George   W. 
Lange  Ernest 
Lange  Fred 
Lange  Henry 
Langlie  Anton  B. 
Langlie  Bros. 
Langlie  Christ 
Larson    Karen 
Lewis  Andrew  E. 
Lewis  Ralph  A. 
Luthers   Nancy 
Lynch   Wm.    F. 
McCoy  Isabella 
Monty   Lewis  A. 


Moore  Amos  L. 

Motheral  Esther 

Murphy  Margaret 

Nielson    Miss   Jorand 

Nielson  Ole 

O'Brien  James 

O'Brien  John 

O'Brien   Patrick   H. 

O'Brien  P.  H.  &  Son 

O'Donnell  John 

O'Donnell   Thomas    J. 

Oehring    Caroline 

Ploog  Henry  C, 

Prouty    James   M. 

Pi-esho  John  H. 

Rehm  George  J. 

Richards  Frank  O. 

Richards  Frank  R. 

Ridgeway  Otto  B. 

Rudolf  Alexander  K. 
Schaffer   Christina 
^chaffer  Henry 
Schaffer  John 
Schott    Henry   F. 
Schurtzman   Herman  A. 
Scrogun    George   E. 
Shafer   Henry 
Sievers   Joseph   L. 
Sloan    Wm.    H. 
Soarn  Ole  A. 
Soulli  Anna 
Stasel  Gustav 
Tanner  Gordon  R. 
Thompson  Hugh 
Thill   Frank 
Trewin  Robert  W. 
Trumle    Nancy 
Van   Hooser   Giles 
Vaughn    John 
Veit   Frank   B. 
Veitenheimer  Mina 
Vite  Joseph  A 
Wellner    Charles    G. 
Wells  Noble  E. 
Westcott   Mrs.   Mary   T. 
Whalen  John 
Whalen  John  F. 
Wheeler    Wm.    G. 
Williamson  James 
Winegar  H.   Frederick 
Winegar  James  A. 
AVingen    Christian 


326 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Wingren    Gerhardt 
^Vingen  G.  &  Sons 


Wingen  Herman  J. 
Wngen    Wm.    F. 


Wooden  Mary  J. 
Wyman  Elizabeth  M. 


NORTH  McGregor  post  office 


Anderson   John 
Baldwin  Charles 
Baldwin  Charles  Jr. 
Bergemeyer   B. 
Bergemeyer  Joseph 
Bock   Albert 
Bohan   James 
Bohan  Peter 
Boots  Bert 
Boots  James 
Brechler  Peter 
Cahoon   R.    A. 
Cannon  J. 
Carlson  Albert 
Carpenter  A.  J. 
Casey   John 
Chase  James 
Clement  Abe 
Clement  Claude 
Cochran   C.    M. 
Collins  Mary  E. 
Connell  M.  D. 
Crimmins  Daniel 
Crimniins  Jeremiah 


(Outside  Town) 

Crimmins  M.  D.    . 
Demming   James 
Demming   Orin 
Erickson   Evan 
Faber   Ernest 
Gallagher  Frank 
Gallagher  Henry 
Grady  Anthony 
Hahn   A.   B. 
Hahn    I. 
Hahn   Vincent 
Hook  George 
Houck  E.  J. 
Kersten  Emil 
Kinsley    Frank 
Knapp    Frank 
Knapp  George 
Knapp  M.  C. 
Knapp  M.  J. 
McAndrew  Thomas 
McGuire   Philip 
Mitchel   J.   W. 
Monahan  Patrick 
Motherall  Anna 


Motherall  Wm.  B. 
Ruddy  Daniel 
Sawvel  A.  A. 
Sawvel    John 
Schneider   Wm. 
Schurtzman  H.  A. 
Scott  Charles 
Scott    E.    G. 
Scott    S.    A. 
Scrogum  Charles 
Scrogum  J.   H. 
Starkey  Thomas 
Vansickle  C.  A. 
Walker   Wm. 
Walsh  Joseph 
Walsh   Martin 
Whalen  John 
TS^ieland    Ernest 
Wilson   A.   H. 
Wilson  O.   C. 
\Vilson  William 
Yaeger   Robert 
Zahn  Peter 
Ziska    Thomas 


OSBORNE  POST  OFFICE 


Located  on  the  C,  M.  &   St.  P.   R.  R.,  and 
miles  from  Elkader,  the  county  seat  and  nearest 
four  miles  from  Dubuque  by  rail.     Population  60, 
Telegraph.     Telephone  connections. 
Charles  J.  Cross,  P.   M.    Feller   George 


Behn   Henry 
Casey   Bernard 
Connelly   J.    M. 
Connelly  P.  M. 
Cords   C.   J. 
Cords  Henry  D. 
Debes  Albert 
Debes  Gregor 
Debes  James 
Debes  Peter  A. 
Dunn  James   S. 
Elvers  Adolf 
Farmer  James 


Fick  Ludwig 
Galer   M.   M. 
Heiden  Charles 
Heiden  Fred 
Hines    Lester 
Hines  Sylvester 
Ivory  D.  J. 
Kaiser  Christian 
Kenneally  David 
Kenneally  Michael 
Kenneally  Thomas 
McDermott  Bridget 
McDermott  J.   J. 


on  the  Volga  River,  six 
bank  location,  and  sixty- 
,     U.  S.  Express.     W.  U. 


McDermott  J.   P. 
McDermott  Wm. 
Mentzel   Gustave 
Mentzel    G.    E. 
Moyna   Patrick 
Osborne  Robert 
Osborne  Thomas 
Palmer  E.   -.^. 
Robbins   C.    H. 
Robbins   C.   H.   Jr. 
Stahl  August 
Stahl  Fred 
Sturm  John 


OSTERDOCK  POST  OFFICE 


A  prosperous  village  of  105  inhabitants,  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R., 
twenty-one  miles  from  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  thirty-five  miles  from 
Dubuque.     W.  U.  Telegraph.     U.  S.  Express.     Telephone  connections. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


327 


John    Moser,   P.    M. 
T.  J.   Walters,  Asst. 

Balsinger  P.  J. 
Barnhart  Albert 
Barnhart   Fred   B. 
Barnhart  George  B. 
Barnhart  George  T. 
Barnhart  James  F. 
Barrett  D.   A. 
Barton   Frank 
Barton  John 
Benschneider   A.   W. 
Blaker    B.    B. 
Blaker  James  G. 
Bowman  Catharine 
Bowman    Charles 
Bowman  Harry 
Bowman   S.   W. 
Bowman  W.  W. 
Brown  Bruce  E. 
Brown  Ben. 
Brown  Charles 
Brown   George  W. 
Brown   Harry 
Brown   James  W. 
Brown  John  H. 
Brown  Milton  S. 
Brown   O.    P. 
Brown  Wm. 
Burr  Frank 
Burr  Peter  M. 
Bush  E.  A. 
Bush    Frank    E. 
Bush  Frank  R. 
Bush    H.    D. 
Bush  James 
Bush  Joseph  H. 
Bush   R.   H. 
Bush  Warren 
Butters  John  W. 
Cox   F.    M. 
Cox  S.  I. 
De  Sotel  A.  J. 
Dodge  George  A. 
EUedge  D.  B. 
Elledge  Jasper 
Elledge  J.  E. 
Elledge    J.    R. 
Every  Roscoe 
Finnegan  John  H. 
Finnegan  Michael 
Flaegel  John 
Flaegel    Louis 
Flagel   Fred 
Fogle  David  M. 
Friedlein    Charles 
Friedlein   John   G. 
Funk  Ellwood 


Funk  J.  E. 
Garkow   Gustave 
Geick  Frank 
Geick  Wm. 
Geiselman  Joseph 
Gore  Hannah 
Gore  J.   S. 
Gray   W.    A. 
Guinn    Samuel   R. 
Guinn  Scott 
Guinn  Thomas 
Hall    H.    W. 
Hammond  J.  H. 
Hammond  Wm. 
Hansel  Alex 
Hansel  Edward 
Hansel   George   L. 
Hansel   Jacob 
Hansel  Jacob  G. 
Hansel  James  E. 
Hansel    James    P. 
Hansel    John   P. 
Hansel  John  G. 
Hansel  John  W. 
Hansel   P.   E. 
Hansel   P.    L. 
Hansel  Squire 
Hansel  S.   E. 
Harbaugh  Charles 
Harbaugh  P.  T. 
Harbaugh   Henry 
Harbaugh  John 
Harbaugh  J.  B. 
Harbaugh  J.  J. 
Harris   Fuller 
Harris  Lucius 
Harris   L.   M. 
Harris   Wm. 
Harry    James   M. 
Harry  John  T. 
Haught  Ira  P. 
Haught  James   E. 
Hunt  D.  J. 
Hunt  Henry  M. 
Hunt  Miss  M.  C. 
Hyde  George  W. 
Hyde  G.  W.  Jr. 
Hyde   Harriet 
Hyde   James 
Hyde  James  A. 
Hyde   John   H. 
Hyde  John  P. 
Hyde  Joseph 
Hyde  V.  A. 
Jones    B.    H. 
Jones   Emeline 
Jones  S.   J. 
Kauffman  D.  J. 


Kauffman  George  J. 
Kickbush    J.    C. 
Kulper  Henry 
Kulper   Henry  Jr. 
Kulper  John 
Lee  Charles 
Lee  George  W. 
Lee   James   P. 
Lee  J.  W, 
Livingston   Eli 
Lovett  M.  W. 
Lundt  Fred 
Lundt   Louis 
Lundt   Wm. 
^vxcDowell  Delbert 
McDowell  Scott 
McDowell   Wm, 
McMonigal  Frank 
McMonigal   Josiah 
Mallory  A.    H. 
Mallory   H.   A. 
Mallory    S.    G. 
Meyers  John 
Meyers  Wm. 
Miller  George  H. 
Miller   Leonard 
Miller  M.  C. 
Mitzner  Ferdinand  . 
Morarend  Henry 
Morarend  John 
Morley  B.  P. 
Moser  Alexander 
Moser   A.    J. 
Moser  Fred 
Moser   Fred  Jr. 
Moser  Fred   H. 
Moser  Henry 
Moser  John 
Moser   Lena 
Moser    L.    D. 
Moser  Nick 
Moser  Robert 
Moser  Rudolph 
Moser    Wm. 
Noack  Garrison 
Noack  Peter 
Noack  P.    S. 
Noack   S.   D. 
Noack  Wm. 
Oldham  C.  G. 
Oldham  O.  B. 
Oplinger  James 
Palmer  A.   B. 
Palmer  C.  W. 
Palmer  David 
Palmer  H.   E. 
Palmer  J.   L. 
Palmer   R.   B. 


328 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Palmer  W.  E. 
Parkes  Wm.  M. 
Patrick  Joseph 
Patrick  Wm. 
Peacock  A.   H. 
Penhollow  E';  M. 
Pierce  Edward 
Pierce   P.    L. 
Pischke  Gustav 
Pischke  Louis 
Porter  J.  S. 
Portwein   Edward 
Rice  J.    F. 
Rieg-el  John  F. 
Pciegel  Wiltse 
Schrunk  G.  S. 
Schrunk  T.   F. 


Schrunk  Wm.  R. 
Smiley  John  L. 
Smith  Alex 
Smith  John  A. 
Smith  John  F. 
Smith  John  W. 
Smith    George   W. 
Smith    Martin 
Smith  Richard 
Smith  R.  S. 
Smith  Wilbur 
Starr    Sanford 
Stewart  R.  B. 
Stone  F.  A. 
Sullivan  John 
Sullivan  J.  B. 
Tinkey  Edward 


Tomkins    H.    P. 
Tomkins  J.  J. 
Troester  George 
Troester    George   Jr. 
Troester  John 
Walters  Marvin 
Walters   T.   J. 
Feidt    B.    C. 
Welsh  C.   N. 
AVhite  Charles 
White  C.   W. 
^Vhite  George  W. 
White   John 
White  R.   C. 
Wildersmuth  J.  B. 


POSTVILLE  POST  OFFICE 


Abernethy  Fred 
Alt  Theodore 
Anderson  Andrew,  R.  1 
Anderson   Emil 
Anderson  Eric 
Anderson   Lars,    R.-  1 
Anderson  Nels 
Bailey  Samuel  C. 
Baker   Ole,    R.    1 
Bareiss  Fred 
Bareiss  George 
Bareiss  Wm. 
Batchelder  B.  S. 
Bates  Henry 
Bates   Wm. 
Berg  Aksel,  R.  1 
Berg  F.    C,    R.   1 
Bilden  E.   E.,   R.  1 
Blietz   Joseph 
Block  Henry 
Block  Plenry  W. 
Brandt  Fred  H. 
Brandt  Grub. 
Buraas    H.     H.,    R.    1 
Busacker  J.  H. 
Buttalph   Loren 
Candee    A.    M. 
Casten  John 
Cayton  A.  B. 
Cayton  J.   C. 
Christofferson  Walter 
Clark  L. 
Clark  V/.   G. 
Clark  W.   J. 
Condon  Thomas 
Cook   Charles 
Cowles  Edward 


(Allamakee  County) 

Dahlstrom    Charles 
Duwe  Joseph 
Eberling    F.    C. 
Eberling   William 
Erickson   Ben 
Erickson  Henry,   R.  1 
Erickson  Peter 
Erickson  S.   G.,    R.  1 
Everson  Ever  O. 
Fay  Frank 
Fay    George   W. 
Fleming    B.    C. 
Fleming  Michael 
Gass   Edward 
Gass  Jacob 
Gass    Walter 
Gordon  Charles 
Gordon  Edwin 
Gordon  Elmer 
Gordon  Howard 
Gordon    Oscar 
Gordon  Thomas 
Groth   H.   H. 
Groth  K.  H.,  R.  1 
Gulbronson  Andrew 
Gulsvig   E.    E.,    R.   1 
Hanson  L. 
Harnack  Christ 
Harnack   Joseph 
Harnack  Louis 
Heins    Wm. 
Heins   Wm.    H. 
Helgerson  Austen 
Helgerson  Nels  L. 
Henderson  E.   T. 
Hubener  Charles  H. 
Jacobia  David,  R.  1 


Johncke   Christ 
Johncke   Ed. 
Johnson  Dorf,  R.  1 
Johnson  Julius,  R.  1 
Johnson  Lauritz,  R.  1 
Klinkel   Casper 
Knodt   Henry 
Larson  Hans 
Larson  Lars 
Larson  Peter 
Lein   E.    O. 
Lien  Thomas  O. 
Looney  John 
Lyngoas  Engebert 
Lyngoas  Nels  M. 
McNally  R.  E. 
McNeil  Daniel 
McNeil  Ed. 
McNeil  John 
McGhee  Nelson 
Madaus  August 
Madaus  Charles 
Marston   Bert 
Martin  C.   J. 
Meyer   A.   D. 
Meyer  C.  F. 
Meyer  J.  O. 
Meyer  W.  C. 
Meyer  W.   H. 
Moon    Frank 
Mosby  O. 
Mosby  T. 
Nehring  Detrich 
Oleson    Gustav 
Olson   Thomas,    R.   1 
Patri  William 
Pearson  Duane 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


329 


Pearson  R,  V. 
Pixler  Georg-e  W. 
Pixler   J.    M. 
Re  if  Georg-e 
Reif    Henry 
Reif    John 
Reif  J.   W. 
Reineke  Charles  P. 
Reinel^e    Chas,    F.    Jr. 
Reinhardt    Frank 
Reinhardt    Harry 
Reinhardt  Wm. 
Reirson  Hulver 
Reirson  Lars 
Reirson  Die 
Reirson  Thomas 
Renzeman  Fred 
Rolfe    G.    L. 
Rounds  Frank 
Rounds  Jesse 
Rounds    M.    M. 


Rounds  Stephana,  R.  1 
Rucktashel  Christ 
Rucktashel   Fritz 
Rucktashel  John 
Sawyer    D. 
Schlie   Henry 
Schlie  ^^m. 
Schroeder  B.   F. 
Schroeder   Carl 
Sch)-oeder    Henry 
Schroeder  John 
Schroeder  Otto 
Schulte    Henry 
Schultz   F.   H. 
Schultz    Henry 
Schultz  Louis 
wSchultz  Wm. 
Schutte  Herman 
Schutte  J.   H. 
Skain  Anton,   R.  1 
•Skarsbaug  I.  H.,  R.  1 


Stake  Henry,  R.  1 
Stinerson  N.  G.,  R.  1 
Stray   N.   E.,    R.    1 
Swenson  John 
Swenson   Swen 
Topel  August 
Topei   Charles 
Trudo  O.   L. 
Ugland  R. 
Waters  R.  B. 
Weihe  Charles 
^Veihe  John  C. 
Welzel  Carl  G. 
Welzel  Conrad 
Welzel  John 
Welzel  J.   P. 
Wettleson  W.   T. 
Williams  F.  L. 
T\^illiams  Lester 
Willman    Wm. 


SAINT  OLAF  POST  OFFICE 

A  town  of  150  inhabitants,  situated  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.  The 
nearest  bank  location  is  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  five  miles  distant.  U. 
S.  Express.     W.  U.  Telegraph.     Telephone  connections. 


Otto  O.  Johnson,   P.   M. 
Ade'ia  Embretson,  Asst. 

Anderson  Andrew  O.  W. 
Anderson  C.  J.,   R.  1 
Anderson  Maline,  R.  1 
Anderson  Ole 
Anderson    Thomas    W. 
Arvensen  N. 
Barnum  Plarry 
Baumeister  C. 
Bennetts  J.  C. 
Benson   O.    M. 
Bergan   H.    C,    R.   1 
Breitsprecher  Henry 
Brockman   Christ 
Brockman    Christ    Jr. 
Brockman  Fritz 
Buckman   John  P. 
Carney  Wm. 
Christenson  John 
Christian  son   Charles 
Clark  Seth 
Clauson  Levi 
Connors    J.    P. 
Crary  Alice  M. 
Crary  Amy  S. 
Crary  Lucy  S. 
Crary  Wm.    H. 
Dahl  August 
Dahlstrom  August 


Dahlstrom   Ernest 
Dahlstrom  Henry 
Dahlstrom  Herman 
Diers   F.    W. 
Diers   Henry 
Embretson  E. 
Embretson  Smbret 
Embretson  Henry  O. 
Embretson   H.    T. 
Embretson  Knut  O. 
Embretson  Lars 
Embretson   Lewis 
Embretson  Nels 
Embretson  Ole  E. 
Embretson  Peter 
Embretson  T.  T. 
Englehardt    Charles 
Englehardt  George  R. 
Englehardt  Henry 
Englehardt  John 
Faber  John 
Fasher    Otto 
Frederick  Frank 
Frisby  John 
Fuhrman   Wm.    L. 
Gilbert  Frank  M. 
Gilster   Louis 
Glister  William 
Glawe  Charles 
Glawe  Henry 


Glawe  Theodore 
Glesne  Even  O. 
Glesne    Ole   E. 
Gulsvig   A.    E.,    R.    1 
Gulsvig    E.    A.,    R.    1 
Gunderson  Jurgen 
Gunderson  Ole  E. 
Hagensick  Louis 
Halvorson  Gilbert 
Halvorson  Knut,   R.  1 
Halvorson  Nels 
Halvorson   Ole 
Hamann  Herman 
Hamann  Otto 
Hanson  Gilbert 
Hanson   Hans   B. 
Hanson  Hans  G. 
Hanson   H.    R.,    R.   1 
Harnack  Charles 
Harnack  Henry 
Helgeson  Hans 
Henning   Fritz 
Henning   Georg'e 
Herbranson  Plenry 
Herbranson  Ole  T. 
Herterich   Frantz,    R.   1 
Hoffman  Fred 
Horstman  August 
Hueckstadt  Wm.* 
Hulvorson    H.    L. 


330 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Hulvorson  Lars 
Hulvorson  Lev/is 
Hulgerson  P. 
Ihde  Charles 
Jellum  Albert 
Jellum    Gunder 
Jellum  Ole 
Johnson  Fing-er 
Johnson  Henry- 
Johnson  John 
Johnson  Nels 
Johnson  Ole 
Johnson  Otto 
Jones    Jeff,    R.    1 
Junk   Carl 
Kaiser  J.   H. 
Kamin   Fred 
Keleher  T.  F. 
Keleher  W.  E. 
Kightllng-er    Francis 
Kightling-er   J. 
Kill  Miss  Cora  A. 
Klinkenberg   Henry 
Klinkenberg   Herman 
Klinkenberg  Wm. 
Kluth  George 
Kluth  Wm.  H. 
Knudson  Anna 
Knudtson  Embret 
Knudtson  Theodore 
Knudtson  T.  O. 
Knuth  Emil 
Knuth   Wm. 
Koss  A.  L, 
Koss  George 
Koss  Wm. 
Kuhse   Gustav 
Kurdelmeyer    George 
Larson  Amund 
Larson  Henry   P. 
Larson  Jacob 
Larson  John 
Larson  Josepii 
Larson  Louis 
Larson  Martin 
Lembke   Henry 
Lenth  Albert 


Lenth   H.   F. 
Liljestrom  Nels 
Maehl   John   C. 
Mandelkow  Ernestine 
Mandelkow  Louis 
Martens  William 
Matt  Joseph 
Matt  Wm. 
Meyer  John  H. 
Meyer    Louis 
Mickelson   Henry 
Monlux   Wm.    C. 
Mueller  Fred 
Mueller  Henry 
Nelson   Hans 
Niebauer    Wm. 
Nielson  Torkel 
Nosby    Lars 
Nugent  George 
Obermuller  August 
Olson  Albert 
Olson  Gilbert 
Olson   Gilbert  L. 
Olson  J.   K. 
Olson  Knut  L. 
Olson   Lars   L.,    R.   1 
Olson  Nels  A. 
Olson   Ole    A. 
Olson  Ole  T. 
Olson   T.    H.,   R.   1 
Olson  Theodore  L. 
Orv's    F.    K. 
Palas  H.  W. 
Palas    L.    J. 
Perry  F.  M. 
Peterson    Wm.    L. 
Peterson  A.  L. 
Peterson    B.    H. 
Peterson  Marten 
Peterson  M.  C. 
Peterson  Peter  T. 
Radloff   Mrs.   C.  W. 
Radloff    Fred 
Radio ff  Wra. 
Rantzow  Charles 
Raymond  Delbert 
Raynolds  J.   L. 


Rierson   Torkel 
Ronquest  Plenry 
Schmidt  C.  F. 
Schmidt  John  G. 
Schmidt  Wm. 
Schmidt  Wm.  C. 
Schuetz    Ferdinand 
Seeland  Carl 
Seeland   Charles 
Seeland  Henry 
Sorum  Nils,   R.  1 
Southwell    R. 
Stake    Maria 
Sterns    F. 
Stone    H.    A. 
Thompson   Gunder 
Thompson  H.  L. 
Thompson  Knud 
Thompson    Ole 
Thoresen  Tanler,  R.  1 
Thovson    Lars 
Thovson   Nels 
Thoxson   Tove   T. 
Tollefson    Joseph 
Tollefson    T. 
Torstenson  Torsten 
Toveson    Lars 
Toveson  Tove 
Tovson    Halvor 
Ulberg    Peter 
Vogt    Fritz 
Vogt  Henry 
Wahls   Henry  J. 
Wald   Henry 
Weber    Math. 
Wehrkamp  John  H. 
Weymouth  Ole 
Wiedemeyer  Henry 
Wilke    Fred    C. 
Wilke   F.   Y/. 
Wilke  H.   W. 
Wilker   Fred 
Wilker  George 
Wilker   John 
Wold  Ferd. 
Wold  Theodor 


SAINT  SEBALD  POST  OFFICE 

An  inland  postofRce,  four  miles  north  of  Strawberry  Point,  the  nearest 
railroad  station  and  banking  point.     Population  30. 


G.   H.  Fuehr,  P. 
Mrs.       E.      Ph. 

Asst. 
Bartels    Henry 


M.  Bartels    Henry   Jr. 

Fuehr,     Baumgartner  Charles 
Fliehler  Gottlieb 
Gresch  Gottlieb 


Herring  Michael 
Huebsch  Carl  J. 
Huebsch   John  A. 
Rebaschus  F.   G. 
Schmidt   Ludv/ig 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


331 


STRAWBERRY  POINT  POST  OFFICE 

(Inside  Town) 
Is  one  of  the  best  towns  in  Iowa.  It  is  a  stirring  place  on  tlie  Cedar 
Rapids  and  Calmar  branch  of  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.,  in  Cass  Township, 
sixteen  miles  southwest  of  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  seventy-three 
miles  north  of  Cedar  Rapids.  Population  1,000.  It  contains  Methodist 
Episcopal,  Baptist,  Congregational,  Lutheran,  Catholic  and  Universalist 
churches,  a  graded  school,  a  public  hall  with  a  seating  capacity  of  900, 
a  bank,  an  opera  house,  a  week  newspaper — The  Mail-Press,  and  other 
institutions.  Shipments  consist  of  live  stock,  butter,  eggs,  and  general 
farm  produce.  These  'products  with  that  of  her  immense  creamery,  said 
to  be  the  largest  exclusively  separator  creamery  in  the  country,  make  the 
city  one  of  great  commercial  importance.  This  beautiful  town  is  situated 
in  one  of  the  best  agricultural  regions  in  the  world,  her  possibilities  for 
the  future  are  unlimited,  and  her  growth  assured.  The  people  are  like 
those  of  all  Iowa  towns,  exceptionally  intelligent  and  progressive.  Her 
religious  interests  are  well  cared  for  by  several  church  societies,  all  in  a 
prosperous  condition,  and  presided  over  by  able  pastors.  Her  educational 
facilities  are  fully  up  to  the  standard  of  Iowa  cities  of  equal  population. 
Stage  daily  to  Osborne;  fare  seventy-five  cents.  W.  U.  Telegraph.  U.  S. 
Express.     Telephone  connections. 


Gilbert  Cooley,  P.  M. 
Miss     U!a     Coykendall, 

Asst. 
Adams  Jacob  J. 
Alderson  Elizabeth 
Alderson  George 
Alderson   Miles 
Allen    Francis    M. 
Allen  Herbert 
Allen  Laura  A. 
Allenstein  Catherine 
Anderson   Mrs.   Anna 
Anderson   Bert   F. 
Antrim    Eliza    C. 
Antrim    Louisa 
Appleby    Warren    O. 
Baird  John  E. 
Ball    Albert   D. 
Balluff    Mary 
Barker  Wm.   L. 
Barnes  James  C. 
Bartels  Charles  H. 
Bartlett   Elmer  E. 
Baumann  Andrew 
Baumg-artner  Charles 
Bemis   Chancey 
Billmeyer  Dr.  George  M. 
Blake   Alex 
Blake   Elizabeth  A. 
Blake  House 


Blake  Wm.  H. 
Blanchard  Wm.  J. 
Bowers  Archie 
Bowers  George  W. 
Bowers  Isaac  N. 
Brownson  Mrs.  Edith  M. 
Buckley  Helen  M. 
Buechner   Wm. 
Buechner  Wm.   D. 
Busch  Louis 
Carrier    Lester   F. 
Chapman  Charles  F. 
Chapman    George    E. 
Chapman  Sarah  J. 
Clark  Alonzo  S. 
Clark    Ciba    B. 
Clouth  Mrs.  Minnie 
Clover  Frank  C. 
Cole   Asa   R. 
Cole   Olive 
Cole  Sarah  J. 
Collings   James 
Cooley    Boardman 
Cooley   Gilbert 
Cooper    Anson 
Coykendahl  Mary 
Dalton  Whitman 
Darling    Samuel   V. 
Davis   Benjamin   B. 
Davis    John   F. 


Davis  Julius  E. 

Davis   Oscar  R. 

Dean  Rev.  Frederic  A. 

Dexter  George  D. 

Dexter  Jane 

De    Puy   Rev.    Orin   C. 

Deyo  George  B. 

Deyo    John    H, 

Dodd    A.    R. 

Dodd  &  Fallows 

Dorman    Charles,    D.    D. 

S. 
Drake  Mordica 
Duncan    Killman 
Dunham  Addie 
Dunning  Theodore 
Dunsmoor  Fred  M. 
Dunsmore  James  P. 
Dunsmoor  Thomas 
Durst  George 
Eaton  Hal  M.,   D.   D.   S. 
Eder  George  M. 
Ely   G.    N. 
Emerson   Lloyd 
Emerson  Mrs.  Lucy 
Eppler   Gustav      • 
Fairchild  Mrs.   Nellie  B. 
Fallows  C.   W. 
Flack   Jane 
Flack   Newton   S. 


332 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Flennikeu  John  C. 
Fliehler   Christ  G. 
Fortney    Minnie 
FRANKLIN  (THE) 
Frederick  Christ 
Frederick  John  II. 
Fritz   August 
Fultz    Martin 
Gager  Edgar  L. 
Gibbs    Arthur    C. 
Gifford   Eliza 
Gilchrist   Daniel  M. 
Gilchrist  Tyler 
Gill   Frank  W. 
Glad\vin  Oliver   C. 
Glass  Lawrence 
Glass  Magdalina 
Gorley   C.    H. 
Graf   Rev.   Gustav  A. 
Grassmeyer    John    F. 
Gratka  G.  E. 
Gratke  Samuel 
Greenwood  Orin  M. 
Griffin    Elmer   E. 
Hagge  Christ  J. 
Hale   Electa 
Hanson  Bernard 
Hanson  Miss  May 
Hardman   John  W. 
Hardman  Loron  L. 
Harr- Gibbs  Co. 
Harr   Homer  M. 
Harrington  Hiram  A. 
Hartigan  Rev.  John 
Harwood   Miner   F. 
Hayes    George   W. 
Hebner  John 
Hennessy  John  J. 
Hesner  John 
Hestwood  Rev.  James  F. 
Hildebrandt  Sarah  A. 
Hill    Jim 

Hindal   Emma  C. 
Hines   Cyrus 
Hines   Lester   L. 
Hoag    Edward    H. 
Hoag   Wylie 
Hogan  Thomas  G. 
Holbert    Joseph   L. 
Howard  Dr.  Fred  H. 
Howard   Irwin  P. 
Howes    Louis 
Imleu    Carl 
Inter- State        Telephone 

Co. 
Jakv.ay  Martha 
Jenness   Sarah  A. 
Jessen  Jesse 


Jessen   Wm. 

Jewell   John 

Jewell  John  H. 

Jewell  Walter 

Jewett  Maurice 

Johnston  Henry  K. 

Jordan  Eliza 

Joy  Solomon 

Kaberle  August 

Kairns  John 

Kamoss  Mrs.  Amelia 

Kane  Hattie 

KING    BROS.     &PRES- 

TON 
King   James 
Kingsley  Allen  O. 
Kingsley  Kirk  W. 
Kirkpatrick  John  D.   M. 
Kleinlein  Anna 
Kleinsorge  August 
Kramer  John 
Kraus  Bartholomew 
Kurpyuhn  Fred 
Lang  Edgar  E. 
Langridge    Howard   P. 
Lathrop    Lloyd 
Lawrence   Mary   D. 
Liddy    Mrs.    Maud   E. 
Liddy  Michael 
Little  Albert  T. 
Little  Jane 
Little  Lyman  A. 
Litts  Caroline 
Litts   Lester 
McGarvey  Albert 
McKray   Wm.    H. 
McNeal  James  C. 
Madison  Louis 
MAIL-PRESS   (THE) 
Malone  J. 

Marquivardt  Herman 
Marsh    Joseph    A. 
Maxham  Daniel  S. 
Mikota  John  F. 
Miller  Mrs.   Edna 
Miller   John 
Mitchell  George 
Moine  J.  Edward 
Morris   Nora 
Morrison  Margaret 
Moser    Ernst 
Moser  Henry  F. 
Moser  John  W. 
Moser  Samuel  J. 
Mueller  Philip 
Mueller  Rosina 
Mullen  Wm. 
Nace  Clarence  A. 


Nace   Daniel   M. 
Nace  Jacob  F. 
NACE  J.  F.  &  SON 
Neumann  Minnie 
Newberry  Bros. 
Newberry  Byron  W. 
Newberry   Charles  W. 
Newberry  James 
Niederfrank  Casper 
Noble    Levi    R. 
Noble  Lucius  L. 
Norris    Bros. 
Norris  John 
Norris  John   B. 
Norris  Rufus  C. 
Opperman  Charles  C. 
Opperman  Henry  J. 
Opperman  Henry  K. 
Ottman  John 
Palmer  Margaret 
Pebler  Fred  J. 
Peck   P.    E. 
Pelley  Jennette 
Perkins    M. 
Pettit   Wm.    L. 
Pfrommer  Jacob 
Pollard  Dina 
Pollard   Eunice  A. 
Pollard  Jay  M. 
Pollard  Walker 
Porter  Alexander 
Preston  Louis  W. 
Price   John 
Rawson  Carrie  A. 
Rawson   Edward   C,    M. 

D. 
Rebaschus  Fred 
Rietjens    Wm. 
Roberts  Charles 
Rockwell  Dana  B. 
Roe  George  W. 
Rosenthal  Emil 
Rosenthal  &  Rietjens 
Rossow   August 
Sauerbry   Wm.    H. 
Schick    Erwin 
.  Schmidt  Albert  F. 
Schmidt  Augusta 
Schoeppe  Ernst 
Schug  Charles 
Schug    Fred    J. 
Schug   J.    P. 
Schug    Peter 
Sem    Christ 
Scofield  Miss  Bessie 
Scofield  Guy  F. 
Scofield    George   H. 
Scofield  G.  H.  &  Son 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


383 


Seofield   Miss   Harriett 

Scofield    Harry    W. 

Scofield  Miss  Martha  M. 

Scofield  &  Hanson 

Scott   Mary   J. 

Sheldon  Altana 

Sheldon   Henry 

Simmons    Newman    A. 
j-    '  Simmons  Thos.    P. 

Sloan  Alfred 

Sloan  George  W. 

Sloan    Julian   D. 
\  Sloan    Sarah 
I  Sloan  &  Son 

Smith  Albert 
.  Smith  Ann  E. 
■  Smith  George  W. 

Smith  Lynn  C. 

Smith    Martha 

SMITH  S.  A. 
(See  Ad  front  fly  leaf) 

Sousley   John   V. 
1  Sousley   W.    Scott 
'  Stamp  Aravilla 

Stapel  Ferdinand 

Steele  George  N. 

Steele  Wm.    M. 


Steinhilber  Charles  F. 
Steinhilber- Grant     Land 

Co. 
Steltzmiller  Michael 
Sterns  Miss  M.   Ella 
Stewart  Catharine 
Stewart  James 
Stoskoff  Val  W. 
Stringer  Clarence  R. 
Stringer  John  A. 
Stringer  Justus  J. 
Strawberry       Point 

Farmer's         Creamery 

Ass'n. 
Strawberry    Point    State 

Bank 
'xalcott  Horace  P. 
Talmage  John  H. 
Tarbox  Frank  E. 
Tarbox  Fred  A. 
Taylor   Marion   E. 
Thompson  Fannie 
Thompson  Frank 
Thompson  John  M. 
Treadwell  Abram 
Trezona  John  T. 
Tromblee   Frank 


Trotter  John  P. 
Trotter    Thomas    J. 
LThl  George 
Uhl   Joseph   A. 
Walker  A.  Gehr 
Ware  ham   Lyman   C. 
Warning  Christ 
Weit  Christ 
Wendt  Wm. 
Wenzel  Fred  W. 
Westfall  Jennie 
Wheeler  George  F. 
Whitehead  Edward  G. 
Whitlock  Annis 
Whitlock  Duane 
Whitmarsh  Willis  H. 
Williams   Price  A. 
Williams  Walter  W. 
Wing  Henry 
Winger  Joit 
Wood   Frank 
Wood  Hervey  M. 
Woodruss    Thomas    M. 
Wymer  Joseph 
Young  George   L. 
Young  &  Buechner 


STRAWBERRY  POINT  POST  OFFICE 


Alderson   Eliza 

Alderson    Frank 
i  Alderson  Fi-ed 

Alderson  James 
"  Alderson  John 
I  Alderson   John   R. 
?  Alderson   Miles 
..  Alderson    Richard 
;  Alderson  Thomas 
{  Allen    Lemuel 
'  Andrea   Christ 
'.  Anton  Joseph 

Antrim  E.  R. 
•  Arnold    M.    G. 

Asmus  Charles 

Axtell    A.    E. 

Axtell  H.  A. 

Baldridge  J,   E. 

Baldridge    Wm.    M. 
'   Baldwin  Henry 
. ,   Ball    Frank   P. 

Ball  Stephen 
1  Balluff  Francis  V. 
f  Baumgartner  Herman 

Baumgartner       Herman 
Jr. 

Baumgartner  Martin 


(Outside  Town) 

Beavers  Glenn 
Becker   E.    C. 
Becker  John  F. 
Bergan    Patrick 
Berry  Albert 
Bigelow  Otis  A. 
Boynton  C.    H. 
Boynton  W.   A. 
Brandenburg  C.   C. 
Brandenburg  Matilda 
Brownson  Fred 
Bruggman  Fred 
Bruggman    Wm. 
Buckley    Eva   M. 
Buckley  Parke 
Byrnes  Wm. 
Carnicle   Cyrus 
Carnicle  J. 
Carpenter  Ambrose 
Carpenter    A.    C. 
Carpenter  Irvie 
Carpenter  John  J. 
Carpenter  Wayland 
Carrier    A.    R. 
Carrier  Wm. 
Carroll  Charles 
Case   H.    M. 


Childers  Armon 
Cole   James 
Connor    Frank 
Cousins    J.    C. 
Davis    B.    J. 
Davis    Fred 
Davis   Wm. 
Deyo    E.    J. 
Dillon  Augustus 
Dillon  James 
Dillon   Thomas 
Dittmer  Herman 
Donahe   C.    H. 
Dricker  Wm. 
Duncan  James 
Dunn    Wm. 
Dunning   H. 
Dunsmoor   Ernest 
Dunsmoor  Herbert 
Easton  C.  W. 
Easton  Edward 
Easton  J. 
Easton   L. 
Easton   L.  Jr. 
Easton  L.   S. 
Eder    John 
Eder   Michael 


334 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Eichler  August 
Elkins    Joseph 
Elliott  Stanley 
Evan  L.   H. 
Farmer    Wm. 
Farring-ton  F.  B. 
Feulner   John 
Feulner  Michael 
Fink  Joseph 
Forsythe   Wm. 
Fox  Wm. 
Frederick  John 
Fredrick  Henry 
Fredrick  John 
Gamm  Charles 
Gamm  Lewis 
Gardner  L.  C. 
Gerdes  George 
Gerdes  Gerde 
Gill   J.    S. 
Gladwin  Joseph 
Glass   Daniel 
Glass    Fred 
Glass  Philip 
Glennon  John 
Glennon  Timothy 
Goodman  L,   P. 
Goodman  L.   R. 
Goodrich  Byron 
Gordon    James 
Grapes    F.    P. 
Grapes    George 
Greenly   Wm. 
Gresh  Fred 
Halstead    G.    H. 
Halstead  Wm. 
Hammond  Nathan 
Hanson  Peter 
Harnoss  Fred 
Haskins  A.  S. 
Haskins  George 
Hayes  James 
Heddleson  A.  L. 
Heddleson  Jacob 
Heddleson  J.   A. 
Heiberger   G.   M. 
Heiberger  Joseph 
Henry   Alexander 
Henry  J.   M. 
Henry  M.   W. 
Henry  Wm,  A. 
Heubner  John 
Hindal   J.    A. 
Hindal  W.  A. 
Hines  Clarence 
Hines  C.   D. 
Hines  George 
Hines   H. 


Hines  J.  F. 
Hines   Leroy 
Hines    Lewis 
Hines  Thomas 
Hines  Willard 
Hock  John 
Hoehn  Wm. 
Houska  Albert 
Houska  Maria 
Howland  Wm. 
Hoyer   Ferdinand 
Huggard  Frank 
Hughes    A.    M. 
Huntington   Elmer 
Huntington  L.   L. 
Imlau    Wm. 
Ivory   D.    J. 
Ivory  James 
Ivory   Joseph    P. 
Jefferson   C. 
Jewell   Wm. 
Jewett  Maggie  M. 
Jewett    Wilson 
Kamoos  Gustav 
Kappel  Carl 
Kellogg  Charles 
Kellogg  Oren 
Kidner   P.    N. 
Kimber  Charles 
King   H.    H. 
King  John 
Kleinlein  Anton 
Kleinlein  Gottlieb 
Kleinsorge  John  C. 
Knight   A.    E. 
Knight   Charles 
Knight    Delmar 
Knight  Earl 
Knight  Emery 
Knight  J.   S. 
Knight  L.  D. 
Knight  M.  E. 
Knight  Wm. 
Komerick  John 
Komerick  Joseph 
Kramer    Fred 
Kramer  George 
Kramer  John 
Kunkle   Frank 
Lamphier   A.    B. 
Lamphier   Charles 
Lamphier  Raymond 
Lamphier   W.    H. 
Leahy  Timothy 
Lee   Michael 
Lingard   John 
Lingard  Wm. 
Loren  August 


Ludy   A.    C. 
Ludy  J.  C. 
McCrea  Thomas 
McLane  Amil 
McLane  A.  L. 
McLane  J.  M. 
McLane   J.    W. 
McLane  L.  F. 
McLane  P.  N. 
McKinnis   Everett 
McLish   J.    S. 
McTaggart  Michael 
Markham  Daniel 
Marshall  E.    R. 
Meyers  John 
Miller  Frank 
Miller  Franz 
Miller   Fred 
Miller    George 
Minkler  C.  J. 
Mitchell  David 
Mitchell   Ray 
Moine  Winfield 
Moore   Irvin 
Morris  M.  P. 
Moser   Rudolph 
Moyle  James 
Myers    Nicholas 
Neuenkirch   Adam 
Neuenkirch  Charles 
Neuenkirch  Frank 
Noble    Frank 
Nodurft  George 
Nodurft    Wm. 
Norris  J.    B. 
O'Brien  Michael 
Opperman  H.   A. 
Opperman  John 
Opperman  Wm. 
Pebler    John 
Peet    B.    W. 
Peischen   Rudolph 
Phelps  Laura 
Phelps  O.   D. 
Phillips   R.    W. 
Phillips    S.    G. 
Pilgrim  A.   W. 
Pugh   E.    A. 
Pugh  Fremont 
Pugh    L.    P. 
Pugh  Orrin 
Pugh  Warren 
Putnam  Martin 
Quinn  J.    M. 
Quinn    L.    S. 
Quinn    P.    H. 
Randall    G.    A. 
Randall    Joseph 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


335 


Rankin    Ira    P. 
Richardson  P.  P. 
Riemath  August 
Riley    John 
Riley    Pratrick 
Robbing    C.    H. 
Robbins   G.   A. 
Roberts  Ernest 
Roberts   Nelson 
Roberts    Wm. 
Rose  Folkart 
Rosenkra.ns  Albert 
Ross    Ralph 
Rust   Albert 
Sargent  E.  H. 
Sauerbry  C.   H. 
Sauerbry   C.   L. 
Sauerbry   James 
Sauerbry  Wm. 
Schaffer  George 
Schmidt   Albert 
Schmidt  Charles 
Schmidt  F.  P. 
Schmidt    Jacob 
Schneider   Fred 
Schontag  Sigmund 
Schroeder   Fred 
Schuchman    Fred 


Schuchman    George    J. 
Schuchman  Martin 
Scofield    G.    D. 
Schick   A.    R. 
Shick    Edwin 
Simek    Charles 
Simek   John 
Smith  C.   H. 
Smith  Frank 
Smith    G.    W. 
Smith  Wm.   P. 
Stalnaker   Earl 
Stalnaker  J.  E. 
Stamp  J.   B. 
Steward  George  O. 
Struckman  John 
Struckman  Wm. 
Tarbox  P.  F. 
Teed   O.    A. 
Tinker  Jacob 
Tracy  P.   E. 
Tracy  John 
Tracy  J.   W. 
Tucker    George 
Tucker  Herman 
Tucker  John 
Tucker   Sophia   M. 
Wagner   R.    E. 


Walters  Lou 
Wandell    P. 
Warring  Herman 
Warring    L. 
Way  Arthur 
Way  Charles 
Way   Glen 
Way  Washington 
Weeks    B.    P. 
Weeks  Lewis 
Weger  George 
Weger   John 
Weger  Michael 
Weig  F. 

Weisender  Christ 
Weisender  John 
Welch  O.   E. 
Wenske  Ludwig 
Wessels   Hiram 
Whitlock    O.    R. 
Wilder  Frank 
Wilder   J.    A. 
Wiltse   H.    O. 
Wiltsie  James 
Wiltsie   Leonard 
Wolcott  C.  D. 
Wolf    S.    P. 
Zwanziger  H. 


TURKEY  RIVER  POST  OFFICE 

This  town  is  located  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  Railway,  twenty-eight 
miles  north  of  Dubuque,  thirty  from  Elkader,  the  county  seat,  and  four 
from  Cassville  the  nearest  banking  place.  It  is  a  terminal  point  on  the 
Volga  branch  of  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.  and  on  this  account  is  an  ex- 
tensive shipping  point  for  live  stock,  grain  and  other  farm  produce.  Pop- 
ulation 50.     U.  S.  Express.     W.  U.  Telegraph.     Telephone  connections. 


John    F.    McKinlay,    P. 

M. 
Josie  McKinlay,  Asst. 

Adams    N.    A. 
Adams  Math.  L 
Adams  Peter  P. 
Balsinger  John 
Barrett  W.  J. 
Barry  Michael 
Bird  Eugene 
Bird  Mary 


Brookers  Wm. 
De  Sotel  Wm. 
Erie    George 
Fuerstenberg  August 
Graybill  Marion 
James  Wm. 
Kenyon  Charles 
Kenyon  Phoebe 
Kolker    Frank 
Kolker  F.   E. 
Livingston  John  A. 


McKinlay  J.   F. 
McLane    Wm. 
Meyer    Henry 
Minger   George 
Minger  Henry 
Montgomery  W.  W. 
Ricker  Malon 
Tinkey  W.   H. 
Truesdell    N.    H. 
Wentworth    G.    D. 


UPDEGRAFF  POST  OFFICE 

An  inland  town  in  the  southern  part  of  the  county,  five  miles  from 
Elkport,  the  nearest  shipping  and  banking  point.  Population  45.  Tele- 
phone connections. 


Baker  Joseph 
Baker    S,    E. 


Baker  Wm.   H. 
Beddow  John  M» 


Beddow  Virginia 
Bond   A.    D. 


336 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


Bond  Wm.  N. 
Bowman  James 
Crop  Ezra 
Davis  Samuel 
Garlow   C.   B. 
Garretson  John 
Hansel   J.   J. 
Hansel  John  L. 
Hansel    Robert 


Herrington  S.  A. 
Learn  Bradley 
Learn   Morris 
McDonald  Daniel 
Miller    C.    D. 
Miller  Edv/ard 
Nicholas   S.   R. 
Oldham  L.  A. 
Oldham  S.  D. 


Rentschler  Jacob 
Simons  Edgar 
Simons  Ered  E. 
Smith   A.    C. 
Swisher  James   A. 
Walters    L    N. 
Walters  Jesse  J. 
Wenkstern  W.   H. 


VOLGA  POST  OFFICE 


Is  located  on  the  C,  M.  &  St.  P.  R.  R.  and  on  the  banks  of  the  Volga 
River,  In  Sperry  Township,  surrounded  by  as  fine  a  fruit  and  grain- 
growing  district  as  there  is  in  the  state,  and  the  valleys  and  rough  lands 
make  the  best  of  pasture,  besides  being  well  watered  by  brooks  and 
springs.  Shipments  from  here  consist  of  hogs,  cattle,  horses  and  grain 
that  canRot  well  he  excelled  in  quality.  It  is  64  miles  from  Dubuque  and 
ten  miles  from  Elkader,  the  seat  of  justice.  Telephone  connections.  Con- 
tains fine  graded  public  school,  two  churches,  mill,  two  hotels,  and  an 
extensive  creamery,  and  a  bank.  U.  S.  Express.  W.  U.  Telegraph. 
Population  425. 


C.   E.  Lovett,  P.   M. 
A.   Lovett,  Asst. 

Adams  August 
Adams   Charles 
Adams  C.   S. 
Adams   D.    L. 
Adams  J.   J, 
Allen   C.    M. 
Ambrose   F.    E. 
Andreson  Fred 
Askew  Fred 
Axtell    E.    E. 
Bachtell  E.   H. 
Bachtell  George  E. 
teailey  E.   C. 
Bailey  Jason  W. 
Bailey    Seldon 
Baker  Joseph 
Barrs  Henry 
Bartels  August 
Barton    D.    L. 
Bennington  Charles 
Bennington  Ray 
Bennington  Samuel 
Bennington  Samuel  Jr. 
Bennington  Wm. 
Bentley  J.   V/. 
Bergan  James 
Bergan    John 
Bergan  Thomas 
Bevens  Charles  F. 
Bissell  Ed. 
Bissell   J.    E. 


Blake  L.  A. 
Blake   M.   L. 
Blake   V.    F. 
Bolyn  Albert 
Brandenberg  F.  M. 
Brobrandt  C. 
Brown  H.   P. 
Brown  William  E. 
Burns   D.   D. 
Burns   John 
Burns  Dr.  J.  J. 
Burrington  John 
Carmichael  Henry 
Carmichael  James 
Chapman  A.  A. 
Chapman  A.  B. 
Chapman  C.   L. 
Chapman  F.  W. 
Chapman  James 
Chapman  Joseph  J. 
Clark  E.   S. 
Conboy   Michael 
Conboy  Thomas 
Conboy  Thomas  E. 
Cook   David 
Cook  E.   R. 
Cook  W.  H. 
Coonfare   E. 
Copeland  John 
Grain    D.    J. 
Grain  James 
Cummings  T.  W. 
Cuningham  Michael 


Cuningham  Patrick 
Davis   F.    F. 
Davis  F.  J. 
Davis  H.   E. 
Dill  Elijah 
Dill    George 
Direen  L.   C. 
Douglass   Ed. 
Douglass  Stewart 
Dryer  "Wm. 
Duff    A.    M. 
Duff  John 
Duff  J.  Albert 
Duff  Milton  T. 
Duff  Robert 
Duff   R.  W. 
Duff   Thomas 
Duff  Wm. 
Durland  John 
Ebendorf    Fred 
Edmonds  Edward 
Elwick   Rev.   T.   J. 
Epps    James    L. 
Epps  Lemuel 
Eveleth  Joseph 
Ewing    Wm. 
Ewing  W.  M. 
Fairburn  Mark 
Fay   Joseph 
Finley  William 
Fliehler   Anton 
Fliehler  Charles 
Fliehler  Wm. 


HISTORY  OF  IOWA  AND  COUNTY  DIRECTORY. 


337 


Folleu   Frank 
Fowler  C.  B. 
Germer  Henry 
Germer  Otto 
Glennon    Wm. 
Goodin  Warner 
Good  in    Wm. 
Goodwin  E.   R. 
Goodwin    F.    F. 
Goodwin  Lewis 
P     Harvey    A.    C. 
Hawthorne  James 
Hawthorne  W.   J. 
Hayes   Edward 
Hayes  John 
TJays  Thomas 
Hess   Charles   P. 
Hill   George 
Hold    J.    W. 
Humbert  George 
TTummel  D.  L, 
Hummel  Lewis 
Humphry  H.  R. 
Humphry  W.  K. 
Hurley  Jermiah 
Hurley  John  J. 
Hurley    J.    M. 
Hurley  Michael 
Tngraham  George 
Jellings  Wm. 
Jennings    A.    O, 
JiMmings  Henry 
Jjnnings  J.  M. 
Jones  Joseph  R. 
Jones   William 
Jones  W.   T, 
Keeling   F.   J. 
Keiholtz    Ed.    W. 
Keiholtz  Hamilton 
Keiholtz   Lester 
Keleher  James  F. 
Kinkead   W.   B. 
Koehler  Charles 
Koopman   Rev.    T. 
Kottman  Louis 
Krieg  William 
Kunzmann  A.    R. 
Lamphier   C.    C. 
Lamphier  Henry 
Lamphier  Lyman 


Lamphier  L.   S. 
Lamphier  Myron 
Lamphier  Wm. 
Leal   William 
Leate   Robert 
Leonard  A.  A. 
Lewis  William 
Libby  J.   W. 
Linder    George 
Little    James 
Little  Joseph 
Lovejoy  Ed.    S. 
Lovett    C.    E. 
Lowe   David 
Lowe   D.    B. 
McCabe  William 
McCann   George 
McCann    George    Jr. 
McKinney  George 
MtTaggart   James 
McTaggart  Wm. 
Madden   Dr.  W.  D. 
Marble   Oscar 
Martin  C.   F. 
ilartin  Patrick 
Maxwell    S.    J. 
Mecklenburg  Wm. 
Phillips  L   L. 
Potter  Jam.es  L. 
Preuss  Frank 
Preuss  Fred 
Probert  James 
Probert  John 
Probert  Wm. 
Hardin  W.   E. 
Rinkert  George 
Rinkert  John 
Roach  John 
Robinson  David 
Robins_pn  Joseph 
Roth  George 
Rowell  Willis  H. 
Royse  John 
RoysG  Samuel 
Royse  Walter 
Samp  C. 
Scully  M.   J. 
Scully  Peter 
Shadle  Henry 
Shadle  James 


Shea  Edv/ard 
Shea  John 
Shea  Martin 
Shea  Wm. 
Shea  Wm.   Jr. 
Sherman  L. 
Slawter  Charles 
Sloan    Samuel 
Smith  Fred 
Smith    Fred   Jr. 
Smith  G.   A. 
Smith  Harrison 
Smith  Thomas 
Smith  W.   A. 
Snodgrass   Francis 
Stence   M.   J. 
Susie   William 
Susie  William  J. 
Taylor  Lute  W. 
Taylor  Oric  H. 
Tenny  Alf. 
Tonny   L.   J. 
Thody  Allen  C 
Thompson   D.    B. 
Thompson  W.  T. 
Thyne  Austin 
Thyne  Austin  Jr. 
Thyne  Patrick 
Tinkham  Oran  J. 
Voshell   Andrew 
Voshell  George 
Coss  Henry 
Waltenbaugh  George 
Walters  Orrin 
Wentzel  Julius 
White  Edwin  W. 
White  George  F. 
White   H.    G. 
White  H.  W. 
White  R.  D. 
White  Wm. 
White  W.  E. 
White  W.  P. 
White  Wyllys  W. 
Whitford  A.  W. 
Whitford  Henry 
Whitford  S.  B. 
Wilson   Harry 
Wilson  James 


Dwyes    Maurice 
Hall  O.  W. 


WAETENA  POST  OFFICE 

(Fayette  County) 


Probert  J.  C. 
Probert  Mary 


Smith   John 


338 


THE  DAILY  TELEGRAPH-HERALD'S 


vn 


WATSON  POST  OFFICE  ;  ;  :^ 

A  new  town  of  forty  inhabitants,  three  and  one-half  miles  northeast 
of  Monona,  the  nearest  railroad  station  and  banking  point.  Telephone 
connections. 


R.  W.  Fett,  P.  M. 
Fett,   R.  W. 


Gasell  John 
Habel  Joseph 
Hanson  Clemens 


Genz   Henry 
Hansel  Herman 


Sawvell  Adam 
Schlitter  T.  D. 


WAUPETON  POST  OFFICE 


(Dtibuque  County) 
Meyer    Frank 
Meyer  F.   P. 
Meyer  Julius  G. 


Schroeder  Jacob 
Schroeder  Wendelin 
Thomas  Wm.  H. 


WOOD  POST  OFFICE 

An  inland  postofRce,  five  miles  from  Edgewood,  the  nearest  railroad 


station,   and  the   same   distance   from  Greeley, 
daily.     Population   40.     Telephone   connections. 


C.  J.   PiUlon,  P.   M. 
E.   K.   Rulon,  Asst. 

Ash   Edward 
Ashline  Frank 
Ashline  H.  Q. 
Barger  Hollister 
Barnes  Albert 
Barnes  George 
Fisher  Edward 
Fisher  George 


Fisher  Joseph 
Fisher   Peter  J. 
Foster  James  H. 
Foster  W.   H. 
Hamlett  Mark 
Jones   Alex 
Kyler  Henry 
Lewis  George 
Link  George 
Long  Frank 


the  bank   location.     Mail 


McCartney  Warren 
Moore  Lewis 
Rulon  C.  J. 
Rulon  Kelly 
Sevey  H.   A. 
Shrunk  John  C. 
Smith  C.   R. 
Smock  C.  D. 
Smock  Homer 
Winkler  Emil 


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